SUMMER INTERNSHIP-II

REPORT
Sl no Topic Page
I Introduction
1 Road Construction
2 Modern Road Construction
3 Building Better Road
3.1 Improvements to the already Established sub base
3.2 The use of the Tuck Coat
3.3 Incorporating premix and its preparation
3.4 Rolling
3.4 Regular Examinations are carried out for
3.5 Completed layer
3.6 Road construction: Materials used
3.7 Road Construction : The six stages involved
3.8 Planning
3.9 Design
3.10 Earthworks
3.11 Putting down pavement
3.12 QC
3.13 Maintainance
4 Road Construction Technique
5 Choosing the Tile Adhesive for Different type of Tiles
6 Correct Application of the Tile Adhesive to get the best tile fixing Result:(Step by Step)
7 Building Structure ,work ,Process
7.1 Advantages & the Disadvantages of the sites
7.2 Types of Investigation
7.3 Soil Classification
7.3.1 Available Type of soils
8 Constructure method of piled Raft Foundation
8.1 Testing the nature of the soil
8.2 Piled Foundation
8.3 Raft foundation (Footing)
9 Formwork Arrangements needed for Constructure
9.1 Formwork Arrangements needed for Constructure of slab
9.2 Formwork Arrangements needed for Constructure of Beam
9.3 Formwork Arrangements needed for Constructure of column
9.4 Formwork Arrangements needed for Constructure of staircase
10 Reinforce Arrangement in structure elements
11 Beam Reinforce arrangement of the visited site
12 Column Reinforce arrangement of the visited site
13 Brick work
14 Uses of bricks work in Construction
15 Method for Construction of first floor concrete slab
16 Picture of the visited site on Construction Building :
17 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

Highway Road Construction

Highway construction is an intricate process involving careful planning and engineering. It all starts with
surveying and designing the route. Engineers analyze terrain, soil, and traffic patterns to ensure a smooth
and efficient path. Once the design is finalized, the construction phase begins, which includes clearing the
land, laying the foundation, and paving the road with multiple layers of materials like asphalt or concrete.
This process ensures the durability and safety of the road for years to come.

Building Construction
Building construction is a multi-step process that transforms architectural blueprints into physical structures.
The journey begins with site preparation and foundation work, where the land is cleared and leveled, and the
foundation is laid to support the building. This is followed by the construction of the framework, which
includes erecting walls, floors, and roofs using materials like steel, concrete, and wood. Once the structure is
in place, the focus shifts to interior work, including electrical, plumbing, and finishing touches like painting
and flooring.

Fixing Tiles
Tiling is a skilled task that involves precision and attention to detail. The process starts with preparing the
surface, ensuring it is clean, level, and dry. Next, the adhesive is applied, and the tiles are carefully placed in
the desired pattern. Spacers are used to maintain uniform gaps between tiles, which will later be filled with
grout. Once the tiles are set and the adhesive has dried, grouting is done to fill in the spaces and create a
smooth, finished look. Proper sealing ensures the tiles are protected and maintain their appearance for years.

• Each of these construction processes plays a vital role in developing modern infrastructure, making our lives
more comfortable and connected. If you have any more specific questions or need details on any of these
topics, feel free to ask!
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ,AMBASSA
DIVISION , PWD(R&B),JAWAHAR NAGAR ,DHALAI DISTRICT for providing me with the opportunity to
undertake a summer internship. This experience has been invaluable in shaping my professional
journey and enhancing my skills.
I extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor/Guider ,ER.BHRIGU DEBBARMA(EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER), for their guidance, support, and mentorship throughout the internship. Their insights and
feedback have been instrumental in my learning and development.
I am also grateful to my colleagues and team members for their cooperation, encouragement, and for
making this internship a rewarding and enjoyable experience. The collaborative work environment
and the challenging projects have significantly contributed to my growth.

Thank you once again for this incredible opportunity. I look forward to applying the knowledge and
skills I have gained in my future endeavors.
Sincerely,

THUWAICHIO MOG
ROLLNO:226302053
1. Road construction: Materials used and stages of construction
Road construction is a laborious operation that might take several years to complete,
depending on the length of the finalised roadway. It takes meticulous planning, many
evaluations, and a variety of evaluations, including analyses of the environment and the
structure, and it includes multiple construction teams and plant equipment. Once construction
has started on a road, numerous steps must be completed before the road is ready for vehicle
traffic.

WBM(water Bound Macadam) pavement surface

Fig:i

2. Modern road construction:

The building of modern roads necessitates the elimination of natural barriers as well as the use of
newly developed building materials that are much more resilient and long-lasting. The steps
of the road-building process, in a nutshell, are:

• Explosions and digging are the two primary methods used to remove rocks and soil.

• After the construction of embankments, tunnels, and bridges, any required deforestation is
performed to clear the area of vegetation.

• In the last step of the road building process, the pavement material is placed down utilising a
variety of different pieces of construction equipment.

When constructing a new road, whether out of asphalt or concrete, it is necessary to produce a
pavement structure that is very well-bonded, starting with a solid foundation layer and
progressing all the way up to a surface course that is properly levelled.
3. Building better roads: Innovative construction methods

Fig:ii

This part of the article will walk you through each stage of the process of building a road. This
procedure is for a project that will take place in the greenfield. Greenfield refers to projects
that are brand new. On the other hand, projects that include expansion, rehabilitation, and
rebuilding are known as brownfield projects.

3.1. Improvements to the already-established sub base

When preparing an existing surface, potholes and rust are filled up as necessary. Premix
chippings are used to smooth up the bumps a week before the surface course is laid. A
bituminous levelling course of sufficient thickness is supplied to build a
bituminous concrete surface course on a binder course as opposed to directly on a WBM if
the existing pavement is exceptionally low.

3.2. The use of the Tuck Coat

When laying an AC (asphalt concrete) layer, it is best to do so over a bituminous foundation or

binder course. Bitumen is spread at a rate of 6.0–7.5 kilogramme per 10 sq.m for the tack
coat; for the non-bituminous base, this rate may be raised to 7.5–10 kg.

3.3. Incorporating premix and its preparation

A hot mix facility with the necessary capacity and quality control measures is used to produce
the premix. Bitumen may be heated to temperatures between 150 and 177 degrees Celsius,
and the aggregate temperature should not be more than 14 degrees Celsius away from the
binder temperature.

The transporters take the hot mixed material, carry it to the site, and distribute it using a
mechanical paver at a temperature between 121 and 163 degrees Celsius. The layer thickness
and camber are both confirmed to be correct. It is crucial to the durability of the finished
pavement structure that the temperatures used for mixing and compaction be carefully
regulated.
3.4 Rolling

Rolling at a pace of no more than 5 kilometres per hour fully compacts a mix after it has been spread
on the base course. An 8 to 12-ton roller is used for the preliminary or breakdown rolling, while a 15-
to 30-ton, fixed-wheel pneumatic roller with a tyre pressure of 7 kilogrammes per square centimetre
is used for the intermediate rolling.

Fig: iii

• The roller’s wheels are constantly sprayed with water to keep them from drying out.
Depending on the layer’s thickness, a certain number of passes may be necessary. If the
density isn’t high enough after the first day of rolling due to warm weather, the second day of
rolling might do the trick. A tandem roller that weighs between 8 and 10 tonnes does the final
rolling or finishing.

Management of bituminous concrete quality

On-site inspections are carried out, as a matter of course, to guarantee that the final pavement
mixture and the pavement surface area are of a high enough standard.

3.4. Regular examinations are carried out for

• Aggregate grading

• The kind of bitumen used

• The aggregate’s current temperature

• The temperature of the asphalt mixture when it is being mixed and compacted

• When a hot mix facility is finished discharging its mixture, at least one sample per hundred
tonnes must be taken and analysed for the aforementioned criteria. We also do Marshall
testing. There must be at least 95% agreement between the field density and the lab density
for every 100 square metres of compacted surface. There is a 6mm tolerance for thickness
changes for every 4.5m in length.

3.5. Completed layer

• A straight edge measuring 3.0 m should be used to inspect the AC coating. There
shouldn’t be more than 10 undulations above 6.0 mm and 8.0 mm in length within a
stretch of 300 metres. No more than 4.0mm of undulations may be tolerated in the cross-
traffic profile.
3.6. Road construction: Materials used

• Soil, aggregates (both coarse and fine), bitumen, binders, and admixtures are the
components that go into the building of roads. Each layer has exclusive discretion over
the application of its own substance. The following are the many forms in which
materials for road construction can be applied:

• As a naturally occurring or manufactured substance, the soil is used as subgrade material.

• The blend of coarse and fine aggregates constitutes the sub-base course.

• The aggregate of 0-10 mm in size, when combined with bitumen, serves as the base course
and wearing course.

• As cutback bitumen, emulsion, and asphalt, bitumen is used in bitumen mixture, tack coat,
and prime coat.

3.7. Road construction: The six stages involved

• The 6 stages involved in the “traditional” method of road construction and maintenance
are:

3.8. Planning

• The first stage in every project involving the building or maintenance of roads is to do
thorough planning and analysis of the requirements that the project is meant to meet.
Local traffic patterns, both current and future, ought to be analysed, and a cost-benefit
analysis should be performed by private organisations to ensure that they will actually
receive a good return on their investment in construction. This will ensure that they will
actually receive good value for their investment. At this point, possible concerns on
finance, the law, and the environment will be discussed so that solutions may be found
in advance.

Fig:iv
3.9. Design

• The design phase is the next step in the process of a typical building and maintenance
project. Surveyors will go to the location in person and make use of laser equipment to
precisely determine the alignment of the road, as well as its form and its direction.

• During this phase of the project, not only is consideration given to the potential impact
on nearby residents but also the location, terrain, and soil properties of the area, as well
as the possibility of future expansion in the immediate physical vicinity, as well as any
potential water access and drainage issues that may arise.

3.10. Earthworks

• The earthworks are the first phase that the vast majority of people would be able to
identify as being part of a road construction and maintenance project just by looking at
it. Following this stage, the pavement will be placed on top of a hard and sturdy
foundation that will be the result of this phase’s efforts. The road surface will certainly
break prematurely at some point if the earthworks are not carried out appropriately.

• Before continuing with the project, all of the necessary components, including
embankments, levelling, fill, compacting, drainage, and sewers, must be installed and
inspected. The final step of the process is typically the placement of 12 inches of gravel
on the bed, followed by a final series of compactions to reach the desired height.

3.11. Putting down Pavement

After the road’s surface has been built, smoothed, and levelled off to the necessary height, the
surface is afterwards sealed, connected, and fortified to avoid fractures in the road in the
future.

3.12. QC

Before road construction and maintenance, a project can only be regarded as genuinely
accomplished when there will be one more battery of quality control tests carried out after
the surface has been satisfactorily created. Another inspection will be done on the
drainage, as well as on the grading levels, landscaping, and restoration, among other things.
The road will be able to be opened for traffic and will be in usable condition if all of the
tests turn out well.

3.13. Maintenance

Traditional road surfaces will suffer degradation over time from both traffic and environmental
factors, which will need their restoration. The estimated lifespan of road construction and
maintenance projects varies from nation to country, but on average, one may anticipate
that the project will provide service for many decades, with significant rehabilitation work
being carried out around every 10 years
4. Road construction techniques: The latest advancements in paving

Based on the materials used, there are various type of pavements.

• Flexible pavements

• Semi Rigid Pavements

• Rigid Pavements

• Concrete road

5. Choosing the Right Tile Adhesive for Different Types of Tiles:

• Choosing the right adhesive for various types of tiles is an essential part of achieving a long-lasting and
effective tile installation. Several important factors influence the selection of adhesive, such as the type of tile
(e.g., ceramic tile, porcelain tile, natural stone tile, glass tile), the size and weight of the tile, the surface or
base material, the environmental conditions (indoor, outdoor, wet areas), if tiles are going to be submerged in
water, variations in temperature and humidity, and the degree of flexibility needed to accommodate any
movement in the base material.

• When choosing an adhesive for your tiles, such as cementitious adhesive or reaction based adhesive, it is
important to select the right type. These adhesives are also categorized as Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4 and
Type 5. By carefully considering these factors, you can ensure that your tile installation is successful and
durable, meeting the specific needs of your project.

• One commonly disregarded but essential factor in achieving a flawless tile installation is the careful and
precise use of tile adhesive. The manner in which you apply the tile adhesive can determine the success or
failure of your project. To ensure that your tiles remain securely in place and your installation endures for a
long time, it's necessary to pay close attention to the tile adhesive application process. Let us now explore the
details and techniques to enhance your tile installation to a state of perfection.
 6. Correct Application of Tile Adhesive to Get the Best Tile Fixing Results:

Step 1: Prepare the Surface

• First, let’s get the surface ready. Prior to beginning the tile adhesive application, make sure that the surface
you will be tiling is tidy, moisture free, and clear of any loose fragments or dirt. If you are tiling on top of
existing tiles, roughen the surface to enhance adhesion. If the adhesive manufacturer suggests it, apply a
suitable primer.

Fig: v

Step 2: Plan the Layout

• To achieve a balanced and visually pleasing outcome, it is important to carefully plan the arrangement of
your tiles. Start by measuring and indicating the middle line of your surface, then place your tiles along this
line without adhesive to assess the pattern and make any required modifications.

Fig:vi

Step 3: Levelness of Wall

• Once the pattern is finalized, checking the levelness of the surface is a very important step before you begin
tiling. You want to make sure that your tiles will be even and level when they are installed. This will ensure
that your tile installation looks professional and won’t have any gaps or lippage between the tiles.
• To check for levelness, begin by using a long carpenter's level to measure different points on the surface.
Depending on the size of your project, use a small or large level for accuracy. Check both vertical and
horizontal surfaces for evenness and adjust accordingly.

Fig:vii
Step 4: Mix the Tile Adhesive
• To make the tile adhesive, make sure to follow the guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Generally, you
will have to combine the powder with water in a tidy container using a drill equipped with a mixing paddle.
It is important to obtain a smooth and uniform paste while mixing the adhesive, as using it with lumps can
result in fragile tiles. Allow the mixture to settle for a few minutes and then remix before applying.

Fig:viii
Step 5: Apply the Adhesive
• Apply a generous amount of tile adhesive to a small area of the surface using a notched trowel. Make sure
that the adhesive is spread evenly and the ridges formed by the notched trowel are in a consistent
direction. This aids in achieving effective tile adhesion.
• Take care not to let the adhesive dry up before laying the tiles; instead, work in small pieces across the
entire area. If you’re dealing with large format tiles, you may want to consider double buttering. Double
buttering is a technique in which the adhesive material is spread flatly over the back of the tile before
installation. This helps ensure that all areas on the back of the tile are covered and evenly dispersed.

Fig:ix

Step 6: Lay the Tiles

• Apply pressure to the tiles in a twisting motion as you press them into the tile adhesive gently to ensure
they are firmly in place. Make sure they are in line with your layout markings and that the gaps between
tiles are consistent and even. To achieve this, insert a tile spacer between each tile to maintain the desired
grout spacing. These spacers can be taken out right before the grouting stage.

Fig:x
Step 7: Level and Adjust
• Using a spirit leveler, make sure the tiles are level and aligned. If necessary, lightly tap the tiles into position
with a hammer or rubber mallet.

Fig:xi
Step 8: Let the Tiles Set
• Give the tile adhesive 24-48 hours to set, or as long as the manufacturer specifies. Do not disrupt or walk on
the tiles while they are in curing process. We advise you that giving it sufficient ventilation will help with
faster drying times for the tile adhesive. So, being patient during this phase guarantees that the tile
adhesive is firmly secured, giving the tiles a solid base.

Fig :xii

Step 9: Grout the Tiles

• Depending on usage, grouting can be completed after a 24-hour period. Using a grout float, apply the grout
into the spaces between the tiles after mixing it according to the manufacturer's directions and with the
float's edge, push the grout into the spaces and scrape out any excess grout.

Fig:xiii
Step 10: Cleaning the Tiles and Final Check
• Use a moist sponge to remove any grout or tile adhesive that is still on the tiles. Frequently rinse the sponge
to avoid grout or adhesive haze. Examine your tile installation for any flaws or leftover grout or tile adhesive
once it has cured. Perform any necessary cleaning or touch-ups.
• There you have it! You've successfully installed your tiles by following our expert steps and
recommendations. By adhering to these tried-and-true methods, you can now have full confidence in your
ability to achieve a flawless tile installation.

Fig:xiv

• There you have it! You've successfully installed your tiles by following our expert steps and
recommendations. By adhering to these tried-and-true methods, you can now have full confidence in your
ability to achieve a flawless tile installation.

7. BUILDING STRUCTURE ,WORK & PROCESS :

7.1 Advantages & the disadvantages of the sites

Land on William copallawa road Land on Colombo street

The land can be used to construct a supermarket The land can be used to construct a super market
The land is flat land The land is a slope land but the slope isn’t a large
slope to be considered.
The land has limited space so all the heavy The land has limited space so all the heavy
machineries & equipments cannot be kept within machineries & equipments cannot be kept within
the land, only some can access the land others the land, only some can access the land others
have to be kept outside the land. have to be kept outside the land.
The land is far from the city but the land is on the The land is in the middle of the city but because
main road from Kandy to Colombo there will be there are alternative routes & because the road
more vehicles passing than on Colombo street so can be blocked from either sides without causing
it’ll cause traffic problems & safety issues. traffic problems the number of public vehicles can
be controlled. The construction can be carried out
safely.
Williamcopallawa road is a busy road so there can Colombo street is not a busy road mostly its used
be some restrictions when moving heavy for parking & when the road is blocked from either
machinery & vehicles. sides there will be no moving vehicles & there will
be enough space for the heavy vehicles &
machineries.
The water level is 1.8m so access to underground The water level is 4.8m have to more further deep
water source can be gained easily for the water source.
Because the water level is 1.8m, the basement car The water level is 4.8m, the basement car park
park go below the water level when constructing wouldn’t go below the water level so there will be
so it’ll require more machinery to dewater & other no need for the extra machinery as on the other
equipments, tools & methods to water seal the land & it’ll save time & money.
basement.
The storage has to be done outside the land If the client or the contractor can get permission to
because the entire land will be used for the keep the certain section of the Colombo street
construction. The materials & equipments have to closed till the construction is over the storage can
be brought to the site. be done near the constructing site or else the
storage has to be done outside the land & brought
to the site when needed
The security status of the land can be low because The land is in the middle of the city so the security
it’s away from the city & not much people walking level is high because there are lot o people moving
around & it can be opened to theft. around & there are other shops, offices etc.
around the construction site.
There is another old supermarket next to the land There are no any supermarkets on Colombo street
so the income will be divided after completing the so it’ll be wiser to build the supermarket in this
construction. land because the competition is low.

7.2. Types of investigation

• Remote sensing
The information collected to recognize the condition of the physical futures on the land, geological
information & general soil & rock formations.
• Geophysical information
Detecting underground cavities, sudden changes in subsurface etc. is known as geophysical information which
can be collected by doing several tests such as SR(Sound Resistivity) test, EM(Electro Magnetic conductivity)
test & GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar) test.
• Disturbed sampling
A disturbed sample is one in which the structure of the soil has been changed adequately that tests of
structural properties of the soil will not be envoy of in-situ conditions, the sample is collected from excavated
area in a disturbed condition. The sampling process modifies their natural structure.
• In-situ testing
In-situ testing is done in the construction site using raw materials which will give the results in the same time
such as Cone Penetration Test.
• Undisturbed sampling
The condition of the soil in the sample is much similar to the conditions of the soil in-situ to allow tests of
structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties of the soil in-situ. Tests such as
place strength, compressibility, plate bearing & tests for moisture are undisturbed tests.

7.3. Soil classification

Soil is a particular kind of earth or ground consisting of rock & mineral particles mixed with organic matter or any
unconsolidated material that is the product of weathering & mechanical disintegration of rocks, composed of discrete
particles with gases & liquids interspersed between them is known as soil.
 7.3.1 Available type of soils

1. Residual soil

After the soluble elements have been dissolved the remaining is Residual soil. Residual soils can be formed from igneous,
Sedimentary & Metamorphic rocks. Weathering might be partial; structure may be meta-stable, exhibiting strength loss on
disturbance.

2. Transported soil

Transported soil is formed in three stages, as in order first stage is Weathering or breakdown in materials then the second
stage is erosion or the transportation from its original location & the final stage is deposition.

3. Alluvial soil

Alluvial soil is a fine grained fertile soil deposited in lakes or in flood plains by water flowing over them. Alluvial soil contains
clay, silt, gravel & similar materials)

4. Marine soil

Marine soil is heaped upon the beaches in coastal areas, materials eroded from the beaches by tidal action of the waves & the
materials carried out to the sea from streams forms Marine soil. These type of soil have a structure reflecting the saline
condition during deposition. In this soil shell fragments & micro organisms are prevalent.

5. Glacial soil

The composition of this type of soil exceedingly non uniform structure formed by the particles carried out by the
Glaciers

6. Aeolian soils

This kind of soil is so porous it’s formed from sand & silt particles carried by wind.
 7. Organic soils
If the soil contains a large percent of organic matter it is known as organic soil.

8. Construction method of Piled Raft foundation

8.1 Testing the nature of the soil:

• The weight resistance of soil & the weight bearing of the soil should be checked before any type of construction
commenced. Types of Soil acts differently due to the load it’s bearing soil is classified as “Practically incompressible soil”,
Compressible soil” & ”Soils which escapes laterally”. The type of the foundation depends on which kind of soil the land
has.

8.2 Piled foundation

• Because of the construction is a commercial building the load will be high during the life span of the structure, also
because of the underground car park’s weight & considering the borehole log the construction requires piling.
• There are 3 types of piles; Bored piles, Driven piles & Steel or H piles. Within these three types the type of piling I choose
is bored piling.
• To construct the pile first the required depth should be bored using a suitable boring method, after reaching the required
depth the reinforcement for the pile has to be inserted then finally the bored hole is filled with the special concrete
mixture which don’t face aggregation, then let it harden naturally.

8.3 Raft foundation (footing)

• After completing the piled foundation the construction requires a raft foundation to distribute the load to the
piles.
• The method of distributing load is using a Raft foundation.
• To construct a Raft foundation first of all the formwork should be arranged after its done the bottom of the
foundation should be water proofed including the pile heads. After water proofing the reinforcement is done
up to standard qualities & with required spacing, suitable type of bars etc.
• Finally the concrete mixture is filled to the required area using vibrates & other necessary equipments &
machineries to maintain the quality.
 9. Formwork arrangements needed for construction

9.1 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Slab

The Slab formwork previewed in this image is a Aluminum panel form work with metal beams to support the
panels. The advantage of using this type of form work is it can be reused & comparing with timber form work this
form work method is cheaper because it doesn’t require replacing or buying a new formwork set for a
considerable period.

9.2 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Beam

To construction of beam form work also steel panels can be used with metal supports. Using Metal
supports & steel panels can increase the speed of the construction & it also helps to maintain the quality
because of its adjustable heights.

9.3 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Column

Steel form work is also available for column formwork; it’s also re usable & can construct any column with any
height.
 9.4 Formwork arrangement needed for the construction of Staircase
For the formwork of staircase the materials used is timber, metal bars & to support the structure & ply wood as
showed in the image.

Fig: xv

10 .Reinforce arrangement in structural elements

10.Reinforce arrangement for Beam

• Method of construction Beam reinforcement

Before placing reinforcement in beam footings you need to make a cage out of rods and stirrups as they form a cage. Place
the reinforcement cage in the trench, making sure it does not touch the trench sides & has the required cover. Support the
bottom bars or rods on bar chairs, or hang them from a timber support across the top of the trench also when one beam
meets another beam, overlap the rods by the full width of the cage.
11 .Beam reinforced arrangement of the visited site
11.1 Reinforce arrangement for Column

• Method of construction Column reinforcement

As same as Beam reinforcement steel cages are made with steel & usually columns are made with the slab reinforcement so
the slab reinforcement & the column reinforcements are connected. Unlike Beam reinforcement column reinforcement
doesn’t require a trench because its built vertical form work is required only when concreting when preparing the
reinforcement no formwork is needed. As in beam reinforcement when the reinforcement of one column connects to another
column reinforcement the two reinforcement should overlap for at least for 1m. The links, number of bars the space between
them has to be up to standards to maintain the quality.

12 .Column Reinforce arrangement of the visited site

12.1 Reinforce arrangement for Slab

12.1.1Method of construction Slab reinforcement

First the formwork should be arranged after completing the formwork the reinforced has to be laid with the required steel
bars. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover blocks should be kept under the reinforcement to lift the reinforcement
for the required cover to obtain the fire resistance & the moisture resistance as structure requires. Overlapping also should be
done when joining the reinforcement.

13. Brick work

• Brick walls are known as wet partition it’s because it requires a mortar mixed with water to construct using this material.
Bricks are made by molding good clay into a block & let it dry then burnt. Hand molding & drying out in the sun was the
first method use to make bricks but now with the technological development machineries are used to cut & burn the
bricks.
 14 Uses of brick work in construction
14.1 As building blocks
Before bricks are used in construction work first it has to be tested for its quality, there can be cracks, deformations , not in
standard shape etc. after testing bricks are laid using a mortar as a bonding agent. When bricks are used to build walls there is
a special arrangement of laying bricks it’s known as “English bond” (shown in the image). In bricklaying, an arrangement of
bricks such that one course has the short sides of the bricks (headers) facing outwards, and the next course has the long sides
of the bricks (stretchers) facing outwards is known as “English bond”. Building brick walls as to English bond gives the wall its
required strength & characteristics of a wall.

14.2.Fire protection

Bricks have a good fire resistance capability. Using this advantage of bricks
when a building needs extra fire protection (as emergency fire exits) a layer
of brick is added to cover the structure. Which will give the construction extra
protection against fire. Construction method is same as brick walls

14.3.Foot paths/Pavements

Because of bricks appearance & strength it’s also used in foot paths &
pavements.

15.Method for construction of first floor concrete slab

15.1.Formwork arrangement
The formwork of slabs should be started after completing the columns up to the bottom level of slab beams. Plywood
sheets can be arranged for the form work & it has to be water proofed by applying grease or covering it from a
polythene layer. GI pipes, Acro(T) jack and 2"x4" timber arrangements are used to supports the formwork.

Slab formwork arrangements

 Plywood sheets used for formwork.

Arrangements to support the form work.

15.3.Reinforce arrangement
The Reinforcement is arranged according to the design provided & the arrangement depends on the load the slab will be
carrying. The bars, spacing everything will be decided by the structural engineer & the reinforcement has to be laid
according to him. After laying the reinforcement concrete cover blocks are kept under the reinforcement to protect the
reinforcement from moisture & for the fire resistance required by the building.

Rein force arrangement Concrete cover block

15.4.Concreting
After the formwork & reinforcement arrangements are done the final step is to fill it with the concrete mixture. While filling
the concrete a vibrator is used to allow concrete to touch every surface & to make sure there will be no cavities after
hardened. After concreting the surface is smoothed before getting hardened.

Using the vibrator smoothing the surface

 15.5.Curing
After concreting a good care has to be taken of the concrete to ensure that the concrete will gain its full strength after
hardening. The concrete starts to harden from outside after around 2, 3 days. If there is no sufficient water the slab will start
to crack & the slab will be a failure. To avoid this from happening the surface of the concrete should always be in a wet
condition. To keep the surface wet a brick wall can be made around the concrete from cement or clay, then fill water to the
surface. It has to be checked from time to time until the concrete gains its full strength & when the surface looks dry it has to
be filled again. Also the concrete can be covered by polythene to stop water evaporating from the surface

A brick wall made around the concrete Covered from polythene

16.Pictures of the visited site on Construction Building :