Exercise-__-Diversity-of-Animal-Life-Bio-41A-1

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EXERCISE _____
DIVERSITY OF ANIMAL LIFE

I.INTRODUCTION
Animals are heterotrophs which depend on plants for their nourishment. Most digest their food
in a digestive cavity. They are eukaryotic, multicellular with well-developed tissues and their cells do not
have cell walls. They can move by means of muscle tissues. Reproduction is usually sexual.
In this activity, you will have a glimpse of how diverse animal life forms are in this planet.

II. OBJECTIVE
At the end of this activity, the students should be able to classify, identify and note the
distinguishing characteristics of the major animal groups.

III. MATERIALS
Microscope
Prepared slides
Fresh and preserved specimens

IV. PROCEDURE
A. Phylum Porifera: Sponges (The Pore-bearing Animals)
Commonly known as sponges. They are sessile (attached to substrate) during their adult
life. Their bodies have many pores and they live in both freshwater and marine habitats. The
skeleton of sponges are known as spicules which serve not only for support but also for protection
and stiffening. They are considered as the simplest metazoans because the cells are not organized
into definite tissues and organs.
Examine and draw any sponge available in the laboratory. Using prepared slides, examine
under the microscope the different spicules of sponges.

B. Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata: Polyps and Jellyfish (The Sac-like Animals)


The adult form is generally radially symmetrical (body parts are arranged around a central
axis). There are two basic body plans: the vase-shaped polyp (asexual phase) and the bowl-shaped
medusa (sexual phase). They have cnidoblasts (specialized cells located in the tentacles and body
wall). They live in aquatic ecosystems.
Study representative specimens of the following coelenterate classes. Draw or paste a
picture of the organisms belonging to this phylum.
Class Hydrozoa – e.g. Hydra
Class Scyphozoa – e.g. jellyfish
Class Anthozoa – e.g. corals, sea pens, sea fans, sea anemone

C. Phylum Platyhelminthes (The Flatworms)


The flatworms are the simplest animals, in terms of body plan , to show bilateral
symmetry. They are flattened dorsoventrally and lack body cavity (acoelomate). They are
hermaphroditic (produce both egg and sperm cells). Most are parasitic (tapeworms and flukes).
Planarians are the only free-living flatworms and thrive in freshwater habitats.
Study the flatworms which belong to the following classes. Draw or paste a picture of the
organisms belonging to this phylum.
Class Cestoda – e.g. tapeworm
Class Turbellaria – e.g. planarians
Class Trematoda – e.g. flukes

D. Aschelminths (The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan)


The Aschelminths comprise 7 phyla: Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha,
Acanthocephala, Loricifera, and Priapulida. The major unifying feature of the aschelminths is the
pseudocoelom (type of body cavity that develops from the blastocoels, the primitive cavity in the
embryo) and is not fully lined by mesoderm, as in the true coelomates.

Phylum Nematoda (The Roundworms). Most are free-living, microscopic forms. Some are
parasites such as hookworms, pinworms and Ascaris. Nematodes have a tubular gut with a mouth
and an anus. They are unsegmented and are covered by a thick, continuous cuticle, which is
molted periodically as they grow. They have a pseudocoelom (a body cavity in between the
endoderm and the mesoderm and lacks the epithelial lining of a true coelom). They are sexually
dimorphic.
Class Secernentea (Phasmidae) – e.g. Ascaris, Enterobius (human pinworm), Necator
(hookworm), Wuchereria (filarial worm)
Class Adenophorea (Aphasmidea) – e.g. Dioctophyme, Trichinella (porkworm), Trichuris

Examine and draw an adult male and female Ascaris available in the laboratory.

E. Phylum Annelida (The True Segmented Worms)


This phylum includes different species of marine, freshwater and soil worm including the
familiar earthworm. The body is divided into segments, visible on the outside as rings with
partitions (septa) on the inside. They have a true body cavity (coelomate).
Examine and draw the annelids which belong to the following classes. Draw or paste a
picture of the organisms belonging to this phylum.
Class Oligochaeta – e.g. earthworms
Class Polychaeta – e.g. sandworms
Class Hirudinea – e.g. leeches

F. Phylum Mollusca (The Soft-bodied Animals)


They are characterized by soft bodies within a hard, calcium-containing shell. In some
forms, the shell is absent such as in slugs and octopuses, or greatly reduced in size and
internalized as in squids.
Observe some mollusks available in the laboratory. Draw or paste a picture of the
organisms belonging to this phylum.
Class Gastropoda – snails
Class Polyplacophora – chitons
Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters, mussels
Class Cephalopoda – e.g. squids, octopus, Nautilus

G. Phylum Echinodermata (The Spiny-skinned Animals)


The starfish or sea star and its relatives are known as echinoderms or “spiny skins”. Adult
echinoderms are radially symmetrical (pentaradial). Their bodies are supported by calcareous
skeleton known as ossicles. They are exclusively marine and possess a unique water vascular
system with tube feet which serve various functions such as feeding, movement and exchange of
nutrients and gases.
Study the available specimens for the following classes. Draw or paste a picture of the
organisms belonging to this phylum.
Class Asteroidea – starfish or sea star
Class Ophiuroidea – brittle star
Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand dollars
Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
Class Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather stars

H. Phylum Arthropoda (The Joint-footed Animals)


They constitute the largest and most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom. All
arthropods have articulated (jointed) exoskeleton. They are all segmented and exhibit
regionalization of the body parts: head, thorax and abdomen. Sometimes the head and thorax are
joined to form the cephalothorax. Arthropod body is covered with a chitinous exoskeleton which
is shed off periodically (molting) in order to grow.
Observe some arthropods available in the laboratory. Draw or paste a picture of the
organisms belonging to this phylum.
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta or Hexapoda – e.g. insects such as grasshopper, beetle, butterfly
Class Chilopoda – e.g. centipedes
Class Diplopoda – e.g. millipedes
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchiopoda – e.g. fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, water fleas
Class Malacostraca – e.g. lobster, crayfish, crab, shrimp
Class Copepoda – e.g. copepods
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata – e.g. giant water scorpion, horse-shoe crab
Class Arachnida – e.g. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen

I. Phylum Chordata (The Chordates)


There are four characteristics of chordates in which some are observed at least in some
part of their development. All vertebrates belong to this phylum.
1. Presence of notochord – a rod that extends the length of the body that serves a firm but
flexible axis and structural support.
2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord – a tube that runs beneath the dorsal surface of the animal above
the notochord.
3. Pharynx with gill slits. The pharyngeal gill slits become highly developed in fishes but traces
of them remain in the human embryo.
4. Tail posterior to the anus, consisting of blocks of muscle around an axial skeleton.

Study available representative animals for the following classes. Draw or paste a picture
of the organism belonging to this phylum.

Subphylum Urochordata – Tunicates (Sea squirts)


Subphylum Cephalochordata – Lancets
Subphylum Vertebrata – Vertebrates
Class Agnatha – lampreys (eel-like jawless fishes)
Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, skates, rays
Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes
Class Amphibia – salamanders, newts, frogs, toads
Class Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, alligators
Class Aves – birds
Class Mammalia - kangaroo, whales, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, bats, humans

V. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS. Answer completely the Data Sheet.


Name ________________________________________ Rating___________________
Laboratory Schedule ____________________________ Date Performed ___________
Instructor _____________________________________

EXERCISE _____
DIVERSITY OF ANIMAL LIFE

V. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS. Draw a representative organism for the different Taxa listed and supply
the information asked.

PHYLUM PORIFERA
Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae Class Hexactinellida

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa Class Hydrozoa

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

Class Turbellaria Class Cestoda

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

Class Trematoda

Distinguishing feature:
PHYLUM NEMATODA
Class Secernentia Class Adenophorea

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


Class Cephalopoda

Distinguishing feature:

PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Class Hirudinae

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta or Hexapoda Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

Subphylum Crustacea
Class Malacostraca Class Branchiopoda Class Copepoda

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata Class Arachnida

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

PHYLUM Echinodermata
Class Crinoidea Class Ophiurodea Class Asteroidea

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

PHYLUM CHORDATA
Subphyllum Vertebrata

Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:


Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves

Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature: Distinguishing feature:

Class Mammalia

Distinguishing feature:

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