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Unit 1 - Logic and Proofs

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17 views37 pages

Unit 1 - Logic and Proofs

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antoniyajeswin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MA 3354

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Regulation 2021

Course Instructor : Dr. A. Kirupa


Discrete Mathematics

• Discrete Mathematics is the part of mathematics


devoted to the study of discrete objects.
• 6/3+24-25/5 = ?
• Discrete Mathematics is used whenever objects
are counted, when relationships between finite
sets are studied, and when processes involving a
finite number of steps are analyzed.
• Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in
"continuous mathematics" such as calculus.
• Primary goal is to teach mathematical reasoning
and problem solving.
• Google map uses discrete mathematics to find
the fastest driving route and time.
CONTENTS

Logic and Proofs

Combinatorics

Graphs

Algebraic Structures

Lattices and Boolean Algebra


LOGIC AND PROOFS

UNIT - I
LOGIC AND PROOFS
Course Objective:
To understand mathematical reasoning in order to
read, comprehend and construct mathematical
arguments. This chapter starts with a discussion of
mathematical logic, which serves as the foundation for
the method of proofs.
Course Outcome:
To analyze the concepts needed to
test the logic of a program.
Evolution of Logic
Logic means thought or reason.

Informal Logic:
- Historically logic has been

studied in Philosophy by

ancient Greeks –

Natural arguments.
Formal Logic:
- Structure of arguments led by the

Greek philosopher who is the father of

logic – Valid Inferences or logical truths


Symbolic Logic:
- German Philosopher and
Mathematician Golfried Leibnitz
introduced symbolism into logic which
is easy to write and manipulate.

Mathematical Logic:
- Rules, Reasons and Proof
Computer Logic: Latest

To develop programming
languages and to
establish the correctness
of the programs. (Circuit
design of the Computer
and Artificial Intelligence)
LOGIC
• Logic is the discipline that deals with the
methods of reasoning.

• The aim of logic is to provide rules by which


we can determine whether the particular
reasoning or argument is valid.
TOPICS

 PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

 NORMAL FORMS

 INFERENCE THEORY

 PREDICATE CALCULUS (OR) PREDICATE

LOGIC
Sentences
Sentences is a group of clauses or words,
conveying a complete meaning.
TYPES:
1. Declarative Sentences (make a statement which
convey information)
2. Interrogative Sentences (always ask a question
and in the end question mark)
3. Imperative Sentences (issue commands or
requests or they can express a desire or wish)
4. Exclamatory Sentences (express strong emotion
and in the end always exclamation mark)
PROPOSITIONS
A proposition (Statement) is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false, but not
both.
Eg: "Grass is green", and "2 + 5 = 5"
NOTE:
Sentences which are exclamatory, interrogative
or imperative in nature are not propositions.
Identify the following sentences
are statements or not:
1. New Delhi is the capital of India.
2. Our team won the championship!
3. 100 – 25 =75.
4. Please bring a cup of coffee.
5. Moon is the satellite of earth.
6. Do you want food today?
Identify the following sentences
are statements or not:
1. New Delhi is the capital of India. ---S
2. Our team won the championship! ---NS
3. 100 – 25 =75. ---S
4. Please bring a cup of coffee. ---NS
5. Moon is the satellite of earth.---S
6. Do you want food today? ---NS
TRUTH VALUE OF A STATEMENT

If a proposition is true, we say the truth


value of that proposition is true and it is
denoted by T (or) 1.
If a proposition is false, we say the truth
value of that proposition is false and it is
denoted by F (or) 0.
1. Grass is green
2. 2+6=7
3. 16- 8 = 8
4. Three finger in a hand
5. Bill Gates is an American
6. X + 2 is positive
7. X + Y = 12
Statement or Proposition Not a statement Truth values
Grass is green True

2+6=7 False

16 - 8 = 8 True

Bill Gates is an American True

X + 2 is positive T or F

X + y = 12 T or F
Write the truth values of the
following Propositions:-
1. Paris is in France.
2. 7 + 2 < 10.
3. Isosceles triangles are equilateral.
4. 64 = ±8.
TYPES OF STATEMENTS
Atomic Statements (Primary or
primitive or simple):
Declarative sentences which cannot be
further split into simpler sentences are called
Atomic Statements.
Mathematically,
Propositions which do not contain any of
the logical operators or connectives are called
atomic propositions.
Eg: Rama is a boy.
Compound statements (Molecular or
Composite):
If a statement is the combination of two
or more simple statements, then it is said to be
a Compound Statement.
Mathematically,
Many mathematical statements which can
be constructed by combining two or more
atomic statements using connectives are called
Compound Statements.
Eg: It is raining and it is cold.
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC (OR)
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS

The area of logic that deals with propositions is


called propositional logic or propositional calculus.
Connectives
The word which combines the simple
statements to form compound statements are
called Connectives.
There are five basic connectives in English
language usages:
and (∧)
or (⋁)
not (¬)
if…then (→)
iff (⟷)
Logical Connectives
Translation – English to Symbols using
connectives
Conjunction
Disjunction
Negation
Truth table
Truth table

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