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SQL is incredibly powerful, and like every well-made development tool, it
has a few commands which it’s vital for a good developer to know. Here is
a list of SQL queries that are really important for coding & optimization.
Each of the queries in the SQL tutorial is consequential to almost every
system that interacts with an SQL database.

1. Retrieving Tables 36. Conditional Subquery Results

2. Selecting Columns from a Table 37. Copying Selections
3. Outputting Data – Constraint 38. Catching NULL Results
4. Outputting Data – ‘Order By’ 39. HAVING can be Relieving!
5. Outputting Data – ‘Group By’ 40. Tie things up with Strings!
6. Data Manipulation – COUNT 41. Use COALESCE
7. Data Manipulation Using SUM 42. Use Convert
8. Data Manipulation Using AVG 43. DENSE_RANK()Analytical
9. SQL Query for Listing all Views 44. Query_partition_clause
10. Creating a View 45. Last five records from the table
11. Retrieving a View 46. LAG
12. Updating a View 47. LEAD
13. Dropping a View 48. PERCENT_RANK
14. Display User Tables 49. MIN
15. Display Primary Keys 50. MAX
16. Displaying Unique Keys 51. Top- N queries
17. Displaying Foreign Keys 52. CORR Analytic Query
18. Displaying Triggers 53. NTILE Analytic Query
19. Displaying Internal Tables 54. VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP
55. STDDEV, STDDEV_POP and STDDEV_SA
20. Displaying a List of Procedures
Queries
21. Swapping the Values 56. Pattern Matching
22. Returning a Column of Values 57. FIRST_VALUE
23. SELECT TOP Clause 58. LAST_VALUE
24. Searching for SQL Tables 59. Prediction
25. Between Monday and Tuesday 60. CLUSTER_SET
26. Find Intersection of 2 Tables 61. WITH (Common Table Expressions)
27. UNION 62. NANVL
28. Friendly Column Labels 63. WIDTH_BUCKET
29. Always and Everywhere! 64. COSH
30. Developer-Friendly SQL 65. SOUNDEX
31. Database Management 66. TZ_OFFSET
32. Adding Tables to Our New DB 67. CARDINALITY
33. Modifying and Deleting Tables 68. DUMP
34. Successful Indexing 69. PATH
35. Improving Performance 70. UNISTR

1. SQL Query for Retrieving Tables

This query can be run to retrieve the list of tables present in a database
where the database is “My_Schema”.
With the SELECT command, users can define the columns that they want
to get in the query output. This command is also useful to get which
column users want to see as the output table. The SELECT statement is
applied to pick data from a table. The data retrieved is put in a result
table, named the result set. The output data is saved in a result table. This
output table is also termed the result set.
1SELECT * FROM My_Schema.Tables;

2. Query for Selecting Columns from a Table

These are perhaps the most useful SQL query examples. In the example
below, we are extracting the “Student_ID” column or attribute from the
table “STUDENT”. The select statement is used to select data from the
database.
1SELECT Student_ID FROM STUDENT;
If you want to display all the attributes from a particular table, this is the
right query to use:
1SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

3. Query for Outputting Data Using a Constraint

This SQL query retrieves the specified attributes from the table on the
constraint Employee ID =0000
1SELECT EMP_ID, NAME FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL WHERE EMP_ID = '0000';

4. Query for Outputting Sorted Data Using ‘Order By’

This query orders the results with respect to the attribute which is
referenced using “Order By” – so for example, if that attribute is an
integer data type, then the result would either be sorted in ascending or
descending order; likewise, if the data type is a String then the result
would be ordered in alphabetical order. The order by clause is used to sort
the data from the table. The order by clause should always be used in the
last of the SQL query.
1SELECT EMP_ID, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEE
2WHERE CITY = 'Seattle' ORDER BY EMP_ID;
The ordering of the result can also be set manually, using “asc ” for
ascending and “desc” for descending.
Ascending (ASC) is the default condition for the ORDER BY clause. In other
words, if users don’t specify ASC or DESC after the column name, then the
result will be ordered in ascending order only.
1SELECT EMP_ID, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL
2WHERE CITY = 'INDIANAPOLIS' ORDER BY EMP_ID asc;

5. SQL Query for Outputting Sorted Data Using

‘Group By’
The ‘Group By’ property groups the resulting data according to the
specified attribute.
The SQL query below will select Name, Age columns from the Patients
table, then will filter them by Age value to include records where Age is
more than 40 and then will group records with similar Age value and then
finally will output them sorted by Name. The basic rule is that the group
by clause should always follow a where clause in a Select statement and
must precede the Order by clause.
1SELECT Name, Age FROM Patients WHERE Age > 40
2GROUP BY Name, Age ORDER BY Name;
Another sample of use of Group By: this expression will select records with
a price lesser than 70 from the Orders table, will group records with a
similar price, will sort the output by price, and will also add the column
COUNT(price) that will display how many records with similar price were
found:
1SELECT COUNT(price), price FROM orders
2WHERE price < 70 GROUP BY price ORDER BY price
Note: you should use the very same set of columns for both SELECT and
GROUP BY commands, otherwise you will get an error. Many thanks
to Sachidannad for pointing it out!

SQL Queries for Data Manipulation Using Math

Functions
There are a lot of built-in math functions like COUNT and AVG which
provide basic functionalities of counting the number of results and
averaging them respectively.

6. Data Manipulation Using COUNT

This query displays the total number of customers by counting each
customer ID. In addition, it groups the results according to the country of
each customer. In count, if users define DISTINCT, then they cal
also define the query_partition_clause. This clause is a part of the
analytic clause, and other clauses such as order_by_clause and
windowing_clause are not permitted.
Syntax: SELECT COUNT(colname) FROM table name;
1SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country;

7. Data Manipulation Using SUM

SUM calculates the total of the attribute that is given to it as an argument.
SUM is an aggregate function and it calculates the sum of all the distinct
values. and the sum of all the duplicate values.
1SELECT SUM(Salary)FROM Employee WHERE Emp_Age < 30;

8. Data Manipulation Using AVG

Simple – an average of a given attribute. Average is also an aggregate
function in SQL. The AVG() function computes the average of non-NULL
values in a column. It ignores the null values.
1SELECT AVG(Price)FROM Products;

9. SQL Query for Listing all Views

This SQL query lists all the views available in the schema.
1SELECT * FROM My_Schema.views;

10. Query for Creating a View

A view is a tailored table that is formed as a result of a query. It has tables
and rows just like any other table. It’s usually a good idea to run queries in
SQL as independent views because this allows them to be retrieved later
to view the query results, rather than computing the same command
every time for a particular set of results.
1CREATE VIEW Failing_Students AS
2SELECT S_NAME, Student_ID
3FROM STUDENT
4WHERE GPA > 40;

11. Query for Retrieving a View

The standard syntax of selecting attributes from a table is applicable to
views as well.
1SELECT * FROM Failing_Students;

12. Query for Updating a View

This query updates the view named ‘Product List’ – and if this view
doesn’t exist, then the Product List view gets created as specified in this
query. The view is also called a virtual table. In other words, a view is just
a mirrored copy of a table whose data is the result of a stored query.
A view is a legitimate copy of a different table or sequence of tables. A
view obtains its information or data from the tables from previously
created tables known as base tables. Base tables are real tables. All
procedures implemented on a view really modify the base table. Users
can use views just like the real or base tables. In view, users can apply
various DDL, DML commands such as update, insert into, and delete.
1CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW [ Product List] AS
2SELECT ProductID, ProductName, Category
3FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued = No;
4

13. Query for Dropping a View

This query will drop or delete a view named ‘V1’. The important thing to
remember here is that the DROP VIEW is disallowed if there are any views
dependent on the view you are about to drop.
1DROP VIEW V1;

14. Query to Display User Tables

A user-defined table is a representation of defined information in a
table, and it can be used as arguments for procedures or user-defined
functions. Because they’re so useful, it’s useful to keep track of them
using the following query. User tables explain the relational tables of the
current user.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.objects WHERE Type='u'

15. Query to Display Primary Keys

A primary key uniquely identifies all values within a table. A primary key
imposes a NOT NULL restriction and a unique constraint in one
declaration. In other words, it prevents various rows from having similar
values or sequences of columns. It doesn’t allow null values. The primary
key can be defined as a single column or the combination of two columns
in a table. It is responsible for all the relationships between the tables.
The following SQL query lists all the fields in a table’s primary key.
1SELECT * from Sys.Objects WHERE Type='PK'

16. Query for Displaying Unique Keys

A Unique Key allows a column to ensure that all of its values are
different. A unique key also recognizes a different tuple uniquely in
relation to or table. A table can have more than one unique key. Unique
key constraints can take only one NULL value for the column.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='uq'

17. Displaying Foreign Keys

Foreign keys link one table to another – they are attributes in one table
which refer to the primary key of another table.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='f'
Primary, Unique, and Foreign are part of the constraints in SQL.
Constraints are essential to the scalability, compliance, and sincerity of
the data. Constraints implement particular rules, assuring the data
adheres to the conditions outlined. For example, these are the laws
imposed on the columns of the database tables. These are applied to
restrict the kind of data in the table. This assures the efficiency and
authenticity of the database.

18. Displaying Triggers

A Trigger is sort of an ‘event listener’ – i.e, it’s a pre-specified set of
instructions that execute when a certain event occurs. The list of
defined triggers can be viewed using the following query.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='tr'

19. Displaying Internal Tables

Internal tables are formed as a by-product of a user action and are
usually not accessible. The data in internal tables cannot be manipulated;
however, the metadata of the internal tables can be viewed using the
following query.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='it'

20. Displaying a List of Procedures

A stored procedure is a group of advanced SQL queries that logically
form a single unit and perform a particular task. Thus, using the following
query you can keep track of them:
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='p'

21. Swapping the Values of Two Columns in a table

In this and subsequent examples, we will use a common company
database including several tables that are easily visualized. Our practice
DB will include a Customer table and an Order table. The Customers table
will contain some obvious columns including ID, Name, Address, zip, and
email, for example, where we assume for now that the primary key field
for indexing is the Customer_ID field.
With this in mind, we can easily imagine an Orders table that likewise
contains the indexed customer ID field, along with details of each order
placed by the customer. This table will include the order Number,
Quantity, Date, Item, and Price. In our first one of SQL examples,
imagine a situation where the zip and phone fields were transposed and
all the phone numbers were erroneously entered into the zip code field.
We can easily fix this problem with the following SQL statement:
1UPDATE Customers SET Zip=Phone, Phone=Zip

22. Returning a Column of Unique Values

Now, suppose that our data entry operator added the same Customers to
the Customers table more than once by mistake. As you know, proper
indexing requires that the key field contains only unique values. To fix the
problem, we will use SELECT DISTINCT to create an indexable list of
unique customers:
1SELECT DISTINCT ID FROM Customers

23. Making a Top 25 with the SELECT TOP Clause

Next, imagine that our Customers table has grown to include thousands of
records, but we just want to show a sample of 25 of these records to
demonstrate the column headings and The SELECT TOP clause allows us
to specify the number of records to return, like a Top-25 list. In this
example we will return the top 25 from our Customers table:
1SELECT TOP 25 FROM Customers WHERE Customer_ID<>NULL;

24. Searching for SQL Tables with Wildcards

Wildcard characters or operators like “%” make it easy to find particular
strings in a large table of thousands of records. Suppose we want to find
all of our customers who have names beginning with “Herb” including
Herberts, and Herbertson. The % wildcard symbol can be used to achieve
such a result. The following SQL query will return all rows from the
Customer table where the Customer_name field begins with “Herb”:
1SELECT * From Customers WHERE Name LIKE 'Herb%'

25. Between Monday and Tuesday

Today is Wednesday, and we arrive at work and discover that our new
data entry clerk in training has entered all new orders incorrectly on
Monday and Tuesday. We wish to teach our new trainee to find and
correct all erroneous records. What’s the easiest way to get all the records
from the Orders table entered on Monday and Tuesday? The Between
clause makes the task a breeze:
1SELECT ID FROM Orders WHERE
2Date BETWEEN ‘01/12/2018’ AND ‘01/13/2018’
26. Finding the Intersection of Two Tables
Undoubtedly the whole reason that a relational database exists in the first
place is to find matching records in two tables! The JOIN statement
accomplishes this core objective of SQL and makes the task easy. Here we
are going to fetch a list of all records which have matches in the
Customers and Orders tables:
1SELECT ID FROM Customers INNER
2JOIN Orders ON Customers.ID = Orders.ID
The point of INNER JOIN, in this case, is to select records in the Customers
table which have matching customer ID values in the Orders table and
return only those records. Of course, there are many types of JOIN, such
as FULL, SELF, and LEFT, but for now, let’s keep things interesting and
move on to more diverse types of advanced SQL commands.

27. Doubling the Power with UNION

We can combine the results of two SQL query examples into one naturally
with the UNION keyword. Suppose we want to create a new table by
combining the Customer_name and phone from Customers with a list of
that customer’s recent orders so that we can look for patterns and
perhaps suggest future purchases. Here is a quick way to accomplish the
task:
1SELECT phone FROM Customers
2UNION SELECT item FROM Orders
The UNION keyword makes it possible to combine JOINS and other criteria
to achieve a very powerful new table generation potential.

28. Making Column Labels More Friendly

Aliasing column labels give us the convenience of renaming a column
label to something more readable. There is a tradeoff when naming
columns to make them succinct results in reduced readability in
subsequent daily use. In our Orders table, the item column contains the
description of purchased products. Let’s see how to alias the item column
to temporarily rename it for greater user-friendliness:
1SELECT Item AS item_description FROM Orders

29. Always and Everywhere!

Wouldn’t it be great if there were a set of conditions you could depend on
every time? The complex SQL queries using ANY and ALL can make this
ideal a reality! Let’s look at how the ALL keyword is used to include
records only when a set of conditions is true for ALL records. In the
following example, we will return records from the Orders table where the
idea is to get a list of high volume orders for a given item, in this case for
customers who ordered more than 50 of the product:
1SELECT Item FROM Orders
2WHERE id = ALL
3(SELECT ID FROM Orders
4WHERE quantity > 50)

30. Writing Developer Friendly SQL

An often overlooked but very important element of SQL scripting is adding
comments to a script of queries to explain what it’s doing for the benefit
of future developers who may need to revise and update your SQL
queries.
A SQL script is a collection of SQL elements and commands
accumulated as a file in SQL Scripts. This script file can include
many SQL commands or PL/SQL codes. One can utilize SQL Scripts
to build, edit, design, execute, and delete files.
The — single line and the /* .. */ multi-line delimiters empower us to add
useful comments to scripts, but this is also used in another valuable way.
Sometimes a section of code may not be in use, but we don’t want to
delete it, because we anticipate using it again. Here we can simply add
the comment delimiter to deactivate it momentarily:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/* This query below is commented so it won't execute*/
1/*
0SELECT item FROM Orders
1WHERE date ALL = (SELECT Order_ID FROM Orders
WHERE quantity > 50)
1
*/
1
2
/* the SQL query below the will be executed
1ignoring the text after "--"
3*/
1
4SELECT item -- single comment
1FROM Orders -- another single comment
5WHERE id
1ALL = (SELECT ID FROM Orders
6WHERE quantity > 25)
31. SQL queries for Database Management
So far we have explored SQL query examples for querying tables and
combining records from multiple queries. Now it’s time to take a step
upward and look at the database on a structural level. Let’s start with the
easiest SQL statement of all which creates a new database. Here, we are
going to create the DB as a container for our Customers and Orders tables
used in the previous ten examples above:
1CREATE DATABASE AllSales

32. Adding Tables to Our New DB

Next, we will actually add the Customers table which we’ve been using in
previous examples, and then add some of the column labels which we are
already familiar with:
1CREATE TABLE Customers (
2ID varchar(80),
3Name varchar(80),
4Phone varchar(20),
5....
6);
Although most databases are created using a UI such as Access or
OpenOffice, it is important to know how to create and delete databases
and tables programmatically via code with SQL statements. This is
especially so when installing a new web app and the UI asks new users to
enter names for DBs to be added during installation.

33. Modifying and Deleting Tables with SQL

The ALTER statement is used to modify or change the meaning of a table.
In the case of the relational tables with columns, ALTER statement is used
to update the table to the new or modified rules or
definition. Alter belongs to the DDL category of Commands. Data
definition language can be described as a pattern for commands through
which data structures are represented.
Imagine that you decide to send a birthday card to your customers to
show your appreciation for their business, and so you want to add a
birthday field to the Customers table. In these SQL examples, you see how
easy it is to modify existing tables with the ALTER statement:
1ALTER TABLE Customers ADD Birthday varchar(80)
If a table becomes corrupted with bad data you can quickly delete it like
this:
1DROP TABLE table_name
34. The Key to Successful Indexing
An index is a schema element that includes a record for each content that
arrives in the indexed column of the database table or cluster and gives a
high-speed path to rows. There are many types of indexes such as Bitmap
indexes, Partitioned indexes, Function-based indexes, and Domain
indexes.
Accurate indexing requires that the Primary Key column contains only
unique values for this purpose. This guarantees that JOIN statements will
maintain integrity and produce valid matches. Let’s create our Customers
table again and establish the ID column as the Primary Key:
1CREATE TABLE Customers (
2ID int NOT NULL,
3Name varchar(80) NOT NULL,
4PRIMARY KEY (ID)
5);
We can extend the functionality of the Primary Key so that it automatically
increments from a base. Change the ID entry above to add
the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword as in the following statement:
1ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT

35. Advanced Concepts For Improving Performance

Whenever practical, is always better to write the column name list into a
SELECT statement rather than using the * delimiter as a wildcard to select
all columns. SQL Server has to do a search and replace operation to find
all the columns in your table and write them into the statement for you
(every time the SELECT is executed). For example:
1SELECT * FROM Customers
Would actually execute much faster on our database as:
1SELECT Name, Birthday, Phone,
2Address, Zip FROM Customers
Performance pitfalls can be avoided in many ways. For example, avoid the
time sinkhole of forcing SQL Server to check the system/master database
every time by using only a stored procedure name, and never prefix it
with SP_. Also setting NOCOUNT ON reduces the time required for SQL
Server to count rows affected by INSERT, DELETE, and other commands.
Using INNER JOIN with a condition is much faster than using WHERE
clauses with conditions. We advise developers to learn SQL server queries
to an advanced level for this purpose. For production purposes, these tips
may be crucial to adequate performance. Notice that our tutorial
examples tend to favor the INNER JOIN.

36. Conditional Subquery Results

The SQL operator EXISTS tests for the existence of records in a subquery
and returns a value TRUE if a subquery returns one or more records. Have
a look at this query with a subquery condition:
1SELECT Name FROM Customers WHERE EXISTS
2(SELECT Item FROM Orders
3WHERE Customers.ID = Orders.ID AND Price < 50)
In this example above, the SELECT returns a value of TRUE when a
customer has orders valued at less than $50.

37. Copying Selections from Table to Table

There are a hundred and one uses for this SQL tool. Suppose you want to
archive your yearly Orders table into a larger archive table. This next
example shows how to do it.
1INSERT INTO Yearly_Orders
2SELECT * FROM Orders
3WHERE Date<=1/1/2018
This example will add any records from the year 2018 to the archive.

38. Catching NULL Results

The NULL is the terminology applied to describe an absent value. Null
does not mean zero. A NULL value in a column of a table is a condition in
a domain that seems to be empty. A column with a NULL value is a
domain with an absent value. It is essential to recognize that a NULL value
is distinct from a zero.
In cases where NULL values are allowed in a field, calculations on those
values will produce NULL results as well. This can be avoided by the use of
the IFNULL operator. In this next example, a value of zero is returned
rather than a value of NULL when the calculation encounters a field with a
NULL value:
1SELECT Item, Price *
2(QtyInStock + IFNULL(QtyOnOrder, 0))
3FROM Orders

39. HAVING can be Relieving!

The problem was that the SQL WHERE clause could not operate on
aggregate functions. The problem was solved by using the HAVING clause.
As an example, this next query fetches a list of customers by the region
where there is at least one customer per region:
1SELECT COUNT(ID), Region
2FROM Customers
3GROUP BY Region
4HAVING COUNT(ID) > 0;

40. Tie things up with Strings!

Let’s have a look at processing the contents of field data using functions.
Substring is probably the most valuable of all built-in functions. It gives
you some of the power of Regex, but it’s not so complicated as Regex.
Suppose you want to find the substring left of the dots in a web
address. Here’s how to do it with an SQL Select query:
1SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX("www.bytescout.com", ".", 2);
This line will return everything to the left of the second occurrence of “. ”
and so, in this case, it will return
1<a href="https://bytescout.com">www.bytescout.com</a>
Check this video to learn about every SQL query:

.. and 20 more useful SQL Queries

examples!!

41. Use COALESCE to return the first non-null

expression
The SQL Coalesce is used to manage the NULL values of the database. In
this method, the NULL values are substituted with the user-defined value.
The SQL Coalesce function assesses the parameters in series and always
delivers the first non-null value from the specified argument record.

Syntax
1SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,'ByteScout',NULL,'Byte')

Output
ByteScout

42. Use Convert to transform any value into a

particular datatype
This is used to convert a value into a defined datatype. For example, if
you want to convert a particular value into int datatype then a convert
function can be used to achieve this. For example,

Syntax
1SELECT CONVERT(int, 27.64)

Output
27

43. DENSE_RANK()Analytical query

It is an analytic query that computes the rank of a row in an arranged
collection of rows. An output rank is a number starting from 1.
DENSE_RANK is one of the most important SQL queries. It returns rank
preferences as sequential numbers. It does not jump rank in event of
relations. For example, the following query will give the sequential ranks
to the employee.
1SELECT eno,
2dno,
3salary,
4DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS ranking
5FROM employee;
6
7ENO DNO SALARY RANKING
8---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
97933 10 1500 1
7788 10 2650 2
1
7831 10 6000 3
07362 20 900 1
17870 20 1200 2
17564 20 2575 3
17784 20 4000 4
27903 20 4000 4
17901 30 550 1
37655 30 1450 2
17522 30 1450 2
47844 30 1700 3
17493 30 1500 4
57698 30 2850 5
1
6
1
7
1
 8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2

44. Query_partition_clause
The query_partition_clause breaks the output set into distributions, or
collections, of data. The development of the analytic query is limited to
the confines forced by these partitions, related to the process a GROUP BY
clause modifies the performance of an aggregate function. If the
query_partition_clause is eliminated, the entire output collection is
interpreted as a separate partition.
The following query applies an OVER clause, so the average
displayed is based on all the records of the output set.
1SELECT eno, dno, salary,
2AVG(salary) OVER () AS avg_sal
3FROM employee;
4
5EO DNO SALARY AVG_SAL
6---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
77364 20 900 2173.21428
87494 30 1700 2173.21428
97522 30 1350 2173.21428
7567 20 3075 2173.21428
1
7652 30 1350 2173.21428
07699 30 2950 2173.21428
17783 10 2550 2173.21428
17789 20 3100 2173.21428
17838 10 5100 2173.21428
27845 30 1600 2173.21428
17877 20 1200 2173.21428
37901 30 1050 2173.21428
17903 20 3100 2173.21428
47935 10 1400 2173.21428
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
 9
2
0

45. Finding the last five records from the table

Now, if you want to fetch the last eight records from the table then it is
always difficult to get such data if your table contains huge information.
For example, you want to get the last 8 records from the employee table
then you can use rownum and a union clause. The rownum is temporary
in SQL.

For example,
1Select * from Employee A where rownum <=8
2union
3select * from (Select * from Employee A order by rowid desc) where rownum <=8;
The above SQL query will give you the last eight records from the
employee table where rownum is a pseudo column. It indexes the
data in an output set.

46. LAG
The LAG is applied to get data from a prior row. This is an analytical
function. For example, the following query gives the salary from the prior
row to compute the difference between the salary of the current row and
that of the prior row. In this query, the ORDER BY of the LAG
function is applied. The default is 1 if you do not define offset. The
arbitrary default condition is given if the offset moves past the range of
the window. The default is null if you do not define default.

Syntax
1SELECT dtno,
2 eno,
3 emname,
4 job,
5 salary,
6 LAG(sal, 1, 0) OVER (PARTITION BY dtno ORDER BY salary) AS salary_prev
7FROM employee;

Output
1DTNO ENO ENAME JOB SAL SAL_PREV
2---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
310 7931 STEVE CLERK 1300 0
 4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
110 7783 JOHN MANAGER 2450 1300
110 7834 KING PRESIDENT 5000 2450
120 7364 ROBIN CLERK 800 0
20 7876 BRIAN CLERK 1100 800
2
20 7567 SHANE MANAGER 2975 1100
1
20 7784 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 2975
320 7908 KANE ANALYST 3000 3000
130 7900 JAMES CLERK 950 0
430 7651 CONNER SALESMAN 1250 950
130 7522 MATTHEW SALESMAN 1250 1250
530 7843 VIVIAN SALESMAN 1500 1250
130 7494 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 1500
630 7695 GLEN MANAGER 2850 1600

47. LEAD
The LEAD is also an analytical query that is applied to get data from rows
extra down the output set. The following query gives the salary from the
next row to compute the deviation between the salary of the prevailing
row and the subsequent row. The default is 1 if you do not define offset.
The arbitrary default condition is given if the offset moves past the range
of the window. The default is null if you do not define default.
1SELECT eno,
2 empname,
3 job,
4 salary,
5 LEAD(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS salary_next,
6 LEAD(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY salary) - salary AS salary_diff
7FROM employee;
8
9ENO EMPNAME JOB SALARY SALARY_NEXT SALARY_DIFF
1---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 STEVE CLERK 800 950 150
0
7900 JEFF CLERK 950 1100 150
17876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 1250 150
17521 JOHN SALESMAN 1250 1250 0
17654 MARK SALESMAN 1250 1300 50
27934 TANTO CLERK 1300 1500 200
17844 MATT SALESMAN 1500 1600 100
37499 ALEX SALESMAN 1600 2450 850
17782 BOON MANAGER 2450 2850 400
47698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 2975 125
 1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
27566 JONES MANAGER 2975 3000 25
37788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 3000 0
27902 FORD ANALYST 3000 5000 2000
47839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 0 -5000

48. PERCENT_RANK
The PERCENT_RANK analytic query. The ORDER BY clause is necessary for
this query. Excluding a partitioning clause from the OVER clause
determines the entire output set is interpreted as a separate
partition. The first row of the standardized set is indicated 0 and
the last row of the set is indicated 1. For example, the SQL query
example gives the following output.

Syntax
1SELECT
2 prdid, SUM(amount),
3 PERCENT_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY SUM(amount) DESC) AS percent_rank
4 FROM sales
5 GROUP BY prdid
6 ORDER BY prdid;

Output
1PRDID SUM(AMOUNT) PERCENT_RANK
2----------- ----------- ------------
3 1 22623.5 0
4 2 223927.08 1
49. MIN
Utilizing a blank OVER clause converts the MIN into an analytic
function. This is also an analytical query. In this, the entire result set is
interpreted as a single partition. It gives you the minimum salary for all
employees and their original data. For example, the following query is
displaying the use of MIN in the Select query.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1SELECT eno,
3 empname,
1 dtno,
4 salary,
1 MIN(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dtno) AS min_result
5FROM employee;
1
6 ENO EMPNAME DTNO SALARY MIN_RESULT
1---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
7 7782 CLARK 10 2450 1300
1 7839 KING 10 5000 1300
8 7934 MILLER 10 1300 1300
7566 JONES 20 2975 800
1
7902 FORD 20 3000 800
9
7876 ADAMS 20 1100 800
2
7369 SMITH 20 800 800
0 7788 SCOTT 20 3000 800
2 7521 WARD 30 1250 950
1 7844 TURNER 30 1500 950
2 7499 ALLEN 30 1600 950
2 7900 JAMES 30 950 950
2 7698 BLAKE 30 2850 950
3 7654 MARTIN 30 1250 950

50. MAX
Using a blank row OVER clause converts the MAX into an analytic
function. The lack of a partitioning clause indicates the entire
output set is interpreted as a separate partition. This gives the
maximum salary for all employees and their original data. For example,
the following query displays the use of MAX in the select query.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1SELECT eno,
3 empname,
1 dtno,
4 salary,
1 MAX(salary) OVER () AS max_result
5FROM employee;
1
6 ENO EMPNAME DTNO SALARY MAX_RESULT
1---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7 7369 SMITH 20 800 3000
1 7499 ALLEN 30 1600 3000
8 7521 WARD 30 1250 3000
7566 JONES 20 2975 3000
1
7654 MARTIN 30 1250 3000
9
7698 BLAKE 30 2850 3000
2
7782 CLARK 10 2450 3000
0 7788 SCOTT 20 3000 3000
2 7839 KING 10 5000 3000
1 7844 TURNER 30 1500 3000
2 7876 ADAMS 20 1100 3000
2 7900 JAMES 30 950 3000
2 7902 FORD 20 3000 3000
3 7934 MILLER 10 1300 3000

51. Top- N queries

Top-N queries give a process for restricting the number of rows delivered
from organized assemblages of data. They are remarkably beneficial when
users want to give the top or bottom number of rows from a table.
For example, the following query gives the 20 rows with 10
different values:
1SELECT price
2FROM sales_order
3ORDER BY price;
4
5PRICE
6----------
7100
8100
9200
200
1
300
0300
1400
1400
1500
2500
1600
3
1PRICE
4----------
1600
5700
1700
6800
1800
7900
1900
1000
8
1000
1
9
20 rows selected.
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
 2
9
3
0
3
1

52. CORR Analytic Query

The CORR analytic function is utilized to determine the coefficient of
correlation. This query is also used to calculate the Pearson correlation
coefficient. The function calculates the following on rows in the table with
no null values. This query always returns the values between +1 and -1,
which describe the following:
Syntax: CORR(exp1, exp2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

Example
1SELECT empid,
2 name,
3 dno,
4 salary,
5 job,
6 CORR(SYSDATE - joiningdate, salary) OVER () AS my_corr_val
7FROM employee;

53. NTILE Analytic Query

The NTILE enables users to split a sequence set into a detailed number of
relatively similar groups, or containers, rows sanctioning. If the number of
rows in the collection is less than the number of containers defined, the
number of containers will be decreased. The basic syntax is as displayed
below:
NTILE(exp) OVER ([ partition_clause ] order_by)

Example
1SELECT empid,
2 name,
3 dno,
4 salary,
5 NTILE(6) OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS container_no
6FROM employee;
54. VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP Query
The VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP are aggregate functions. These
are utilized to determine the variance, group variance, and sample
variance of a collection of data individually. As aggregate queries or
functions, they decrease the number of rows, therefore the expression
“aggregate”. If the data isn’t arranged we change the total rows in the
Employee table to a separate row with the aggregated values. For
example, the following query is displaying the use of these functions:
1SELECT VARIANCE(salary) AS var_salary,
2 VAR_POP(salary) AS pop_salary,
3 VAR_SAMP(salary) AS samp_salary
4FROM employee;
5
6VAR_SALARY POP_SALARY SAMP_SALARY
7------------ ----------- ------------
81479414.97 1588574.81 1388717.27

55. STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, and STDDEV_SAMP

Queries
The STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, and STDDEV_SAMP aggregate queries or
functions are applied to determine the standard deviation, population
standard deviation, and cumulative sample standard deviation
individually. As aggregate queries, they decrease the number of rows,
therefore the expression “aggregate”. If the data isn’t arranged we
convert all the rows in the EMPLOYEE table to a separate row. For
example, the following query is displaying the use of all these functions.
1SELECT STDDEV(salary) AS stddev_salary,
2 STDDEV_POP(salary) AS pop_salary,
3 STDDEV_SAMP(salary) AS samp_salary
4FROM employee;
5
6STDDEV_SALARY POP_SALARY SAMP_SALARY
7---------- -------------- ---------------
81193.50 1159.588 1193.603
If there is more than one account after dropping nulls, the STDDEV
function gives the result of the STDDEV_SAMP. Using an empty OVER
clause converts the STDDEV query result into an analytic query. The
absence of a partitioning indicates the entire output set is interpreted as a
particular partition, so we accept the standard deviation of the salary and
the primary data.

56. Pattern Matching

The pattern matching syntax adds various alternatives. Data must be
treated precisely and in a proper form. The PARTITION BY and ORDER BY
conditions of all SQL analytic queries is applied to split the data into
accumulations and within each group. If no partitions are specified, it is
considered the entire sequence set is one huge partition.
For example,
The MEASURES clause specifies the column result that will be
provided for each match.

Syntax
1MEASURES STRT.tstamp AS initial_tstamp,
2 LAST(UP.tstamp) AS first_tstamp,
3 LAST(DOWN.tstamp) AS finished_tstamp

Example
1DEFINE
2 UP AS UP.products_sold > PREV(UP.products_sold),
3 FLAT AS FLAT.products_sold = PREV(FLAT.products_sold),
4 DOWN AS DOWN.products_sold < PREV(DOWN.products_sold)

57. FIRST_VALUE
The simplest way to get analytic functions is to begin by studying
aggregate functions. An aggregate function collects or gathers data from
numerous rows into a unique result row. For instance, users might apply
the AVG function to get an average of all the salaries in the EMPLOYEE
table. Let’s take a look at how First_Value can be used. The primary
explanation for the FIRST_VALUE analytic function is displayed below.

Syntax:
1FIRST_VALUE
2 { (expr) [NULLS ]
3 | (expr [NULLS ])
4 }
5 OVER (analytic clause)

Example
1SELECT eno,
2 dno,
3 salary,
4 FIRST_VALUE(salary) IGNORE NULLS
OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS lowest_salary_in_dept
5
6FROM employee;
The above query will ignore null values.

58. LAST_VALUE
The primary explanation for the LAST_VALUE analytic query or function is
displayed below.
1Syntax: LAST_VALUE
2 { (expr) [ { NULLS ]
3 | (expr [ NULLS ])
4 OVER (analytic clause)
The LAST_VALUE analytic query is related to the LAST analytic function.
The function enables users to get the last output from an organized
column. Applying the default windowing to the output can be surprising.
For example,
1SELECT eno,
2 dno,
3 salary,
4 LAST_VALUE(salary) IGNORE NULLS
5 OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS highest_salary_in_dept
6FROM employee;

59. Prediction
The design sample foretells the gender and age of clients who are most
expected to adopt an agreement card (target = 1). The PREDICTION
function takes the price matrix correlated with the design and applies for
marital status, and house size as predictors. The syntax of the
PREDICTION function can also apply a piece of arbitrary GROUPING
information when getting a partitioned model.
1
2
3
SELECT client_gender, COUNT(*) AS ct, ROUND(AVG(age)) AS average_age
4
FROM mining_data_shop
5
WHERE PREDICTION(sample COST MODEL
6 USING client_marital_status, house_size) = 1
7 GROUP BY client_gender
8 ORDER BY client_gender;
9
1CUST_GENDER CNT AVG_AGE
0------------ ---------- ----------
1F 270 40
1M 585 41
60. CLUSTER_SET
CLUSTER_SET can get the data in one of the couple steps: It can use a
mining type object to the information, or it can mine the data by
performing an analytic clause that creates and uses one or more moving
mining patterns.
This example enumerates the properties that have the biggest influence
on cluster distribution for client ID 1000. The query requests the
CLUSTER_DETAILS and CLUSTER_SET functions, which use the clustering
model my_sample.

Example
1
SELECT S.cluster_id, prob,
2 CLUSTER_DETAILS(my_sample, S.cluster_id, 7 USING T.*) kset
3FROM
4 (SELECT v.*, CLUSTER_SET(my_sample, USING *) nset
5 FROM mining_data
6 WHERE client_id = 1000) T,
7 TABLE(T.nset) Q
8ORDER BY 2 DESC;
A cluster is a group table that distributes the corresponding data blocks
i.e. all the tables are actually put together. For example, EMPLOYEE and
DEPARTMENT tables are connected to the DNO column. If you cluster
them, it will actually store all rows in the same data blocks.

.. and TEN More Advanced SQL Queries

for our Users!

61. WITH (Common Table Expressions)

A common table expression (CTE) is a defined short result set that
endures within the range of a particular statement and that can be called
later within that statement, perhaps on many occasions. The following
query is describing the CTE:

Syntax
1WITH all_emp
2AS
3(
4SELECT empId, BossId, FirstName, LastName
5FROM Emp
6WHERE BossId is NULL
7
UNION ALL
 8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2SELECT e.empId, e.BossId, e.FirstName, e.LastName
1FROM Emp e INNER JOIN all_emp r
3ON e.BossId = r.Id
1)
4SELECT * FROM all_emp

62. NANVL
This function is utilized to deliver an optional value n1 if the inserted value
n2 is NaN (not a number), and gives n2 if n2 is not a number. This
function is used only for type BINARY_FLOAT. The following query is
displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT bin_float, NANVL(bin_float,0)
2FROM my_demo_table;

63. WIDTH_BUCKET
This function is used to obtain the bucket number. In this, it gives the
value of the expression that would come under after being assessed. The
following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT emp_id, first_name,last_name,dept_id,mgr_id,
2WIDTH_BUCKET(department_id,20,40,10) "Exists in Dept"
3FROM emp
4WHERE mgr_id < 300
5ORDER BY "Exists in Dept";

64. COSH
This function is used to deliver the hyperbolic cosine of a number. It
accepts all numeric or non-numeric data types as an argument. The
following query is displaying its use:
Example
1SELECT COSH(0) "COSH of 0" FROM DUAL;

65. SOUNDEX
The SOUNDEX function delivers a character string comprising the
description of char. It allows users to match words that are spelled
antagonistically, but sound similar in English. It does not support CLOB.
The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT last_name, first_name
2FROM hr.emp
3WHERE SOUNDEX(last_name)
4= SOUNDEX('SCOTTY');

66. TZ_OFFSET
The TZ_OFFSET gives the time zone offset identical to the case based on
the date the statement is given. The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT TZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern') FROM DUAL;

67. CARDINALITY
CARDINALITY is utilized to obtain the number of components in a nested
table. It is supported in different versions. The following query is
displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT product_id, CARDINALITY(ad_mydocs_get)
2FROM my_media_table;

68. DUMP
DUMP is one of the important string/char functions. It is utilized to get a
VARCHAR2 value. The value delivered defines the data type code. The
following query is displaying its use:
Example
1SELECT DUMP('pqr', 1033)
2FROM DUAL;

69. PATH
PATH is applied simply with the UNDER_PATH and EQUALS_PATH
requirements. It gives the corresponding path that points to the resource
defined in the main state. The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT ANY_PATH FROM RESOURCE_VIEW
2WHERE EQUALS_PATH(res, '/sys/schemas/OE/www.pqr.com')=3;

70. UNISTR
UNISTR accepts an expression that determines character data and
delivers it in the general character set. It gives support to the Unicode
string literals by allowing users to define the Unicode value. The following
query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT UNISTR('pqr\00e4\00f3\00f9') FROM DUAL;

Database Queries in SQL

These are some of the commonly used database queries in SQL.

1. SELECT – database query used to extract data from

a table.
2. CREATE DATABASE – database query used to create
a new database.
3. DROP DATABASE – database query used to delete a
database.
4. CREATE TABLE – database query used to create a
table in the specified database.
5. ALTER TABLE – database query used to modify an
existing table in the specified database
6. DROP TABLE – database query used to delete an
existing table in the specified database
7. CREATE INDEX – Index creation query.
8. CREATE VIEW – View creation query.
9. DROP VIEW – View deletion query.
 10. CREATE PROCEDURE – Procedure creation query.
11. CREATE FUNCTION – Function creation query.
12. DROP PROCEDURE – Procedure deletion query.
13. DROP FUNCTION – Function deletion query.

Example of Query in a Database

We will be looking at some SELECT examples of a query in a database, as
this is the most common command.
SELECT * FROM employeeTable WHERE emp_no = ‘12’;
This query filters out results that do not match a specified search.
SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id=object_id(‘<table name>’);
This database query will list all the columns of the table whose name
matches the argument.

Database Queries Examples

The following are some database queries examples that deal with creating
tables, in a bit more advanced fashion.

1. Create a table with a primary key called “ID”.

CREATE TABLE table_name (

PRIMARY KEY(column_name)
);

2. Create a table with a non-unique index called “IDX”

on column_name.

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table_name (column_name);

3. Create a view with the name “VIEW1” that can be

used to query data from table1. The view is created
on columns column1 and column2. It must return
the same number of rows as the underlying table,
and it must return the same data type. In this case,
we will return the maximum value for each column
in the underlying table when queried against the
view. The following query will be used to populate
our view:

CREATE VIEW view1 AS SELECT MAX(column1), MAX(column2) FROM table1;

Common Database Queries
Some more common database queries you will need are:
1) The Maximum Value for a Column.

SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

2) The Minimum Value for a Column.

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

3) The Count of Rows in a Table.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

DBMS Queries with Examples

DBMS stands for DataBase Management System. Following are some
DBMS queries with examples; these are very important for developers and
database admins alike.
1. The List of Values for a Column.

SELECT column_name, column_commalist FROM table_name;

2. The Difference between two Column Values.

SELECT column_name(+) FROM table_name WHERE column_name(+) != value;

III. The List of Unique Values for a Column.

SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;

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SQL is incredibly powerful, and like every well-made development tool, it
has a few commands which it’s vital for a good developer to know. Here is
a list of SQL queries that are really important for coding & optimization.
Each of the queries in the SQL tutorial is consequential to almost every
system that interacts with an SQL database.

1. Retrieving Tables 36. Conditional Subquery Results

2. Selecting Columns from a Table 37. Copying Selections
3. Outputting Data – Constraint 38. Catching NULL Results
4. Outputting Data – ‘Order By’ 39. HAVING can be Relieving!
5. Outputting Data – ‘Group By’ 40. Tie things up with Strings!
6. Data Manipulation – COUNT 41. Use COALESCE
7. Data Manipulation Using SUM 42. Use Convert
8. Data Manipulation Using AVG 43. DENSE_RANK()Analytical
9. SQL Query for Listing all Views 44. Query_partition_clause
10. Creating a View 45. Last five records from the table
11. Retrieving a View 46. LAG
12. Updating a View 47. LEAD
13. Dropping a View 48. PERCENT_RANK
14. Display User Tables 49. MIN
15. Display Primary Keys 50. MAX
16. Displaying Unique Keys 51. Top- N queries
17. Displaying Foreign Keys 52. CORR Analytic Query
18. Displaying Triggers 53. NTILE Analytic Query
19. Displaying Internal Tables 54. VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP
55. STDDEV, STDDEV_POP and STDDEV_SA
20. Displaying a List of Procedures
Queries
21. Swapping the Values 56. Pattern Matching
22. Returning a Column of Values 57. FIRST_VALUE
23. SELECT TOP Clause 58. LAST_VALUE
24. Searching for SQL Tables 59. Prediction
25. Between Monday and Tuesday 60. CLUSTER_SET
26. Find Intersection of 2 Tables 61. WITH (Common Table Expressions)
27. UNION 62. NANVL
28. Friendly Column Labels 63. WIDTH_BUCKET
29. Always and Everywhere! 64. COSH
30. Developer-Friendly SQL 65. SOUNDEX
31. Database Management 66. TZ_OFFSET
32. Adding Tables to Our New DB 67. CARDINALITY
33. Modifying and Deleting Tables 68. DUMP
34. Successful Indexing 69. PATH
35. Improving Performance 70. UNISTR

1. SQL Query for Retrieving Tables

This query can be run to retrieve the list of tables present in a database
where the database is “My_Schema”.
With the SELECT command, users can define the columns that they want
to get in the query output. This command is also useful to get which
column users want to see as the output table. The SELECT statement is
applied to pick data from a table. The data retrieved is put in a result
table, named the result set. The output data is saved in a result table. This
output table is also termed the result set.
1SELECT * FROM My_Schema.Tables;

2. Query for Selecting Columns from a Table

These are perhaps the most useful SQL query examples. In the example
below, we are extracting the “Student_ID” column or attribute from the
table “STUDENT”. The select statement is used to select data from the
database.
1SELECT Student_ID FROM STUDENT;
If you want to display all the attributes from a particular table, this is the
right query to use:
1SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

3. Query for Outputting Data Using a Constraint

This SQL query retrieves the specified attributes from the table on the
constraint Employee ID =0000
1SELECT EMP_ID, NAME FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL WHERE EMP_ID = '0000';

4. Query for Outputting Sorted Data Using ‘Order By’

This query orders the results with respect to the attribute which is
referenced using “Order By” – so for example, if that attribute is an
integer data type, then the result would either be sorted in ascending or
descending order; likewise, if the data type is a String then the result
would be ordered in alphabetical order. The order by clause is used to sort
the data from the table. The order by clause should always be used in the
last of the SQL query.
1SELECT EMP_ID, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEE
2WHERE CITY = 'Seattle' ORDER BY EMP_ID;
The ordering of the result can also be set manually, using “asc ” for
ascending and “desc” for descending.
Ascending (ASC) is the default condition for the ORDER BY clause. In other
words, if users don’t specify ASC or DESC after the column name, then the
result will be ordered in ascending order only.
1SELECT EMP_ID, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEE_TBL
2WHERE CITY = 'INDIANAPOLIS' ORDER BY EMP_ID asc;

5. SQL Query for Outputting Sorted Data Using

‘Group By’
The ‘Group By’ property groups the resulting data according to the
specified attribute.
The SQL query below will select Name, Age columns from the Patients
table, then will filter them by Age value to include records where Age is
more than 40 and then will group records with similar Age value and then
finally will output them sorted by Name. The basic rule is that the group
by clause should always follow a where clause in a Select statement and
must precede the Order by clause.
1SELECT Name, Age FROM Patients WHERE Age > 40
2GROUP BY Name, Age ORDER BY Name;
Another sample of use of Group By: this expression will select records with
a price lesser than 70 from the Orders table, will group records with a
similar price, will sort the output by price, and will also add the column
COUNT(price) that will display how many records with similar price were
found:
1SELECT COUNT(price), price FROM orders
2WHERE price < 70 GROUP BY price ORDER BY price
Note: you should use the very same set of columns for both SELECT and
GROUP BY commands, otherwise you will get an error. Many thanks
to Sachidannad for pointing it out!

SQL Queries for Data Manipulation Using Math

Functions
There are a lot of built-in math functions like COUNT and AVG which
provide basic functionalities of counting the number of results and
averaging them respectively.

6. Data Manipulation Using COUNT

This query displays the total number of customers by counting each
customer ID. In addition, it groups the results according to the country of
each customer. In count, if users define DISTINCT, then they cal
also define the query_partition_clause. This clause is a part of the
analytic clause, and other clauses such as order_by_clause and
windowing_clause are not permitted.
Syntax: SELECT COUNT(colname) FROM table name;
1SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country;

7. Data Manipulation Using SUM

SUM calculates the total of the attribute that is given to it as an argument.
SUM is an aggregate function and it calculates the sum of all the distinct
values. and the sum of all the duplicate values.
1SELECT SUM(Salary)FROM Employee WHERE Emp_Age < 30;

8. Data Manipulation Using AVG

Simple – an average of a given attribute. Average is also an aggregate
function in SQL. The AVG() function computes the average of non-NULL
values in a column. It ignores the null values.
1SELECT AVG(Price)FROM Products;

9. SQL Query for Listing all Views

This SQL query lists all the views available in the schema.
1SELECT * FROM My_Schema.views;
10. Query for Creating a View
A view is a tailored table that is formed as a result of a query. It has tables
and rows just like any other table. It’s usually a good idea to run queries in
SQL as independent views because this allows them to be retrieved later
to view the query results, rather than computing the same command
every time for a particular set of results.
1CREATE VIEW Failing_Students AS
2SELECT S_NAME, Student_ID
3FROM STUDENT
4WHERE GPA > 40;

11. Query for Retrieving a View

The standard syntax of selecting attributes from a table is applicable to
views as well.
1SELECT * FROM Failing_Students;

12. Query for Updating a View

This query updates the view named ‘Product List’ – and if this view
doesn’t exist, then the Product List view gets created as specified in this
query. The view is also called a virtual table. In other words, a view is just
a mirrored copy of a table whose data is the result of a stored query.
A view is a legitimate copy of a different table or sequence of tables. A
view obtains its information or data from the tables from previously
created tables known as base tables. Base tables are real tables. All
procedures implemented on a view really modify the base table. Users
can use views just like the real or base tables. In view, users can apply
various DDL, DML commands such as update, insert into, and delete.
1CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW [ Product List] AS
2SELECT ProductID, ProductName, Category
3FROM Products
4WHERE Discontinued = No;

13. Query for Dropping a View

This query will drop or delete a view named ‘V1’. The important thing to
remember here is that the DROP VIEW is disallowed if there are any views
dependent on the view you are about to drop.
1DROP VIEW V1;

14. Query to Display User Tables

A user-defined table is a representation of defined information in a
table, and it can be used as arguments for procedures or user-defined
functions. Because they’re so useful, it’s useful to keep track of them
using the following query. User tables explain the relational tables of the
current user.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.objects WHERE Type='u'

15. Query to Display Primary Keys

A primary key uniquely identifies all values within a table. A primary key
imposes a NOT NULL restriction and a unique constraint in one
declaration. In other words, it prevents various rows from having similar
values or sequences of columns. It doesn’t allow null values. The primary
key can be defined as a single column or the combination of two columns
in a table. It is responsible for all the relationships between the tables.
The following SQL query lists all the fields in a table’s primary key.
1SELECT * from Sys.Objects WHERE Type='PK'

16. Query for Displaying Unique Keys

A Unique Key allows a column to ensure that all of its values are
different. A unique key also recognizes a different tuple uniquely in
relation to or table. A table can have more than one unique key. Unique
key constraints can take only one NULL value for the column.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='uq'

17. Displaying Foreign Keys

Foreign keys link one table to another – they are attributes in one table
which refer to the primary key of another table.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='f'
Primary, Unique, and Foreign are part of the constraints in SQL.
Constraints are essential to the scalability, compliance, and sincerity of
the data. Constraints implement particular rules, assuring the data
adheres to the conditions outlined. For example, these are the laws
imposed on the columns of the database tables. These are applied to
restrict the kind of data in the table. This assures the efficiency and
authenticity of the database.

18. Displaying Triggers

A Trigger is sort of an ‘event listener’ – i.e, it’s a pre-specified set of
instructions that execute when a certain event occurs. The list of
defined triggers can be viewed using the following query.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='tr'

19. Displaying Internal Tables

Internal tables are formed as a by-product of a user action and are
usually not accessible. The data in internal tables cannot be manipulated;
however, the metadata of the internal tables can be viewed using the
following query.
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='it'

20. Displaying a List of Procedures

A stored procedure is a group of advanced SQL queries that logically
form a single unit and perform a particular task. Thus, using the following
query you can keep track of them:
1SELECT * FROM Sys.Objects WHERE Type='p'

21. Swapping the Values of Two Columns in a table

In this and subsequent examples, we will use a common company
database including several tables that are easily visualized. Our practice
DB will include a Customer table and an Order table. The Customers table
will contain some obvious columns including ID, Name, Address, zip, and
email, for example, where we assume for now that the primary key field
for indexing is the Customer_ID field.
With this in mind, we can easily imagine an Orders table that likewise
contains the indexed customer ID field, along with details of each order
placed by the customer. This table will include the order Number,
Quantity, Date, Item, and Price. In our first one of SQL examples,
imagine a situation where the zip and phone fields were transposed and
all the phone numbers were erroneously entered into the zip code field.
We can easily fix this problem with the following SQL statement:
1UPDATE Customers SET Zip=Phone, Phone=Zip

22. Returning a Column of Unique Values

Now, suppose that our data entry operator added the same Customers to
the Customers table more than once by mistake. As you know, proper
indexing requires that the key field contains only unique values. To fix the
problem, we will use SELECT DISTINCT to create an indexable list of
unique customers:
1SELECT DISTINCT ID FROM Customers

23. Making a Top 25 with the SELECT TOP Clause

Next, imagine that our Customers table has grown to include thousands of
records, but we just want to show a sample of 25 of these records to
demonstrate the column headings and The SELECT TOP clause allows us
to specify the number of records to return, like a Top-25 list. In this
example we will return the top 25 from our Customers table:
1SELECT TOP 25 FROM Customers WHERE Customer_ID<>NULL;

24. Searching for SQL Tables with Wildcards

Wildcard characters or operators like “%” make it easy to find particular
strings in a large table of thousands of records. Suppose we want to find
all of our customers who have names beginning with “Herb” including
Herberts, and Herbertson. The % wildcard symbol can be used to achieve
such a result. The following SQL query will return all rows from the
Customer table where the Customer_name field begins with “Herb”:
1SELECT * From Customers WHERE Name LIKE 'Herb%'

25. Between Monday and Tuesday

Today is Wednesday, and we arrive at work and discover that our new
data entry clerk in training has entered all new orders incorrectly on
Monday and Tuesday. We wish to teach our new trainee to find and
correct all erroneous records. What’s the easiest way to get all the records
from the Orders table entered on Monday and Tuesday? The Between
clause makes the task a breeze:
1SELECT ID FROM Orders WHERE
2Date BETWEEN ‘01/12/2018’ AND ‘01/13/2018’

26. Finding the Intersection of Two Tables

Undoubtedly the whole reason that a relational database exists in the first
place is to find matching records in two tables! The JOIN statement
accomplishes this core objective of SQL and makes the task easy. Here we
are going to fetch a list of all records which have matches in the
Customers and Orders tables:
1SELECT ID FROM Customers INNER
2JOIN Orders ON Customers.ID = Orders.ID
The point of INNER JOIN, in this case, is to select records in the Customers
table which have matching customer ID values in the Orders table and
return only those records. Of course, there are many types of JOIN, such
as FULL, SELF, and LEFT, but for now, let’s keep things interesting and
move on to more diverse types of advanced SQL commands.

27. Doubling the Power with UNION

We can combine the results of two SQL query examples into one naturally
with the UNION keyword. Suppose we want to create a new table by
combining the Customer_name and phone from Customers with a list of
that customer’s recent orders so that we can look for patterns and
perhaps suggest future purchases. Here is a quick way to accomplish the
task:
1SELECT phone FROM Customers
2UNION SELECT item FROM Orders
The UNION keyword makes it possible to combine JOINS and other criteria
to achieve a very powerful new table generation potential.

28. Making Column Labels More Friendly

Aliasing column labels give us the convenience of renaming a column
label to something more readable. There is a tradeoff when naming
columns to make them succinct results in reduced readability in
subsequent daily use. In our Orders table, the item column contains the
description of purchased products. Let’s see how to alias the item column
to temporarily rename it for greater user-friendliness:
1SELECT Item AS item_description FROM Orders

29. Always and Everywhere!

Wouldn’t it be great if there were a set of conditions you could depend on
every time? The complex SQL queries using ANY and ALL can make this
ideal a reality! Let’s look at how the ALL keyword is used to include
records only when a set of conditions is true for ALL records. In the
following example, we will return records from the Orders table where the
idea is to get a list of high volume orders for a given item, in this case for
customers who ordered more than 50 of the product:
1SELECT Item FROM Orders
2WHERE id = ALL
3(SELECT ID FROM Orders
4WHERE quantity > 50)
30. Writing Developer Friendly SQL
An often overlooked but very important element of SQL scripting is adding
comments to a script of queries to explain what it’s doing for the benefit
of future developers who may need to revise and update your SQL
queries.
A SQL script is a collection of SQL elements and commands
accumulated as a file in SQL Scripts. This script file can include
many SQL commands or PL/SQL codes. One can utilize SQL Scripts
to build, edit, design, execute, and delete files.
The — single line and the /* .. */ multi-line delimiters empower us to add
useful comments to scripts, but this is also used in another valuable way.
Sometimes a section of code may not be in use, but we don’t want to
delete it, because we anticipate using it again. Here we can simply add
the comment delimiter to deactivate it momentarily:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/* This query below is commented so it won't execute*/
1/*
0SELECT item FROM Orders
1WHERE date ALL = (SELECT Order_ID FROM Orders
WHERE quantity > 50)
1
*/
1
2
/* the SQL query below the will be executed
1ignoring the text after "--"
3*/
1
4SELECT item -- single comment
1FROM Orders -- another single comment
5WHERE id
1ALL = (SELECT ID FROM Orders
6WHERE quantity > 25)

31. SQL queries for Database Management

So far we have explored SQL query examples for querying tables and
combining records from multiple queries. Now it’s time to take a step
upward and look at the database on a structural level. Let’s start with the
easiest SQL statement of all which creates a new database. Here, we are
going to create the DB as a container for our Customers and Orders tables
used in the previous ten examples above:
 1CREATE DATABASE AllSales

32. Adding Tables to Our New DB

Next, we will actually add the Customers table which we’ve been using in
previous examples, and then add some of the column labels which we are
already familiar with:
1CREATE TABLE Customers (
2ID varchar(80),
3Name varchar(80),
4Phone varchar(20),
5....
6);
Although most databases are created using a UI such as Access or
OpenOffice, it is important to know how to create and delete databases
and tables programmatically via code with SQL statements. This is
especially so when installing a new web app and the UI asks new users to
enter names for DBs to be added during installation.

33. Modifying and Deleting Tables with SQL

The ALTER statement is used to modify or change the meaning of a table.
In the case of the relational tables with columns, ALTER statement is used
to update the table to the new or modified rules or
definition. Alter belongs to the DDL category of Commands. Data
definition language can be described as a pattern for commands through
which data structures are represented.
Imagine that you decide to send a birthday card to your customers to
show your appreciation for their business, and so you want to add a
birthday field to the Customers table. In these SQL examples, you see how
easy it is to modify existing tables with the ALTER statement:
1ALTER TABLE Customers ADD Birthday varchar(80)
If a table becomes corrupted with bad data you can quickly delete it like
this:
1DROP TABLE table_name

34. The Key to Successful Indexing

An index is a schema element that includes a record for each content that
arrives in the indexed column of the database table or cluster and gives a
high-speed path to rows. There are many types of indexes such as Bitmap
indexes, Partitioned indexes, Function-based indexes, and Domain
indexes.
Accurate indexing requires that the Primary Key column contains only
unique values for this purpose. This guarantees that JOIN statements will
maintain integrity and produce valid matches. Let’s create our Customers
table again and establish the ID column as the Primary Key:
1CREATE TABLE Customers (
2ID int NOT NULL,
3Name varchar(80) NOT NULL,
4PRIMARY KEY (ID)
5);
We can extend the functionality of the Primary Key so that it automatically
increments from a base. Change the ID entry above to add
the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword as in the following statement:
1ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT

35. Advanced Concepts For Improving Performance

Whenever practical, is always better to write the column name list into a
SELECT statement rather than using the * delimiter as a wildcard to select
all columns. SQL Server has to do a search and replace operation to find
all the columns in your table and write them into the statement for you
(every time the SELECT is executed). For example:
1SELECT * FROM Customers
Would actually execute much faster on our database as:
1SELECT Name, Birthday, Phone,
2Address, Zip FROM Customers
Performance pitfalls can be avoided in many ways. For example, avoid the
time sinkhole of forcing SQL Server to check the system/master database
every time by using only a stored procedure name, and never prefix it
with SP_. Also setting NOCOUNT ON reduces the time required for SQL
Server to count rows affected by INSERT, DELETE, and other commands.
Using INNER JOIN with a condition is much faster than using WHERE
clauses with conditions. We advise developers to learn SQL server queries
to an advanced level for this purpose. For production purposes, these tips
may be crucial to adequate performance. Notice that our tutorial
examples tend to favor the INNER JOIN.

36. Conditional Subquery Results

The SQL operator EXISTS tests for the existence of records in a subquery
and returns a value TRUE if a subquery returns one or more records. Have
a look at this query with a subquery condition:
1SELECT Name FROM Customers WHERE EXISTS
2(SELECT Item FROM Orders
3WHERE Customers.ID = Orders.ID AND Price < 50)
In this example above, the SELECT returns a value of TRUE when a
customer has orders valued at less than $50.

37. Copying Selections from Table to Table

There are a hundred and one uses for this SQL tool. Suppose you want to
archive your yearly Orders table into a larger archive table. This next
example shows how to do it.
1INSERT INTO Yearly_Orders
2SELECT * FROM Orders
3WHERE Date<=1/1/2018
This example will add any records from the year 2018 to the archive.

38. Catching NULL Results

The NULL is the terminology applied to describe an absent value. Null
does not mean zero. A NULL value in a column of a table is a condition in
a domain that seems to be empty. A column with a NULL value is a
domain with an absent value. It is essential to recognize that a NULL value
is distinct from a zero.
In cases where NULL values are allowed in a field, calculations on those
values will produce NULL results as well. This can be avoided by the use of
the IFNULL operator. In this next example, a value of zero is returned
rather than a value of NULL when the calculation encounters a field with a
NULL value:
1SELECT Item, Price *
2(QtyInStock + IFNULL(QtyOnOrder, 0))
3FROM Orders

39. HAVING can be Relieving!

The problem was that the SQL WHERE clause could not operate on
aggregate functions. The problem was solved by using the HAVING clause.
As an example, this next query fetches a list of customers by the region
where there is at least one customer per region:
1SELECT COUNT(ID), Region
2FROM Customers
3GROUP BY Region
4HAVING COUNT(ID) > 0;

40. Tie things up with Strings!

Let’s have a look at processing the contents of field data using functions.
Substring is probably the most valuable of all built-in functions. It gives
you some of the power of Regex, but it’s not so complicated as Regex.
Suppose you want to find the substring left of the dots in a web
address. Here’s how to do it with an SQL Select query:
1SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX("www.bytescout.com", ".", 2);
This line will return everything to the left of the second occurrence of “. ”
and so, in this case, it will return
1<a href="https://bytescout.com">www.bytescout.com</a>
Check this video to learn about every SQL query:

.. and 20 more useful SQL Queries

examples!!

41. Use COALESCE to return the first non-null

expression
The SQL Coalesce is used to manage the NULL values of the database. In
this method, the NULL values are substituted with the user-defined value.
The SQL Coalesce function assesses the parameters in series and always
delivers the first non-null value from the specified argument record.

Syntax
1SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,'ByteScout',NULL,'Byte')

Output
ByteScout

42. Use Convert to transform any value into a

particular datatype
This is used to convert a value into a defined datatype. For example, if
you want to convert a particular value into int datatype then a convert
function can be used to achieve this. For example,

Syntax
1SELECT CONVERT(int, 27.64)
Output
27

43. DENSE_RANK()Analytical query

It is an analytic query that computes the rank of a row in an arranged
collection of rows. An output rank is a number starting from 1.
DENSE_RANK is one of the most important SQL queries. It returns rank
preferences as sequential numbers. It does not jump rank in event of
relations. For example, the following query will give the sequential ranks
to the employee.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2SELECT eno,
1dno,
3salary,
1DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS ranking
4FROM employee;
1
5ENO DNO SALARY RANKING
1---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
67933 10 1500 1
17788 10 2650 2
77831 10 6000 3
7362 20 900 1
1
7870 20 1200 2
8
7564 20 2575 3
1
7784 20 4000 4
97903 20 4000 4
27901 30 550 1
07655 30 1450 2
27522 30 1450 2
17844 30 1700 3
27493 30 1500 4
27698 30 2850 5
44. Query_partition_clause
The query_partition_clause breaks the output set into distributions, or
collections, of data. The development of the analytic query is limited to
the confines forced by these partitions, related to the process a GROUP BY
clause modifies the performance of an aggregate function. If the
query_partition_clause is eliminated, the entire output collection is
interpreted as a separate partition.
The following query applies an OVER clause, so the average
displayed is based on all the records of the output set.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1SELECT eno, dno, salary,
1AVG(salary) OVER () AS avg_sal
2FROM employee;
1
3EO DNO SALARY AVG_SAL
1---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
47364 20 900 2173.21428
17494 30 1700 2173.21428
57522 30 1350 2173.21428
17567 20 3075 2173.21428
7652 30 1350 2173.21428
6
7699 30 2950 2173.21428
1
7783 10 2550 2173.21428
77789 20 3100 2173.21428
17838 10 5100 2173.21428
87845 30 1600 2173.21428
17877 20 1200 2173.21428
97901 30 1050 2173.21428
27903 20 3100 2173.21428
07935 10 1400 2173.21428

45. Finding the last five records from the table

Now, if you want to fetch the last eight records from the table then it is
always difficult to get such data if your table contains huge information.
For example, you want to get the last 8 records from the employee table
then you can use rownum and a union clause. The rownum is temporary
in SQL.

For example,
1Select * from Employee A where rownum <=8
2union
3select * from (Select * from Employee A order by rowid desc) where rownum <=8;
The above SQL query will give you the last eight records from the
employee table where rownum is a pseudo column. It indexes the
data in an output set.

46. LAG
The LAG is applied to get data from a prior row. This is an analytical
function. For example, the following query gives the salary from the prior
row to compute the difference between the salary of the current row and
that of the prior row. In this query, the ORDER BY of the LAG
function is applied. The default is 1 if you do not define offset. The
arbitrary default condition is given if the offset moves past the range of
the window. The default is null if you do not define default.

Syntax
1SELECT dtno,
2 eno,
3 emname,
4 job,
5 salary,
6 LAG(sal, 1, 0) OVER (PARTITION BY dtno ORDER BY salary) AS salary_prev
7FROM employee;

Output
1DTNO ENO ENAME JOB SAL SAL_PREV
2---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
310 7931 STEVE CLERK 1300 0
410 7783 JOHN MANAGER 2450 1300
510 7834 KING PRESIDENT 5000 2450
620 7364 ROBIN CLERK 800 0
720 7876 BRIAN CLERK 1100 800
820 7567 SHANE MANAGER 2975 1100
20 7784 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 2975
9
20 7908 KANE ANALYST 3000 3000
130 7900 JAMES CLERK 950 0
030 7651 CONNER SALESMAN 1250 950
130 7522 MATTHEW SALESMAN 1250 1250
130 7843 VIVIAN SALESMAN 1500 1250
1
 2
1
3
1
4
1
5
130 7494 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 1500
630 7695 GLEN MANAGER 2850 1600

47. LEAD
The LEAD is also an analytical query that is applied to get data from rows
extra down the output set. The following query gives the salary from the
next row to compute the deviation between the salary of the prevailing
row and the subsequent row. The default is 1 if you do not define offset.
The arbitrary default condition is given if the offset moves past the range
of the window. The default is null if you do not define default.
1SELECT eno,
2 empname,
3 job,
4 salary,
5 LEAD(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS salary_next,
6 LEAD(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY salary) - salary AS salary_diff
7FROM employee;
8
9ENO EMPNAME JOB SALARY SALARY_NEXT SALARY_DIFF
1---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 STEVE CLERK 800 950 150
0
7900 JEFF CLERK 950 1100 150
17876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 1250 150
17521 JOHN SALESMAN 1250 1250 0
17654 MARK SALESMAN 1250 1300 50
27934 TANTO CLERK 1300 1500 200
17844 MATT SALESMAN 1500 1600 100
37499 ALEX SALESMAN 1600 2450 850
17782 BOON MANAGER 2450 2850 400
47698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 2975 125
17566 JONES MANAGER 2975 3000 25
57788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 3000 0
17902 FORD ANALYST 3000 5000 2000
67839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 0 -5000
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
 0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4

48. PERCENT_RANK
The PERCENT_RANK analytic query. The ORDER BY clause is necessary for
this query. Excluding a partitioning clause from the OVER clause
determines the entire output set is interpreted as a separate
partition. The first row of the standardized set is indicated 0 and
the last row of the set is indicated 1. For example, the SQL query
example gives the following output.

Syntax
1SELECT
2 prdid, SUM(amount),
3 PERCENT_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY SUM(amount) DESC) AS percent_rank
4 FROM sales
5 GROUP BY prdid
6 ORDER BY prdid;

Output
1PRDID SUM(AMOUNT) PERCENT_RANK
2----------- ----------- ------------
3 1 22623.5 0
4 2 223927.08 1

49. MIN
Utilizing a blank OVER clause converts the MIN into an analytic
function. This is also an analytical query. In this, the entire result set is
interpreted as a single partition. It gives you the minimum salary for all
employees and their original data. For example, the following query is
displaying the use of MIN in the Select query.
1SELECT eno,
2 empname,
3 dtno,
4 salary,
MIN(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dtno) AS min_result
 5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5FROM employee;
1
6 ENO EMPNAME DTNO SALARY MIN_RESULT
1---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
7 7782 CLARK 10 2450 1300
1 7839 KING 10 5000 1300
8 7934 MILLER 10 1300 1300
7566 JONES 20 2975 800
1
7902 FORD 20 3000 800
9
7876 ADAMS 20 1100 800
2
7369 SMITH 20 800 800
0 7788 SCOTT 20 3000 800
2 7521 WARD 30 1250 950
1 7844 TURNER 30 1500 950
2 7499 ALLEN 30 1600 950
2 7900 JAMES 30 950 950
2 7698 BLAKE 30 2850 950
3 7654 MARTIN 30 1250 950

50. MAX
Using a blank row OVER clause converts the MAX into an analytic
function. The lack of a partitioning clause indicates the entire
output set is interpreted as a separate partition. This gives the
maximum salary for all employees and their original data. For example,
the following query displays the use of MAX in the select query.
1SELECT eno,
2 empname,
3 dtno,
4 salary,
5 MAX(salary) OVER () AS max_result
6FROM employee;
7
 8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6 ENO EMPNAME DTNO SALARY MAX_RESULT
1---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7 7369 SMITH 20 800 3000
1 7499 ALLEN 30 1600 3000
8 7521 WARD 30 1250 3000
7566 JONES 20 2975 3000
1
7654 MARTIN 30 1250 3000
9
7698 BLAKE 30 2850 3000
2
7782 CLARK 10 2450 3000
0 7788 SCOTT 20 3000 3000
2 7839 KING 10 5000 3000
1 7844 TURNER 30 1500 3000
2 7876 ADAMS 20 1100 3000
2 7900 JAMES 30 950 3000
2 7902 FORD 20 3000 3000
3 7934 MILLER 10 1300 3000

51. Top- N queries

Top-N queries give a process for restricting the number of rows delivered
from organized assemblages of data. They are remarkably beneficial when
users want to give the top or bottom number of rows from a table.
For example, the following query gives the 20 rows with 10
different values:
1SELECT price
2FROM sales_order
3ORDER BY price;
4
5PRICE
6----------
7100
8100
9200
200
1
 0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2300
2300
2400
3400
2500
4500
2600
5
2PRICE
6----------
600
2
700
7
700
2800
8800
2900
9900
31000
01000
3
120 rows selected.

52. CORR Analytic Query

The CORR analytic function is utilized to determine the coefficient of
correlation. This query is also used to calculate the Pearson correlation
coefficient. The function calculates the following on rows in the table with
no null values. This query always returns the values between +1 and -1,
which describe the following:
Syntax: CORR(exp1, exp2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

Example
1SELECT empid,
2 name,
3 dno,
4 salary,
5 job,
6 CORR(SYSDATE - joiningdate, salary) OVER () AS my_corr_val
7FROM employee;

53. NTILE Analytic Query

The NTILE enables users to split a sequence set into a detailed number of
relatively similar groups, or containers, rows sanctioning. If the number of
rows in the collection is less than the number of containers defined, the
number of containers will be decreased. The basic syntax is as displayed
below:
NTILE(exp) OVER ([ partition_clause ] order_by)

Example
1SELECT empid,
2 name,
3 dno,
4 salary,
5 NTILE(6) OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS container_no
6FROM employee;

54. VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP Query

The VARIANCE, VAR_POP, and VAR_SAMP are aggregate functions. These
are utilized to determine the variance, group variance, and sample
variance of a collection of data individually. As aggregate queries or
functions, they decrease the number of rows, therefore the expression
“aggregate”. If the data isn’t arranged we change the total rows in the
Employee table to a separate row with the aggregated values. For
example, the following query is displaying the use of these functions:
1SELECT VARIANCE(salary) AS var_salary,
2 VAR_POP(salary) AS pop_salary,
3 VAR_SAMP(salary) AS samp_salary
4FROM employee;
5
6VAR_SALARY POP_SALARY SAMP_SALARY
7------------ ----------- ------------
81479414.97 1588574.81 1388717.27

55. STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, and STDDEV_SAMP

Queries
The STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, and STDDEV_SAMP aggregate queries or
functions are applied to determine the standard deviation, population
standard deviation, and cumulative sample standard deviation
individually. As aggregate queries, they decrease the number of rows,
therefore the expression “aggregate”. If the data isn’t arranged we
convert all the rows in the EMPLOYEE table to a separate row. For
example, the following query is displaying the use of all these functions.
1SELECT STDDEV(salary) AS stddev_salary,
2 STDDEV_POP(salary) AS pop_salary,
3 STDDEV_SAMP(salary) AS samp_salary
4FROM employee;
5
6STDDEV_SALARY POP_SALARY SAMP_SALARY
7---------- -------------- ---------------
81193.50 1159.588 1193.603
If there is more than one account after dropping nulls, the STDDEV
function gives the result of the STDDEV_SAMP. Using an empty OVER
clause converts the STDDEV query result into an analytic query. The
absence of a partitioning indicates the entire output set is interpreted as a
particular partition, so we accept the standard deviation of the salary and
the primary data.

56. Pattern Matching

The pattern matching syntax adds various alternatives. Data must be
treated precisely and in a proper form. The PARTITION BY and ORDER BY
conditions of all SQL analytic queries is applied to split the data into
accumulations and within each group. If no partitions are specified, it is
considered the entire sequence set is one huge partition.
For example,
The MEASURES clause specifies the column result that will be
provided for each match.

Syntax
1MEASURES STRT.tstamp AS initial_tstamp,
2 LAST(UP.tstamp) AS first_tstamp,
3 LAST(DOWN.tstamp) AS finished_tstamp

Example
1DEFINE
2 UP AS UP.products_sold > PREV(UP.products_sold),
3 FLAT AS FLAT.products_sold = PREV(FLAT.products_sold),
4 DOWN AS DOWN.products_sold < PREV(DOWN.products_sold)

57. FIRST_VALUE
The simplest way to get analytic functions is to begin by studying
aggregate functions. An aggregate function collects or gathers data from
numerous rows into a unique result row. For instance, users might apply
the AVG function to get an average of all the salaries in the EMPLOYEE
table. Let’s take a look at how First_Value can be used. The primary
explanation for the FIRST_VALUE analytic function is displayed below.

Syntax:
1FIRST_VALUE
2 { (expr) [NULLS ]
3 | (expr [NULLS ])
4 }
5 OVER (analytic clause)

Example
1SELECT eno,
2 dno,
3 salary,
4 FIRST_VALUE(salary) IGNORE NULLS
5 OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS lowest_salary_in_dept
6FROM employee;
The above query will ignore null values.

58. LAST_VALUE
The primary explanation for the LAST_VALUE analytic query or function is
displayed below.
1Syntax: LAST_VALUE
2 { (expr) [ { NULLS ]
3 | (expr [ NULLS ])
4 OVER (analytic clause)
The LAST_VALUE analytic query is related to the LAST analytic function.
The function enables users to get the last output from an organized
column. Applying the default windowing to the output can be surprising.
For example,
1SELECT eno,
2 dno,
3 salary,
4 LAST_VALUE(salary) IGNORE NULLS
5 OVER (PARTITION BY dno ORDER BY salary) AS highest_salary_in_dept
6FROM employee;

59. Prediction
The design sample foretells the gender and age of clients who are most
expected to adopt an agreement card (target = 1). The PREDICTION
function takes the price matrix correlated with the design and applies for
marital status, and house size as predictors. The syntax of the
PREDICTION function can also apply a piece of arbitrary GROUPING
information when getting a partitioned model.
1
2
3
SELECT client_gender, COUNT(*) AS ct, ROUND(AVG(age)) AS average_age
4
FROM mining_data_shop
5
WHERE PREDICTION(sample COST MODEL
6 USING client_marital_status, house_size) = 1
7 GROUP BY client_gender
8 ORDER BY client_gender;
9
1CUST_GENDER CNT AVG_AGE
0------------ ---------- ----------
1F 270 40
1M 585 41

60. CLUSTER_SET
CLUSTER_SET can get the data in one of the couple steps: It can use a
mining type object to the information, or it can mine the data by
performing an analytic clause that creates and uses one or more moving
mining patterns.
This example enumerates the properties that have the biggest influence
on cluster distribution for client ID 1000. The query requests the
CLUSTER_DETAILS and CLUSTER_SET functions, which use the clustering
model my_sample.

Example
1
SELECT S.cluster_id, prob,
2 CLUSTER_DETAILS(my_sample, S.cluster_id, 7 USING T.*) kset
3FROM
4 (SELECT v.*, CLUSTER_SET(my_sample, USING *) nset
5 FROM mining_data
6 WHERE client_id = 1000) T,
7 TABLE(T.nset) Q
8ORDER BY 2 DESC;
A cluster is a group table that distributes the corresponding data blocks
i.e. all the tables are actually put together. For example, EMPLOYEE and
DEPARTMENT tables are connected to the DNO column. If you cluster
them, it will actually store all rows in the same data blocks.

.. and TEN More Advanced SQL Queries

for our Users!

61. WITH (Common Table Expressions)

A common table expression (CTE) is a defined short result set that
endures within the range of a particular statement and that can be called
later within that statement, perhaps on many occasions. The following
query is describing the CTE:

Syntax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7WITH all_emp
8AS
(
9
SELECT empId, BossId, FirstName, LastName
1
FROM Emp
0WHERE BossId is NULL
1
1UNION ALL
1
2SELECT e.empId, e.BossId, e.FirstName, e.LastName
1FROM Emp e INNER JOIN all_emp r
3ON e.BossId = r.Id
1)
4SELECT * FROM all_emp
62. NANVL
This function is utilized to deliver an optional value n1 if the inserted value
n2 is NaN (not a number), and gives n2 if n2 is not a number. This
function is used only for type BINARY_FLOAT. The following query is
displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT bin_float, NANVL(bin_float,0)
2FROM my_demo_table;

63. WIDTH_BUCKET
This function is used to obtain the bucket number. In this, it gives the
value of the expression that would come under after being assessed. The
following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT emp_id, first_name,last_name,dept_id,mgr_id,
2WIDTH_BUCKET(department_id,20,40,10) "Exists in Dept"
3FROM emp
4WHERE mgr_id < 300
5ORDER BY "Exists in Dept";

64. COSH
This function is used to deliver the hyperbolic cosine of a number. It
accepts all numeric or non-numeric data types as an argument. The
following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT COSH(0) "COSH of 0" FROM DUAL;

65. SOUNDEX
The SOUNDEX function delivers a character string comprising the
description of char. It allows users to match words that are spelled
antagonistically, but sound similar in English. It does not support CLOB.
The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT last_name, first_name
2FROM hr.emp
3WHERE SOUNDEX(last_name)
4= SOUNDEX('SCOTTY');

66. TZ_OFFSET
The TZ_OFFSET gives the time zone offset identical to the case based on
the date the statement is given. The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT TZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern') FROM DUAL;

67. CARDINALITY
CARDINALITY is utilized to obtain the number of components in a nested
table. It is supported in different versions. The following query is
displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT product_id, CARDINALITY(ad_mydocs_get)
2FROM my_media_table;

68. DUMP
DUMP is one of the important string/char functions. It is utilized to get a
VARCHAR2 value. The value delivered defines the data type code. The
following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT DUMP('pqr', 1033)
2FROM DUAL;

69. PATH
PATH is applied simply with the UNDER_PATH and EQUALS_PATH
requirements. It gives the corresponding path that points to the resource
defined in the main state. The following query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT ANY_PATH FROM RESOURCE_VIEW
2WHERE EQUALS_PATH(res, '/sys/schemas/OE/www.pqr.com')=3;

70. UNISTR
UNISTR accepts an expression that determines character data and
delivers it in the general character set. It gives support to the Unicode
string literals by allowing users to define the Unicode value. The following
query is displaying its use:

Example
1SELECT UNISTR('pqr\00e4\00f3\00f9') FROM DUAL;

Database Queries in SQL

These are some of the commonly used database queries in SQL.

1. SELECT – database query used to extract data from

a table.
2. CREATE DATABASE – database query used to create
a new database.
3. DROP DATABASE – database query used to delete a
database.
4. CREATE TABLE – database query used to create a
table in the specified database.
5. ALTER TABLE – database query used to modify an
existing table in the specified database
6. DROP TABLE – database query used to delete an
existing table in the specified database
7. CREATE INDEX – Index creation query.
8. CREATE VIEW – View creation query.
9. DROP VIEW – View deletion query.
10. CREATE PROCEDURE – Procedure creation query.
11. CREATE FUNCTION – Function creation query.
12. DROP PROCEDURE – Procedure deletion query.
13. DROP FUNCTION – Function deletion query.

Example of Query in a Database

We will be looking at some SELECT examples of a query in a database, as
this is the most common command.
SELECT * FROM employeeTable WHERE emp_no = ‘12’;
This query filters out results that do not match a specified search.
SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id=object_id(‘<table name>’);
This database query will list all the columns of the table whose name
matches the argument.

Database Queries Examples

The following are some database queries examples that deal with creating
tables, in a bit more advanced fashion.

1. Create a table with a primary key called “ID”.

CREATE TABLE table_name (

PRIMARY KEY(column_name)
);

2. Create a table with a non-unique index called “IDX”

on column_name.

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table_name (column_name);

3. Create a view with the name “VIEW1” that can be

used to query data from table1. The view is created
on columns column1 and column2. It must return
the same number of rows as the underlying table,
and it must return the same data type. In this case,
we will return the maximum value for each column
in the underlying table when queried against the
view. The following query will be used to populate
our view:

CREATE VIEW view1 AS SELECT MAX(column1), MAX(column2) FROM table1;

Common Database Queries

Some more common database queries you will need are:
1) The Maximum Value for a Column.

SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

2) The Minimum Value for a Column.

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

3) The Count of Rows in a Table.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

DBMS Queries with Examples

DBMS stands for DataBase Management System. Following are some
DBMS queries with examples; these are very important for developers and
database admins alike.
1. The List of Values for a Column.

SELECT column_name, column_commalist FROM table_name;

2. The Difference between two Column Values.

SELECT column_name(+) FROM table_name WHERE column_name(+) != value;

III. The List of Unique Values for a Column.

SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;