UNIVERSAL INSTITUTE

PHYSICS class 12th Total Marks : 239

important for board 2023-24

SECTION A

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [2]
1. The minimum orbital angular momentum of the electron in a hydrogen atom is:
(A) h (B) h
(C) h
(D) h

2 2π λ

A
Ans. :
c.
h

2π

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Explanation:
According to Bohr's atomic theory, the orbital angular momentum of an electron is
h
an integral multiplt of
2π

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nh
∴ Ln =

Here,
2π
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n = Principal quantum number
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75 T M
The minimum of n is 1
Thus, the minimum value of the orbit angular momentum of the electron in a
h
hydrogen is given by L =
2π
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2. The angular speed of the electron in the nth orbit of Bohr hydrogen atom is?
(A) Directly proportional to n.
EE

(B) Inversely proportional to n.

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(C) Inversely proportional to n2.

(D) Inversely proportional to n3.
VIN

Ans. :
d. Inversely proportional to n3.

* Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [1]

3. The given graph shows the variation of photo-electric current (I) versus applied voltage
(V) for two different photosensitive materials and for two different intensities of the
incident radiation. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to different materials but
same intensity radiation.

Ans. : (1, 3) and (2, 4).

[1]
 SECTION B

* Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [32]

4. A charge Q is placed at the centre of an imaginary hemispherical surface. Using
symmetry arguments and the Gauss's law, find the flux of the electric field due to this
charge through the surface of the hemisphere (figure).

A
Ans. : From Guass's law, flux through a closed surface,

HR
Qen
ϕ = ,
ϵ0

where
Qen = charge enclosed by the closed surface

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Let us assume that a spherical closed surface in which the charge is enclosed is Q.
S
The flux through the sphere,
I
Q
ϕ =
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75 T M
ϵ0
89
EE
03

Hence for a hemisphere(open bowl), total flux through its curved surface,
Q 1 Q
′
ϕ = × =
ϵ 2 2ϵ0
VIN

5. An electric dipole of length 4 cm, when placed with its axis making an angle of 60o with
–
a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4√3 Nm. Calculate the potential energy
of the dipole, if it has charge ±8 nC.

Ans. : τ = pE sin θ

– 0 √3
4√3 = pE sin 60 = pE
2

⇒ pE = 8

Potential energy
U = −pE cos θ

0
= −8 x cos 60 = −4J.

6. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.

A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of radius R. If the radius is reduced to half,
how would the electric flux through the surface change?

Ans. : Electric lines of force passing through the surface normally.

[2]
 Alternate Answer
Electric flux ΔΦ through an area element ΔS is defined by
Δϕ = E ⋅ ΔS = EΔS cos θ

SI unit: νolt-meter or NM2 /C

On decreasing the radius of spherical surface to half there will be no effect on the electric
flux.

7. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric field (E) and (ii) electric potential (V) with
distance r due to a point charge Q.

Ans. :

A
HR
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8. A test charge 'q' is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path from A to B
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and then from B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure. (i) Calculate the potential
difference between A and C. (ii) At which point (of the two) is the electric potentialmore
I
and why? 97
75 T M
89
EE

Ans. : Since E = - d V/dr

03

E = (V C - V A )/4
Therefore, V A - V C = - 4 E
VIN

At Point C, potential is more

Electric field is in the direction in which the potential decreases.

9. Use Kirchhoff's rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone
bridge.

[3]
 Ans. :

A
HR
Applying Kirchoff's loop rule to closed loop ADBA
−I1 R1 + 0 + I2 R2 = 0(Ig = 0) ................(i)

For loop CBDC

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−I2 R4 + 0 + I1 R3 = 0 .........................(ii)
S
=> from equation (i)
I1 R1
I
=
I2 R2
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75 T M
From equation (ii)
I1 R4
=
I2 R3

R1 R4
∴ = .
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R2 R3

10. An α–particle and a proton are moving in the plane of paper in a region where there is
a uniform magnetic field directed normal to the plane of the paper. If the particles have
EE

equal linear momenta, what would be the ratio of the radii of their trajectories in the
03

field?

Ans. : Radius of circularpath of a charged particle, r

mv P
= = .
VIN

qB qB

For same linear momentum andmagnetic field B,

1
r α
q

ra qp +e 1
∴ = = =
rp qa +2e 2

11. Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed
in an external magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of
the field lines due to the two substances?

Ans. :
i. Diamagnetic material

[4]
 ii. Paramagnetic material

A
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Paramagnetic substance: permeability slightly greater than one/susceptibility small
but positive.
Diamagnetic substance: permeability very slightly less than one/susceptibility very

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small but negative.
S
I
12. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive
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susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative
75 T M

susceptibility signify?

Ans. :
1. Measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external magnetic field.
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Alternate Answer
Property which determines how easily the material can be magnetised.
EE

Alternate Answer
03

Ratio of the magnitude of magnetisation (M) produced in the material to the intensity
of magnetising field (H) or M/H.
VIN

2. .
a. Positive susceptibility - Para-magnetic material/Al, Ca, Cr, Li, etc.
b. Negative susceptibility - Diamagnetic material/Bi, Cu, diamond, Au, Hg,
etc.
3. Anyone characteristics/Property of diamagnetic materials.
Alternate Answer
The material is diamagnetic in nature.
Alternate Answer
The magnetic moment, developed in the material, is opposite in direction to that of
the applied external magnetic field.

13. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of (i)
paramagnetic and (ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain this distinguishing
feature?

Ans. :

[5]
 A paramagnetic material tends to move from weaker to stronger regions of the magnetic
field and hence increases the number of lines of magnetic field passing through it.
Alternate Answer
A paramagnetic material, dipole moments are induced in the direction of the field. A
diamagnetic material tends to move from stronger to weaker regions of the magnetic field

A
and hence, decreases the number of lines of magnetic field passing through it.
Alternate Answer

HR
A diamagnetic material, dipole moments are induced in the opposite direction of the field.

14. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s double slit experiment where the
interfering waves have a path difference of (i) λ/6, and (ii) λ/2.

49
Ans. : Phase difference =
IS 2π

λ
× Path diffrence
λ π
Path difference ⟹ phase difference =
97 6 3
75 T M
λ
Path difference ⟹ phase difference = π
2

2 ϕ
I = 4I0 cos ( )
2
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i. I1 = 4I0 ×
3
= 3I0
4

ii. I2 = 4I0 × 0 = 0
EE

15. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3×10–11 m. What are
03

the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?

Ans. : The radius of the innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom, r1 = 5.3 x 10-11 rn.
VIN

Let r2 be the radius of the orbit at n = 2. It is related to the radius of the innermost orbit as:
r2 = (n)2 r1
= 4 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 2.12 × 10-10 m
For n = 3, we can write the corresponding electron radius as:
r3 = (n)2 r1
= 9 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 4.77 × 10-10 m
Hence, the radii of an electron for n = 2 and n = 3 orbits are 2.12 x 10-10 m and 4.77 x 10-
10 rn respectively.

16. Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series.
[Give Rydberg constant, R = 107 m-1 ]

Ans. : 1
= R(
1
2
−
1
2
)
λ 2 ∝

For shortest wavelength, n = α

[6]
 1 R 4 −7
Therefore, = => λ = = 4 × 10 m.
λ 4 R

17. Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius of nth
electron orbit. Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.

Ans. : For the electron, we have

nh
Bohr’s Postulate (mvr = )
2π
2 2
mv 1 ze
=
r 4π∈o r2

nh
and mvr =
2π
2 2
2 2 2 n h
∴ m v r = 2
4π

mv2 r
1 2
and = ze

A
4π∈o

2 2
∈o n h
∴ r =
2
πze m

HR
2
Bohr’s radius (for n = 1) = ∈o h /π ze m.
2

18. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a p-n junction diode as a half-
wave rectifier.

49
Ans. :
IS
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75 T M
89

Working:
EE

During one half of the input AC, the diode is forward biased and a current flows through RL .
03

During the other half of the input AC, the diode is reverse biased and no current flows
through the load RL .
VIN

Hence, the given AC input is rectified.

19. The energy gaps in the energy band diagrams of a conductor, semiconductor and
insulator are E1 , E2 and E3 . Arrange them in increasing order.

Ans. : The energy gap in a conductor is zero, in a semiconductor is ≈ 1 eV and in an

insulator is ≥ 3eV.

∴ E1 = 0, E2
= 1eV, E3 ≥ 3eV

∴ E1 < E2 < E3

SECTION C

* Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [132]

20. Using Gauss’s law in electrostatics, deduce an expression for electric field intensity due
to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. If another identical sheet is placed parallel
to it, show that there is no electric field in the region between the two sheets.

[7]
 Ans. :
→ →
q
By Gauss’s law ∮ E . ds =
ϵ0

σA
∴ 2EA =
ϵ0
σ σ
∴ E = or A
2ϵ0 2ϵ0

Electric field between two identical charged sheets

A
HR
49
IS
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75 T M
89
EE
03

∵ Both the sheets have same charge density, their electric fields will be equal and
opposite in the region between the two sheets.
Hence the net field is zero.
VIN

Alternate Answer
σ
E1 =
2ϵ0
σ
E2 = −
2ϵ0

Resultant electric field between the plates = E1 + E2

σ σ
− = 0]
2ϵ0 2ϵ0

21. Using Gauss’s theorem, show mathematically that for any point outside the shell, the
field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the entire charge
of the shell is concentrated at the centre. Why do you expect the electric field inside the
shell to be zero according to this theorem?
→ →
q
Ans. : ϕ = ∮ E. d s =
ε∘
s

[8]
 2 σ 2
Derivation: E × 4π r =
ε∘
4π R

2
σR
∴ E = 2
ε∘ r

2
where q = 4π R σ is the total charge on the spherical shell. Electrostatic field is zero,
since total charge inside the shell is zero or charge reside on the surface of the shell.

22. →
i. Obtain the expression for the torque τ experienced by an electric dipole of

A
→ →
dipole moment P in a uniform electric field E
ii. What will happen if the field were not uniform?

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Ans. :
i.

49
IS
97
75 T M

→ →
Force on + q, F = qE
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→ →
Force on - q, F = −q E

Magnitude of torque
EE
03

τ = qE × 2a sinθ

τ = 2qa × E sinθ

→ →
→
VIN

τ = P × E

ii. If the electric field is non uniform, the dipole experiences a translatory force as
well as a torque.
23. State Gauss's theorem in electrostatics. Apply this theorem to derive an expression for
electric field intensity at a point near an infinitely long straight charged wire.

Ans. :
1
1. Statement: Net electric flux through to a closed surface is equal to ε∘
times the
total net charge enclosed within the surface.
q
(If the student just writes ∮ E. ds =
∈∘
, award )
2. Diagram:-

[9]
 A
3. Derivation:-

HR
49
¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯
¯¯
∮ E. ds ∫ E . ds1 + ∫ E . ds 2 + ∫ E . ds 3
s1
IS s2 s3

= 0 + 0 + 2πrℓ

Also, q
97 (where is charge per unit length)
75 T M
= λ ℓ λ

1 q
(E). (2πrℓ) = λℓ OR E2πrℓ
ε∘ ε∘

λ q
E = OR E = .
2πε∘ r 2πε∘ rℓ
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24. Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surface:
i. In the case of a single point charge and,
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ii. In a constant electric field in Z-direction.

Why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant?
03

iii. Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason.

Ans. : Surface with a constant value of potential at all points on the surface.
VIN

i.

[10]
 A
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49
IS
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75 T M

ii.
1
V ∝ /
r

iii. No If the field lines are tangential, work will be done in moving a charge on the
surface which goes against the definition of equipotential surface.
89
25. A network of four capacitors each of 12 μF capacitance is connected to a 500 V supply
as shown in the figure. Determine (a) equivalent capacitance of the network and (b)
charge on each capacitor.
EE
03
VIN

Ans. :
a.
1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1 1
= + + =
C 12 12 12 4

C 12
C = 4μF or simply C s = = μF = 4μF
3 3

Equivalent capacitance
Ceq = C + C4 = 4 + 12 = 16μF

b. Calculation of charge on each capacitor:

Charge on capacitor C4
−3
Q = C4 V = 12 × 500μC = 6000μC = 6 × 10 C
4

Charge on capacitors C1 , C2 and C3

[11]
 −3
Q123 = 4μF × 500V = 2 × 10 C.

26. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After some time the battery is
disconnected and a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is inserted between the
plates. How would (i) the capacitance, (ii) the electric field between the plates and (iii)
the energy stored in the capacitor, be affected? Justify your answer.
Q
Ans. : Original capacitance Co = = ε0
A

Vo d

When a dielectric is inserted:

i. Capacitance

A
( = K ∈o ) increases
d

ii.

A
Electric Field.

σ−σP
= ( )decreases

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∈o

iii. Energy stored

2 2
1 Q 1 Q 1
(W = KC o ⋅ = ⋅ )decrease.

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2
S 2 Co K 2 Co k

27. i. In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy stored in the 6 μF

capacitor is E. Find the value of the following:
I
ii. Energy stored in 12 μF capacitor.
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75 T M
iii. Energy stored in 3 μF capacitor.
iv. Total energy drawn from the battery.
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EE
03

Ans. :
VIN

i. 1 2 6 −6 2 −6 2
E = CV = × 10 V = 3 × 10 V
2 2

2 E
∴ V =
−6
3×10

1
Energy stored in 12μf capacitor = CV
2
2

1 −6 E
= × 12 × 10 × −6
2 3×10

= 2E
2
−−−− Q
ii.
1
Charge on 6μf capacitor, Q1 = √2EC [ ∵ E = ]
2 C
−−
− −3
= 2√3E × 10 C
−−−−
Charge on 12μf capacitor, Q2 = √2CE
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−6
= √2 × 12 × 10 × 2E
−−
− −3
= 4√3E 10 C

Charge on 3μf apacitor, Q = Q1 + Q2

−−
− −3
= 6√3E 10

[12]
 2
−6
1 Q 1 36×3E×10
Energy stored in 3μf capacitor = =
−6
2 C 2 3×10

= 18E
Alternate Answer
ii. capacitance of parallel combination = 18μf

Charge on parallel combination, Q = CV

−6
= 18 × 10 V

−6
Charge on 3μf = Q = 3 × 10 V1

−6 −6
= 18 × 10 V = 3 × 10 V1

= V1 = 6V

1 2
Energy stored in 3μf capacitor

A
∴ = CV
2 1

1 −6 E×36
= × 3 × 10 ×
−6
2 3×10

HR
= 18 E
iii. Total energy drawn = E + 2E + 18E = 21E
28. A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current

49
of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A. What is the steady
S
temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0°C? Temperature
coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is
I
−4 ∘ −1
1.70 × 10 97 C .
75 T M

Ans. : Here,
Potential applied across the heating element, V = 230 V
Initial current, l1 = 3.2 A
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After few seconds, steady current attained is, l2 = 2.8 A
Using ohm's law,
EE

230
R1 = = 71.87 Ω
03

3.2

and,
230
R2 = = 82.14 Ω
VIN

2.8

−4 ∘ −1
α = 1.7 × 10 C
∘
t1 = 27 C

Using the relation,

R2 = R1 [1 + α(t2 − t1 )]

R2 −R1
Therefore, t2 = + t1
R1 .α

82.14−71.87
⇒ t2 = −4
+ 27
71.87×1.7×10

= 840.56 + 27
∘
= 867.56 C
∘
= 867 C

29. State Kirchhoff's rules of current distribution in an electrical network. Using these rules
determine the value of the current I1 in the electric circuit given below.

[13]
 Ans. : Junction Rule: At any junction of several circuit elements the sum of currents
entering the junction must be equal to the sum of currents leaving it.
Loop Rule: Algebraic sum of changes in the potential around any closed loop must be
zero.

A
Loop ABCFA

HR
49
I1 + 2I3 = 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Loop FCDEF
S
(2)
I
2I3 + I2 = 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

At F,
97 (3)
75 T M
I1 + I2 = I3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Solving (1), (2) and (3)

I1 = −0.8A
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30. A straight wire carrying a current of 12A is bent into a semi-circular arc of radius 2.0cm
as shown. What is the magnetic field at O due to:
i. Straight segments.
EE

ii. The semi-circular arc?

03
VIN

Ans. : Magnetic field due to a current carrying element.

→
μ0 I δl ×r
⃗
dB =
4π r3

→
i. For straight segment θ = 0 or π ⇒ δl × r ⃗ = δl r sin 0 n
^ = 0 ∴ B1 = 0

ii.
π
For semicircular arc ∑ dl = πr, θ =
2
→
→ I ∑ δl sin
π
μ0 ∑ I δl ×r ⃗ μ0 2 ^
∴ B2 = 3
= 2
n̂
4π r 4π r

μ0 Iπr μ0 I
= n̂ = ,
4π r2 4r

directed perpendicular to plane of paper downward.

31. Derive the expression for force per unit length between two long straight
parallel current carrying conductors. Hence define one ampere.

[14]
 Ans. :
Figure shows two long parallel conductors a and b separated by a distance d and carrying
(parallel) currents Ia and I b , respectively. The conductor ‘a’ produces, the same magnetic
field Ba at all points along the conductor ‘b’. The right-hand rule tells us that the direction
of this field is downwards (when the conductors are placed horizontally). Its magnitude is
given by

A
μ∘ Iα
Bα =
2πd

HR
The conductor ‘b’ carrying a current I b will experience a sideways force due to the field
Ba. The direction of this force is towards the conductor ‘a’. We label this force as F ba, the
force on a segment L of ‘b’ due to ‘a’. The magnitude of this force is given by

49
μ∘ Ia Ib
∫ = Ib LBa = L
ba
S 2πd

Let ∫ba represent the magnitude of the force

I
Fba per unit length.
μ∘ Ia Ib
∫ = 97
ba 2πd
75 T M
One ampere: The ampere is the value of that steady current which, when maintained in
each of the two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross-section, and
placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce on each of these conductors a force
89
equal to 2 × 10–7 newton per metre of their length.

32. Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field on the axis of a
EE

current carrying circular loop of radius R. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular
wire carrying current I.
03

Ans. :
i.
VIN

→
−→ →
μo dl x r
dB =
4πr3

μo idlR
dB x = 3

2 2
4π(x +R ) 2

→ μo IR
2

^ ^
B = Bx i = i
3

2 2
2(x R ) 2

ii.

[15]
33. A metallic rod of length ‘l’ is rotated with a frequency v with one end hinged at the
centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius r,
about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the rinig. A
constant uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present every where. Using

A
Lorentz force, explain how emf is induced between the centre and the metallic ring and
hence obtain the expression for it.

HR
Ans. : As the rod is rotated, free electrons in the rod move towards the outer end due to
Lorentz force and get distributed over the ring. Thus, the resulting separation of charges
produces an emf across the ends of the rod. At a certain value of emf, there is no more

49
flow of electrons and a steady state is reached.
S
Expression for Induced emf in a Rotating Rod.
Consider a metallic rod OA of length l , which is rotating with angular velocity ω in a
I
uniform magnetic field B , the plane of rotation being perpendicular to the magnetic field.
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75 T M
A rod may be supposed to be formed of a large number of small elements. Consider a
small element of length dx at a distance x from centre.
If v is the linear velocity of this element, then area swept by the element per second =v dx.
89
EE
03
VIN

The emf induced across the ends of element

dA
dε = B = Bvdx
dt

Butv = xω

∴ dε = Bxωdx

∴ The emf induced across the rod

l l
ε = ∫ Bxωdx = Bω ∫ xdx
0 0

l
2 2
x l 1 2
= Bω[ ] = Bω[ − 0] = Bω l
2 2 2
0
2
ε 1 Bωl
Current induced in rod I = =
R 2 R

It circuit is closed, power dissipated,

[16]
 2 2 2 2
ε B ω l
= = .
R 4R

34. i. Define self-inductance. Write its SI units.

ii. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed
inside the solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid
changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the
loop while the current is changing?

Ans. :
i. Self-inductance is the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil when a unit
current flows through it.
(Alternatively, It is the amount of emf induced in a coil when current through it
changes at the rate of 1 A per second.)

A
S.I. Unit: henry (H)
ii. Magnetic field inside the solenoid, B = μ0 n I

HR
dϕB
Induced emf in the loop, ϵ =
dt

dB
= A
Dt

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dI
= μ0 nA
S dt

−7 −4
(4−2)
= 4π × 10 × 1500 × 2 × 10 × V
0.1
I
−6
= 7.5 × 10 97 V
75 T M

35. a. Define mutual inductance.

b. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one
coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with
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the other coil?

Ans. : Magnetic flux, linked with the secondary coil due to the unit current flowing in the
EE

primary coil, ϕ2 = MI1

03

Alternate Answer
Induced emf associated with the secondary coil, for a unit rate of change of current in the
VIN

dl 1
primary coil. e2 = −M ]
dt

[i.e. the phenomenon of production of induced emf in one coil due to change in current in
neighbouring coil ]
Change of flux linkage -
dϕ = MdI

= 1.5 × (20 − 0)W

= 30weber .
36. a. A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction
perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field
is acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across
the ends of the rod.
b. How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force
acting on the free charge carriers of the conductor? Explain.

[17]
 Ans. :

a. Imagine the rod PQ to be moving with a velocity v from its initial (varying) position
towards some position SR.
The magnetic flux, enclosed by the loop PQRS, at the instant.
shown,is
ϕ = Blx

A
dϕ dx
∴ e = − = −Bl
dt dt

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dx
= Blv (∴ v = − )
dt

b. Lorentz force, on a charge q, moving with a speed v, in a (normal) uniform

magnetic field B, is Bqv.

49
All charges experience the same force. Work done to move the charge from P to Q, is
S
W = Bqv × l

W Bqvl
I
∴ e = = = Blv
q 97 q
75 T M
37. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the
expression for the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current
with frequency of the source, explaining the nature of its variation.
89
Ans. :
EE
03
VIN

[18]
 A
Resultant potential across LCR

HR
2 2 2
V = V + (VL − Vc )
R

VR = iR, VL = iXL , Vc = i Xc

On solving

49
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
S
2 2
Z = √R + (XL − XC )
I
97
75 T M
89
EE

With increase in ω, current first increases (up to ωo ) and then decreases.

03

38. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 5.0 H, C = 80 μF, R = 40 W connected to
a variable frequency 240V source. Calculate
VIN

i. The angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at resonance.
ii. The current at the resonating frequency.
iii. The rms potential drop across the capacitor at resonance.

Ans. :
i. ω =
1

√LC

1
= = 50radian / s
√5×80×10−6

ii. Current at resonance

Vrms 240
Irms = = A = 6A
R 40

iii. V rms across capacitor

[19]
 Vrms = Irms Xc

1
= 6 × V
−6
50×80×10
6
6×10 6000
= 3
V = V = 1500V.
4×10 4

39. Write the order of frequency range and one use of each of the following
electromagnetic radiations:
i. Microwaves.
ii. Ultra-violet rays.
iii. Gamma rays.

Ans. :
i. Microwaves-frequency range 109 to 1012 Hz. Application–Radar system/aircraft

A
navigation/microwave ovens.
ii. UV Rays–Frequency range 1014 to 1017 Hz. Application–Purification of
water/Preservation of food items.

HR
iii. Gamma rays–Frequency range 1018 to 1022 Hz. Application–Nuclear reactions.
40. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which
i.produce intense heating effect.

49
ii.is absorbed by the ozone layer in the atmosphere.
iii.
S
is used for studying crystal structure.
Write one more application forr each of these radiations.
I
Ans. :
97
75 T M

i. Radiation: Infrared
Application: night vision/Thermal Sensor/Green house effect/relieve in muscular
pain/in remote control devices.
89
ii. Radiation: U.V radiation
Application: food preservation/water purification/forensic science/sterilization of
EE

surgical instruments.
03

iii. Radiation: X-rays

Application: Medical diagonosis/detection of mechanical fault/radio therapy
detectors/study of crystal structure.
VIN

41. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the wavelengths given below.
Write one application of each.
a. 10–3 nm
b. 10–3 m
c. 1 nm

Ans. :
a. 10-3 nm:- X-rays/γ-rays
Use: Medical/crystallography/transmutation.
b. 10-3 m: Microwave/short radio wave
Use: Oven/communication.
c. 1nm: UV-rays/X-rays
Use: Water purification/medical.

42. You are given three lenses L1 , L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at
40 cm in front of L1 , as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus I of L3 . Find

[20]
 the separations between L1 , L2 and L3 .

Ans. : For lens L1

1 1 1
= −
f1 v1 u1

1 1 1
= − => v1 = 40 cm
20 v1 −40

For L3
1 1 1
= −
f3 v3 u3

u3 = ?, f3 = + 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm

A
1 1 1
= +
20 20 u3

u3 = ∞

HR
It shows that L2 must render the rays parallel to the common axis. It means that the image
( I1 ), formed by L1 , must be at a distance of 20 cm from L2 (at the focus of L2 )
Therefore, distance between L1 and L2 (=40+20) = 60 cm and distance between L2 and L3

49
can have any value. S
43. Three rays (1, 2, 3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles
right angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47
I
and 1.52 respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get
97
75 T M
only refracted from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of
necessary calculations.
89
EE
03

Ans. : i
∘
= 45 (on face AC)
VIN

For TIR
i > ic

⇒ sin i > sin ic

1 1
⇒ <
sin i sin ic

1 1
⇒ μ > ∵ μ =
sin i sin ic
–
μ > √2 = 1.414 for TIR
∴ Ray (1) is refracted from AC And rays (2) and (3) are internally reflected.

[21]
44. i. A ray of light incident on face AB of an equilateral glass prism, shows minimum
deviation of 30°. Calculate the speed of light through the prism.

ii. Find the angle of incidence at face AB so that the emergent ray grazes along
the face AC.

A
Ans. :
A+δm

HR
sin ( )

i.
2

μ =
A
sin ( )
2

60+30
sin ( )
2 –
= = √2

49
60∘
sin ( )
S
2

c 3×10
8

Also μ =
v
⇒ v = m/s
I
√2

97 8
= 2.122 × 10 m/s
75 T M

ii.
89
EE
03

At face AC, let the angle of incidence be r2 . For grazing ray, e = 900
VIN

1 −1 1 ∘
⟹ μ = ⟹ r2 = sin ( ) = 45
sinr2 √2

Let angle of refraction at face AB be r1 . Now r1 + r2 = A

∘ ∘ ∘
∴ r1 = A − r2 = 60 − 45 = 15

Let angle of incidence at this face be i

sin i
μ =
sin r1
– sin i
⟹ √2 = ∘
sin 15

−1 – ∘
∴ i = sin (√2. sin 15 )

45. Use Huygens's principle to explain the formation of diffraction pattern due to a single
slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light.
When the width of the slit is made double the original width, how would this affect the
size and intensity of the central diffraction band?

Ans. : Explanation:
As per Huygen's Principle

[22]
 Net effect at any point
= sum total of contribution of all wavelets with proper phase difference
At the central Point (O)
Contribution from each half in SS1 is in phase with that from the corresponding
part in SS2 .Hence, O is a maxima

A
HR
At the point M where SM-SM1 = λ /2

49
Phase difference between each wavelet from SS1 and corresponding
S
wavelet from SS2 = λ /2
I
Hence, M would be a minima.
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75 T M
All such points (path difference =n λ /2) are also minima.
Similarly, all points, for which path difference = (2n+1) λ /2, are maxima but with
decreasing intensity.
From the figure
89
EE
03
VIN

Half angular width of central maxima= λ /a

∴, Size of central maxima will be reduced to half

and intensity of central maxima will be four times.

46. How is a wavefront defined? Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence
verify Snell’s law of refraction.

Ans. :
1. A surface of constant phase/A locus of points which oscillate in same phase.
2.

[23]
 BC
3. sin i =
AC

AE
sin r =
AC

sin i BC
∴ =
sin r AE
c1 t c1
= = = n = constant
c2 t c2

A
47. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the screen
is placed 1.4 m away. The distance between the central bright fringe and the fourth

HR
bright fringe is measured to be 1.2 cm. Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment.

Ans. : Distance between the slits, d = 0.28 mm = 0.28 × 10-3 m

49
Distance between the slits and the screen, D = 1.4 m
S
Distance between the central fringe and the fourth (n = 4) fringe,
u = 1.2 cm = 1.2 × 10-2 m
I
97
75 T M
In case of a constructive interference, we have the relation for the distance between the
two fringes as:
D
u = nλ
d
89
Where,
n = Order of fringes = 4
EE

λ = Wavelength of light used

03

ud
∴ λ =
nD
−2 −3
1.2×10 ×0.28×10
=
VIN

4×1.4

−7
= 6 × 10

= 600 nm
Hence, the wavelength of the light is 600 nm.

48. What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases:
a. Light diverging from a point source.
b. Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
c. The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the
Earth.

Ans. :
a. The shape of the wavefront in case of a light diverging from a point source is
spherical. The wavefront emanating from a point source is shown in the given
figure.

[24]
 b. The shape of the wavefront in case of a light emerging out of a convex lens when
a point source is placed at its focus is a parallel grid. This is shown in the given
figure.

A
HR
49
c.
S
The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth is
a plane.
I
49. In Young’s double slit experiment, explain with reason in each case, how the
97
75 T M
interference pattern changes, when :
i. Width of the slits is doubled.
ii. Separation between the slits is increased.
iii. Screen is moved away from the plane of slits.
89
Ans. :
i. The fringe width β
Dλ
EE

= .
d

ii. When the width of the slit is doubled; the intensity of interfering waves becomes
03

four times, intensity of maxima becomes 16 times i.e., fringes become brighter.
iii. When separation between the slits is increased the fringe width decreases, i.e.,
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fringes come closer.

iv. βαD when screen is moved away from the plane of the slits, the fringe width

increases, i.e., fringes become farther away.

50. A proton and an α-particle move perpendicular to a magnetic field. Find the ratio of
radii of the circular paths described by them when both (i) have equal momenta, and (ii)
were accelerated through the same potential difference.

Ans. : We know that r

mv
=
Bq

rp qa
i. For equal momenta
ra
=
qp
= 2

2
p
ii. Since K.E. = = qV
2m
−−−−−
P = √2mqV

√2qVm −−−−
2mV
r = = √
2
Bq qB

rp −−
−
m
−
−−
p qa
= √ ×√
ra qp ma

[25]
 −
−
1 – 1
= √
4
× √2 = ​
√2

51. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation. State clearly how this equation is obtained using
the photon picture of electromagnetic radiation.
Write the three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be
explained using this equation.

Ans. : hv = Φo + kmax

Energy (h), carried by a photon of frequency v, is absorbed (by the electrons on the
surface.) to:
1. Overcome the work function of metal (Φo ).
2. Impart maximum kinetic energy to the emitted electron (Kmax)

A
∴ h v = Φo + kmax

Three salient features:

HR
i. Cut - off potential of the emitted electrons is proportional to v.
ii. maximum kinetic energy is independent of the intensity of incident radiations.
ϕo
iii. Photoelectric emission of electrons is possible only when V > V0 −
h
.

iv. Emission of electrons is instantaneous.

49
52.
S
An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 1.00 nm. Find:
a. Their momenta,
I
b. The energy of the photon, and
97
c.
75 T M
The kinetic energy of electron.

Ans. : Wavelength of an electron (λe ) and a photon (λp ), λe = λp = λ = 1nm

= 1 × 10-9 m
89
Planck's constant, h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js
a. The momentum of an elementary particle is given by de Broglie relation:
EE

h
λ =
p
03

h
p =
λ

It is clear that momentum depends only on the wavelength of the particle. Since the
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wavelengths of an electron and a photon are equal, both have an equal momentum.
−34
6.63×10 −25 −1
∴ p = = 6.63 × 10 kg ms
−9
1×10

b. The energy of a photon is given by the relation:

hc
E =
λ

Where,
Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m/s
−34 8
6.63×10 ×3×10
∴ E =
−9 −19
1×10 ×1.6×10

= 1243. 1eV = 1.243keV

Therefore, the energy of the photon is 1.243 keV.
c. The kinetic energy (K) of an electron having momentum p,is given by the relation:
2
1 p
K =
2 m

Where,
m = Mass of the electron = 9.1 × 10-31 kg

[26]
 p = 6.63 × 10-25 kg ms-1
−25 2
(6.63×10 )
1 −19
∴ K = × = 2.415 × 10 J
2 −31
9.1×10
−19
2.415×10
= −19
= 1.51eV
1.6×10

Hence, the kinetic energy of the electron is 1.51eV.

53. The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential V 0 with the frequency v of
the incident radiation for two photosensitive metals X and Y:

A
i. Which of the metals has larger threshold wavelength? Give reason.

HR
ii. Explain, giving reason, which metal gives out electrons, having larger kinetic
energy, for the same wavelength of the incident radiation.
iii. If the distance between the light source and metal X is halved, how will the
kinetic energy of electrons emitted from it change? Give reason.

49
Ans. :
S
i. ‘X’
I
as X has smaller threshold frequency.
97
75 T M
ii.
89
therefore ‘X’ gives out electrons with larger KE.
iii. No change
EE

as KE of photoelectron does not depend on the intensity of incident radiations.

03

54. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?

Ans. : Rydberg's formula is given as:

VIN

hc −19 1 1
= 21.76 × 10 [ 2
− 2
]
λ n n
1 2

Where,
h = Planck's constant = 6.6 x 10-34 Js
c = Speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s
(n1 and n2 are integers)
The shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of the spectral lines is given for
values n1 = 3 and n2 = ∞.

hc −19 1 1
= 21.76 × 10 [ − ]
2 2
λ (3) (∞)

−34 8
6.6×10 ×3×10 ×9
λ = −19
21.76×10

= 8.189 × 10-7 m
= 818.9 nm

55.

[27]
 The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about –
3.4 eV.
a. What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
b. What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
c. Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential
energy is changed?

Ans. :
a. Total energy of the electron E = -3.4 eV
Kinetic energy of the electron is equal to the negative of the total energy.
⇒ K = −E

= -( -3.4) = + 3.4 eV

A
Hence, the kinetic energy of the electron in the given state is + 3.4 eV.
b. Potential energy (U) of the electron is equal to the negative of twice of its kinetic

HR
energy.
⇒ U = −2K

= -2 × 3.4 = -6.8 eV

49
Hence, the potential energy of the electron in the given state is - 6.8 eV.
S
c. The potential energy of a system depends on the reference point taken. Here, the
potential energy of the reference point is taken as zero. If the reference point is
I
changed, then the value of the potential energy of the system also changes. Since
97
75 T M
total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies, total energy of the
system will also change
56. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below:
a.
89
Which of them will result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
EE
03

b. Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

VIN

Ans. :
a. For λ = 275nm,

hc
E =
λ
−34 8
6.626× 10 ×3× 10
E = −9 −19
eV = 4.5eV
275× 10 ×1.6× 10

Also for transition B

E = 0 − ( − 4.5eV) = 4.5eV

Therefore, transition B corresponds to the emission of photon of wavelength 275 nm.

b.
1
For Transition ‘A’, Energy radiated is minimum. As E ∝ transition A emits
λ

radiation of maximum wavelength.

57. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus 14
( N), given m 14
( N) =
7 7

14.010307 u

Ans. : Atomic mass of nitrogen (7 N14 ) , m = 14.00307 u

[28]
 14
A nucleus of nitrogen 7 N contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons.
Hence, the mass defect of this nucleus, Δm = 7mH + 7mn − m

Where,
Mass of a proton, mH = 1.007825 u
Mass of a neutron, mn = 1.008665 u
∴ Δm = 7 × 1.007825 + 7 × 1.008665 − 14.00307

= 7.054775 + 7.06055 - 14.00307

= 0.11236 u
But 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2
2
∴ Δm = 0.11236 × 931.5Me/Vc

A
Hence, the binding energy of the nucleus is given as
2
Eb = ΔMc

HR
Where,
c = Speed of light
MeV 2
∴ Eb = 0.11236 × 931.5( ) ×c

49
2
c

= 104.66334 MeV
S
Hence, the binding energy of a nitrogen nucleus is 104.66334 MeV.
I
58.
97
Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass
75 T M

number A. Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of
nuclear fission and fusion.

Ans. : Plot:
89
EE
03
VIN

Explanation: A very heavy nucleus, say A = 240, has lower binding energy per nucleon
compared to that of a nucleus with A = 120. Thus if a nucleus A = 240 breaks into two A =
120 nuclei, nucleons get more tightly bound.
This implies energy would be released in the process of fission.
Consider two very light nuclei (A ≤ 10) joining to form a heavier nucleus. The binding
energy per nucleon of the fused heavier nuclei is more than the binding energy per
nucleon of the lighter nuclei. This means that the final system is more tightly bound than
the initial system. Again energy would be released in such a process of fusion.

59. From the relation R = R0 A

1/3
where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number of a
nucleus, show that the nuclear matter density is nearly constant (i.e. independent of A).

Ans. : we have the expression for nuclear radius as:

1/3
R = R0 A

Where,
R0 = Constant.

[29]
 A = Mass number of the nucleus
Mass of the nucleus
Nuclear matter density, ρ =
Volume of the nucleus

Let m be the average mass of the nucleus.

Hence, mass of the nucleus = mA
mA 3mA 3mA 3m
∴ ρ = = =
4 3 1 3 3 3
πR 4πR0 A 4πR0
3
4π(R0 A 3 )

Hence, the nuclear matter density is Independent of A. It is nearly constant.

60. Draw a labelled diagram of a full wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show
the input-output waveforms.

Ans. :

A
HR
49
Principle S
pn junction conducts when it is in forward biased and does not do so when it is reverse
biased.
I
97
75 T M
89
EE
03

61. Write the two processes that take place in the formation of a p-n junction. Explain with
the help of a diagram, the formation of depletion region and barrier potential in a p-n
VIN

junction.

Ans. :
Due to the diffusion of electrons and holes across the junction a region of (immobile)
positive charge is created on the n-side and a region of (immobile) negative charge is
created on the p-side, near the junction; this is called depletion region.
Barrier potential is formed due to loss of electrons from n-region and gain of electrons by
p-region. Its polarity is such that it opposes the movement of charge carriers across the
junction.

62. The number of silicon atoms per m3 is 5 × 1028 . This is doped simultaneously with 5 ×
1022 atoms per m3 of Arsenci and 5 × 1020 per m3 atoms of Indium. Calculate the
number of electrons and holes Given that ni = 1.5 × 1016 m-3 . Is the material n-type or
p-type?

Ans. : Number of silicon atoms, N = 5 × 1028 atoms/m3

Number of arsenci atoms, nAs = 5 × 1022 atoms/m3

[30]
 Number of indium atoms, nIn = 5 × 1020 per m3 atoms
Number of thermally-generated electrons, ni = 1.5 × 1016 electrons/m3
Number of electrons, ne = 5 × 1022 -1.5 × 1016 ≈ 4.99 × 1022
Number of holes = nh
In thermal equilibrium, the concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor
are related as:
nenh =ni2
2
n
i
∴ nh =
ne
2
16
(1.5×10 )
9
= 22
≈ 4.51 × 10

A
4.99×10

Therefore, the number of electrons is approximately 4.99 × 1022 and the number of holes
is about 4.51 × 109 . Since the number of electrons is more than the number of holes, the

HR
material is an n-type semiconductor.

63. Explain briefly with the help of necessary diagrams, the forward and the reverse
biasing of a p-n junction diode. Also draw their characteristic curves in the two cases.

49
Ans. :
IS
97
75 T M

In forward bias, applied voltage does not support potential barrier. As a result, the
depletion layer width decreases and barrier height is reduced. Due to the applied voltage,
89
electrons from n side cross the depletion region and reach p side. Similarly holes from p
side cross the junction and reach the n side. The motion of charged carriers, on either
side, give rise to current. In reverse bias, applied voltage support potential barrier. As a
EE

result, barrier height is increased, depletion layer widens. This suppresses the flow
03

of electrons from n → p and holes from p → n. Diffusion current decreases. The electric
field direction of the junction is such that if electrons on p side or holes on n side in their
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random motion comes close to the junction, they will be swept to its majority zone. This
drift of carriers give rise to the current called reverse current.

SECTION D

* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [60]

64. i. Derive an expression for drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence,
deduce Ohm's law.
ii. A wire whose cross-sectional area is increasing linearly from its one end to
the other, is connected across a battery of V volts.

[31]
 Which of the following quantities remain constant in the wire?
a. Drift speed.
b. Current density.
c. Electric current.
d. Electric field.

Ans. :
i. Let an electric field E be applied the conductor. Acceleration of each electron is
eE
a = −
m

Velocity gained by the electron

eE
v = − t
m
′ ′
Let the conductor contain n electrons per unit volume. The average value of time t ,

A
′ ′
between their successive collisions, is the relaxation time, τ .
−eE
Hence average drift velocity vd

HR
= τ
m

The amount of charge, crossing area A, in time △t , is

≡ neAvd △t = I △t

Substituting the value of vd , we get

49
I △t = neA(
S eEτ
)△t
m
I
97 2 2
75 T M
e Aτ n e τn
∴ I = ( )E = σE, (σ = is the conductivity)
m m

But I = JA, where J is the current density

2
e τn
⇒ J = ( )E
89
m

⇒ J = σE

This is Ohm’s law

EE

ii. Electric current well remain constant in the wire. All other quantities, depend on
03

the cross sectional area of the wire.

65. i. Define the term drift velocity.
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ii. On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor
in terms of number density of free electrons and relaxation time. On what
factors does resistivity of a conductor depend?
iii. Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used for making standard
resistors?

Ans. :
i. Average velocity acquired by the electrons in the conductor in the presence of
external electric field.
Alternate Answer
−eEτ
[Vd =
m
where τ is the relaxation time.]

ii.
−eEτ
Vd =
m

V
We have E = − ′
ℓ

where V is potential difference across the length ℓ

of the conductor
eVτ
Vd = Current flowing I = neAvd
mℓ

[32]
 2
eVτ ne AVτ
I = neA Vd ml
=
ml
2
I ne Aτ 1

V
= =
R
. . . . . (i)
ml

ℓ
Also, R = ρ . . . . (ii)
A

Comparing (i) and (ii)

m
ρ =
n e2 τ

Resistivity of the material of a conductor depends on the relaxation time, i.e.,

temperature and the number density of electrons.
iii. Because constantan and manganin show very weak dependence of resistivity on
temperature.
66. For the circuit shown here, calculate the potential difference between points B and D.

A
HR
49
IS
Ans. : According to Kirchhoff’s first law the distribution of currents is shown in fig.
97
75 T M
89
EE
03

Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to mesh BADB,

–2(i – i1 ) +2 – 1 – 1. (i – i1 ) + 2i1 = 0
VIN

⇒ 3i – 5i1 = 1 …(i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s law to mesh DCBD,
-3i + 3 - 1 - 1× i - 2i1 = 0
⇒ 4i + 2i1 = 2
Or 2i + i1 = 1 …(ii)
Multiplying equation (ii) with 5, we get
10i + 5i1 = 5 …(iii)
Adding (i) and (iii), we get
6
13i = 6 ⇒ i = A
13

12 1
From (ii), i1 = 1 − 2i = 1 − = A
13 13

Potential difference between B and D is,

2
Vn − vn = i − 1 × 2 = V
13

67.

[33]
 a. Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its
principle and working.
b. Answer the following:
i. Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
ii. Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily
increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.

A
HR
Ans. :
Principle and working: A current carrying coil, placed in a uniform magnetic field,

49
(can) experience a torque
S
Consider a rectangular coil for which no. of turns = N,
Area of cross- section = l × b = A,
I
Intensity of the uniform magnetic field = B,
97
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Current through the coil = I.

∴ Deflecting torque = BIL × b = BIA

For N turns τ = NBIA

89
Restoring torque in the spring = kθ
(k = restoring torque per unit twist)
EE

∴ NBIA = kθ
03

k
∴ I = ( )θ
NBA
VIN

∴ I ∝ θ

The deflection of the coil, is, therefore, proportional to the current flowing through it.
b.
i. The soft iron core not only makes the field radial but also increases.the strength of
the magnetic field
ii. We have
θ
Current sensitivity = = NBA/k
I

θ θ NBA 1
Voltage sensitivity = = = ( ).
V IR k R

It follows that an increase in current senstivity may not necessarily increase the
voltage sensitivity.

68. a. Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit
connected to a.c. source in which the phase difference between the voltage and
the current in the circuit is ϕ.
b. Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should the quality factor have
high value in receiving circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.

[34]
 Ans. :
a. In a series LCR circuit.
Voltage v = vm sin ωt

Current in the circuit is given by i = im sin (ωt + Φ)

Therefore, the instantaneous power pi supplied by the source is

pi = vi = ( Vm sin ωt) × [im sin (ωt + ϕ)]

vm im
= [cosϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ)]
2

The average power over a cycle is given by the average of the two terms on the
R.H.S.. It is only the second term which is time-dependent. Its average over a

A
complete cycle is zero (the positive half of the cosine cancels the negative.
Pav

HR
= VI cos ϕ

b. Quality factor: The ratio of the voltage drop (in a series LCR circuit) across the
inductor (or capacitor) to the voltage drop across resistor under resonance
conditions.

49
S
Reason: Selectivity (or sharpness of resonance) of the circuit becomes large.
Factors: depends on inductance , capacitance and resistance.
I
69. Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E0 = 120 N/C
97
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and that its frequency is ν = 50.0 MHz. (a) Determine, B0 , ω, k, and λ. (b) Find
expressions for E and B.

Ans. : Electric field amplitude, E0 = 120 N/C

89
Frequency of source, ν = 50.0 MHz = 50 × 106 Hz
Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m/s
EE

a. Magnitude of magnetic field strength is given as:

03

E0
B0 =
c

120
VIN

=
8
3×10

−7
= 4 × 10 T = 400 nT

Angular frequency of source is given as:

6
ω = 2nv = 2n × 50 × 10

8
= 3.14 × 10 rad/m

Propagation constant is given as:

ω
k =
c
8
3.14×10
= 8
= 1.05 red/m
3×10

Wavelength of wave is given as:

c
λ =
v
8
3×10
= = 6.0 m
6
50×10

b. Suppose the wave is propagating in the positive x direction. Then, the

electric field vector will be in the positive y direction and the magnetic field

[35]
 vector will be in the positive z direction. This is because all three vectors are
mutually perpendicular.
Equation of electric field vector is given as:
⃗ ^
E = E0 sin(kx − ωt) j

8 ^
= 120 sin[1.05x − 3.14 × 10 t] j

And, magnetic field vector is given as:

⃗ ^
B = B0 sin(kx − ωt)k

⃗ −7 8 ^
B = (4 × 10 ) sin [1.05x − 3.14 × 10 t]k

70. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an

A
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying
power.
b. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope:

HR
i. Which lenses should he used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
ii. Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?

Ans. :

49
a.
IS
97
75 T M

Definition - It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye, by the final image, to the
89
angle which the object subtends at the lens, or the eye.
b.
EE

i. Objective=.5D
03

Eye lens = 10D This choice would give higher magnification as.
fo pe
M = =
fe po
VIN

ii. High resolving power/Brighter image/lower limit of resolution.

71. a. State Huygen’s principle. Using this principle draw a diagram to show how a
plane wave front incident at the interface of the two media gets refracted when
it propagates from a rarer to a denser medium. Hence verifiy Snell’s law of
refraction.
b. When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain
the following, giving reasons:
i. Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency
of incident light?
ii. Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried
by light wave?

Ans. :
a. Law of Reflection : Let XY be a reflecting surface at which a wavefront is being
incident obliquely. Let v be the speed of the wavefront and at time t = 0, the
wavefront touches the surface XY at A. After time t, the point B of wavefront
reaches the point B' of the surface.

[36]
 According to Huygen’s principle each point of wavefront acts as a source of
secondary waves. When the point A of wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then
due to presence of reflecting surface, it cannot advance further; but the secondary
wavelet originating from point A begins to spread in all directions in the first medium
with speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further, its points A 1 , A 2 , A 3 etc. strike
the reflecting surface successively and send spherical secondary wavelets in the first
medium.

A
First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA' (=vt)
in first medium in time t. In the same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling

HR
a distance BB', reaches point B' (of the surface), from where the secondary wavelet
now starts. Now taking A as centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA' (= vt) and
draw tangent A'B' on this arc from point B'. As the incident wavefront AB advances,
the secondary wavelets starting from points between A and B', one after the other

49
and will touch A'B' simultaneously. According to Huygen’s principle wavefront
S
A'B' represents the new position of AB, i.e., A'B' is the reflected wavefront
corresponding to incident wavefront AB.
I
Now in right-angled triangles ABB' and AA' B'
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′ ′ o
∠ABB = ∠AA'B (both are equal to 90 )

side BB' = side AA' (both are equal to vt)

and side AB' is common

89
i.e., both triangles are congruent.
′ ′ ′
EE

∴ ∠BAB = ∠AB A

i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A'B' make equal angles with the
03

reflecting surface XY. As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the
incident and the reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the
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surface XY, i.e.,

angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r
This is the second law of reflection.
Since AB, A'B' and XY are all in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendiculars
dropped on them will also be in the same plane. Therefore we conclude that the
incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the
same plane. This is the first law of reflection. Thus Huygen’s principle explains both
the laws of reflection.
b.
i. If the radiation of certain frequency interact with the atoms/molecules of
the matter, they start to vibrate with the same frequency under forced
oscillations. Thus, the frequency of the scattered light (Under reflection
and refraction) equals to the frequency of incident radiation.
ii. No, energy carried by the wave depends on the amplitude of the wave,
but not on the speed of the wave.
72.

[37]
 a. Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two
radii and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface.
Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principle axis
in rarer medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the denser
medium of refractive index n2. Hence, derive lens maker's formula.
b. Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of
refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source
from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?

Ans. :

A
i.

HR
Ray diagram showing real image formation as per prescription,
θ1 = α + β

θ2 = β − γ

49
∴ γ = β −θ
S
For paraxial rays θ1 and θ2 are small Therefore, n2 sin θ2 = n1 sin θ2 (Snells law)
Reduces to,
I
97 n2
75 T M
sin i i
At N sin r
∼
r
=
n1

∴ n1 = rXn2

(α + β)n1 = (β − θ)n2
89
NM NM NM NM
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
OM MC MC MI

1 1 1 1
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
EE

- u + R + R u

n2 n1 (n2 −n1 )
03

′
− =
v u R1

Appying above relations to refraction through a lens:

VIN

ii.
For surface 1
n2 −n1 n1 n1
= − . ... . ... .. (i)
R1 v′ u

For surface 2
n1 −n2 n1 n2
=
v
− ′
. . .. . . . . (ii)
R2 v

Adding eqn. (i) and (ii)

1 1 1 1
(n2 − n1 )( − ) = n1 ( − )
R1 R2 v u

For u =∝ v = f
n1 1 1
∴ = (n2 − n1 )( − )
f R1 R2

1 n2 1 1
⇒ = ( − 1)( − )
f n1 R1 R2

iii. R = 20 cm n2 = 1.5 n1 = 1 u = - 100 cm

[38]
 n2 (n2 −n1 ) n1
= +
v R u

0.5 1
= −
20cm 100cm

1.5
= cm
100

⇒ V = 100 cm a real image on the other side, 100 cm away from the surface.

73. a. Obtain lens makers formula using the expression

n2 n1 (n2 −n1 )
− =
v u R

Here the ray of light propagating from a rare medium of refractive index (n1 ) to a
denser medium of refractive index (n2 ) is incident on the convex side of spherical
refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
b. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when

A
the object is kept between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the
magnification formula for the image formed.

HR
Ans. :
a.

49
IS
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For refraction at the first surface

n2 n1 n2 −n1
− =
v1 u
89
R1

For the second surface, I1 acts as a virtual object (located in the denser medium)
whose final real image is formed in the rarer medium at I.
EE

So for refraction at this surface, we have

03

n1 n2 n1 −n2
− =
v v1 R2

n2
VIN

1 1 1 1
From above two equations, v
−
u
= (
n1
− 1)(
R1
−
R2
)

The point, where image of an object, located at intinity is formed, is called the focus
F, of the lens and the distance f gives its focal length.
So for u = ∝, v = + f

1 n2 1 1
⇒ = ( − 1)( − )
f n1 R1 R2

b.

ΔABP is similar to ΔA'B'P

′ ′ ′
A B B P
So =
BP
AB

Now A' B' = I, AB = O, B'P = + v and BP = - u

I v
So magnification m = = − .
O u

[39]
74. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image by a compound
microscope in normal adjustment. Derive the expression for its magnifying
power.
b. How does the resolving power of a microscope change when.
i. The diameter of the objective lens is decreased,
ii. The wavelength of the incident light is increased.
Justify your answer in each case.

Ans. :
a.

A
HR
Derivation:
L
- Magnification due to objective M∘ =
f∘

49
D
- Magnification due to eyelens Me =
S
- Total magnification m
I
= m∘ me
fe

L D
m∘ = .
97
f∘ fe
75 T M
b. The resolving power of microscope.
i. Will decrease with decrease of the diameter of objective lens as resolving power
is directly proportional to the diameter.
ii. Will decrease with increase of the wavelength of the incident light as resolving
89
power is inversely proportional to the wave length.
75. What are energy bands? How are these formed? Distinguish between a conductor, an
EE

insulator and a semiconductor on the basis of energy band diagram.

03

Ans. :
A collection of closely spaced energy levels is called an energy band.
VIN

The energies of electrons in the outermost orbit may change due to the interaction
between the electrons of different atoms. The 6 N states for ℓ = 1, which originally had
identical energies in the isolated atoms, spread out and form an energy band. At still
smaller spacings, the energy bands again split apart and are separated by an energy gap
Eg The total no. of available energy states 8N get re-apportioned between the two
bands(4N states each in the lower and upper energy bands).

[40]
VIN
EE
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03
89 IS HR
97
49 A
 A
HR
SECTION E

49
* Case study based questions [12]
76.
S
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light into denser medium at
the interface of denser medium with a rarer medium. For this phenomenon to occur
I
necessary condition is that light must travel from denser to rarer and angle of incidence
97
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in denser medium must be greater than critical angle (C) for the pair of media in
contact. Critical angle depends on nature of medium and wavelength of tight. We can
1
show that μ = .
sin C
89
i.
3
Critical angle for glass air interface, where ft of glass is 2
is,
a. 41.8
EE

b. 60º
c. 30º
03

d. 15º
ii. Critical angle for water air interface is 48.6º. What is the refractive index of
VIN

water?
a. 1

b.
3

c.
4

d.
3

iii. Critical angle for air water interface for violet colour is 49º. Its value for red
colour would be:
a. 49º
b. 50º
c. 48º
d. Cannot say.
iv. Which of the following is not due to total internal reflection?
a. Working of optical fibre.
b. Difference between apparent and real depth of a pond.
c. Mirage on hot summer days.
d. Brilliance of diamond.
 v. Critical angle of glass is θ1 and that of water is θ2 The critical angle for water
3 4
and glass surface would be (μg =
2
, μw =
3
)

a. Less than θ2
b. Between θ1 and θ2
c. Greater than θ2
d. Less than θ1

Ans. :
i. (a) 41.8
Explanation:
1 1 2
sin C = = 3
= = 0.6667
μ 3
2

A
−1 ∘
C = sin (0.6667) = 41.8

ii. (c) 4

HR
Explanation:
1 1 1 4
Cμ = = = =
sin C sin 48.6 0.75 3

iii. (c) 48º

49
Explanation:
From μ =
S 1
, sin C =
1

sin C μ
I
As, μv > μr ∴ Cv < Cr
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The correct alternative may be (c).
iv. (b) Difference between apparent and real depth of a pond.
Explanation:
89
Difference between apparent and real depth of a pond is due to refraction. Other
three are due to total internal reflection.
EE

v. (c) Greater than θ2

Explanation:
03

As, w μg <
a
μw <
a
μg ; ∴ θ > θ2 > θ1
VIN

77. Neutrons and protons are identical particle in the sense that their masses are nearly the
same and the force, called nuclear force, does into distinguish them. Nuclear force is
the strongest force. Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or
mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment
and spin of nucleus depends on even or odd mass number. Volume of nucleus depends
on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centered at the nucleus.
i. The correct statements about the nuclear force is/ are.
a. Change independent.
b. Short range force.
c. Non-conservative force.
d. All of these.
ii. The range of nuclear force is the order of.
a. 2 × 10-10 m
b. 1.5 × 10-20 m
c. 1.2.× 10-4 m
d. 1.4 × 10-15 m
iii. A force between two protons is same as the force between proton and neutron.
The nature of the force is.
 a. Electrical force.
b. Weak nuclear force.
c. Gravitational force.
d. Strong nuclear force.
iv. Two protons are kept at a separation of 40 A. Fn is the nuclear force and Fe is
the electrostatic force between them. Then.
a. Fn << Fe
b. Fn = Fe
c. Fn >> Fe
d. Fn = Fe
v. AD the nucleons in an atom are held by.
a. Nuclear forces
b. Van der Waal's forces

A
c. Tensor forces
d. Coulomb forces

HR
Ans. :
i. (d) All of these.
Explanation:

49
All options are basic properties of nuclear forces. So, all options are correct.
S
ii. (d) 1.4 × 10-15 m
Explanation:
I
The nuclear force is of short range and the range of nuclear force is the order of 1.4
97
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× 10-15 m. Now, volume ∞ R ∞A

3

iii. (d) Strong nuclear force.

iv. (a) Fn << Fe
89
Explanation:
Nuclear force is much stronger than the electrostatic force inside the nucleus i.e., at
EE

distances of the order of fermi. At 40 A, nuclear force is ineffective and only

electrostatic force of repulsion is present. This is very high at this distance because
03

nuclear force is not acting now and the gravitational force is very feeble. Fnuclear <<
Felcctrostatic in this case.
VIN

v. (a) Nuclear forces

78. The density of nuclear matter is the ratio of the mass of a nucleus to its volume. As the
volume of a nucleus is directly proportional to its mass number A, so the density of
nuclear matter is independent of the size of the nucleus. Thus, the nuclear matter
behaves like a liquid of constant density. Different nuclei are like drops of this liquid, of
different sizes but of same density. Let A be the mass number and R be the radius of a
nucleus. If m is the average mass of a nucleon, then.
Mass of nucleus = mA
4 3 4 1 4 3
Volume of nucleus = πR = π( R0 A ) = πR A
3 3 3 3 0

Mass of nucleus
∴ Nuclear density, ρnu = or ρnu
Volume of nucleus

MA 3m
= =
4 3 3
πR0 A 4πR0
3

Clearly, nuclear density is independent of mass number A or the size of the nucleus.
The nuclear mass density is of the order 1017 kg m-3 This density is very large as
compared to the density of ordinary matter, say water, for which ρ = 1.0 × 103 kg m-3
 i. The nuclear radius of 16
8
O is 3 × 10
-15 m. The density of nuclear matter is.

a. 2.9 × 1034 kg m-3

b. 1.2 × 1017 kg m-3
c. 16 × 1027 kg m-3
d. 2.4 × 1017 kg m-3
ii. What is the density of hydrogen nucleus in SI units? Given Ro= 1.1 fermi and mP
= 1.007825 amu.
a. 1.2 × 1017 kg m-3
b. 3.0 × 1034 kg m-3
c. 1.99 × 1011 kg m-3
d. 7.85 × 1017 kg m-3
iii. Density of a nucleus is.

A
a. More for lighter elements and less for heavier elements.
b. More for heavier elements and less for lighter elements.

HR
c. Very less compared to ordinary matter.
d. A constant.
iv. The nuclear mass of 56
23
Fe is 55.85 amu. The its nuclear density is.

a. 5.0 × 1019 kg m-3

49
b.
S
1.5 × 1019 kg m-3
c. 2.9 × 1017 kg m-3
I
d. 9.2 × 1026 kg m-3
97
75 T M
v. If the nucleus of 27
13
Al has s a nuclear radius of about 3.6 fm, then
125
52
Te would

have its radius approximately as.

a. 9.6fm
b. 12fm
89
c. 4.8fm
d. 6fm
EE

Ans. :
03

i. (d) 2.4 × 1017 kg m-3

Explanation:
VIN

Here R = 3 × 10-15 m
Nuclear mass = 16 amu = 16 × 1.66 × 10-27 kg
27
Nuclear mass 16×1.66×10
ρnu = = 4 3
Nuclear volume −15
π(3×10 )
3

= 2.359 × 1017 kg m-3 = 2.4 × 1017 kg m-3

ii. (a) 1.2 × 1017 kg m-3
Explanation:
−27
3m 3×1.007825×1.66×10
Density ρ = 3
=
22 −15 3
4πR0 4× ×(1.1×10 )
7

= 2.98 × 1017 kg m-3

iii. (d) A constant.
Explanation:
Amp
Mass
Density = =
Volume 4 1
π(R0 A )
3 3
 mp
=
4 3
πR0
3

Where mp = 1.6 × 10-27 kg3 = 2.3 × 1017 kg m-3, which is a constant.

iv. (c) 2.9 × 1017 kg m-3
Explanation:
Given, mass of mFe = 55.85amu
= 55.85 × 1.66 × 10-21 kg = 9.27 × 10-26 kg
1 −15 1
Nuclear radius = R0 A
3
= 1.1 × 10 × (56)
3
m

[∴ A = 56]
Nuclear mass mfe
ρnu = = 4
Nuclear volume 3
πR

A
3

26
9.27×10 17 −3
= = 2.9 × 10 Kg m
3
4π −15

HR
×(1.1×10 ) ×56
3

v. (d) 6fm
Explanation:
Here A 1 . = 27, A 2 = 125, R1 = 3.6fm

49
R2
S A2
1

3
125
1

3
5
As, = ( ) = ( ) =
R1 A1 27 3
I
97 5 5
75 T M
∴ R2 = R1 = × 3.6 = 6fm
3 3

----- -----
89
EE
03
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