MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Teacher: Mr. Kevin T. Eleseo

Scope and Delimitation

Scope and delimitation is an informative part of your research. It is informative because it is to where you
declare the things you have to carry out and follow through the course of research. I am sure, you are wondering why
there is a need for us to declare all of these to our readers. Likewise, you are puzzled what are the elements of your
research that are needed to be included? Well, let us deal with them one by one.

Scope
When we talk about the scope of research, it commonly refers to the depth your research area or parameters.
This includes restriction of the target population, research local, specified duration, design, procedure, and instrument
used.
1. Population – According to Majid (2018), this stands for the entire pool from which the sample is drawn.

Consider these examples:

a. Schools operating in Bataan (Private and Public)
b. Senior High School Students of a School
c. Grade 10 Students in a School Division
d. Tricycle Drivers operating in a Barangay
e. All Working Students in a grade level

2. Research Locale – It refers to the particular location where the study is conducted.

Consider these examples:

a. Oslob National High School
b. Barangay Tan-awan
c. DepEd Division of Cebu Province
d. Saint Mary’s Academy – Oslob

3. Specific Duration – This stands for the exclusive time frame when the research is conducted.

Consider these examples:

a. May 20 to 22, 2024
b. School Year 2023 to 2024
c. From 2015 to 2024
d. From January 2020 to May 2024

4. Research Method – This refers to the systematic plan for conducting research which includes strategies,
process, techniques, and procedures for collecting and analyzing data (MacDonald and Headlam 2008).
Here are the four (4) most commonly used qualitative designs that you can use.
a. Ethnography – If your research is about a description or investigation about customs of individual
and culture, this design can be used (Elis and Bochner 1996).
b. Phenomenology – If your research is about the commonality of lived experience within a group of
individuals or description of a particular phenomenon, this research design can be used (Singh
2018).
c. Case Study – If your research is about an investigation of a phenomenon within the context of real-
life situation, you can use this design (Kothari 2004) .
d. Grounded Theory – If your research aims toward a development of a theory in an inductive
manner, you can use this design (VanderStoep and Johnston 2009).

5. Protocols Followed – This refers to the standard procedure, system, or rules that you follow in gathering
data. It can be the permission in the conduct of the study, communication letter to the respondents, or
agreement on the conduct of interview.

6. Data Gathering Procedure – This refers to the step-by-step procedures that you employ before and during
the data gathering.

7. Instrument – These are measurement devices that you use in your research. It can be in a form of test,
survey, questionnaire, and the like. However, in qualitative research, you as the researcher is the
instrument, and your interview guide serve as a tool in gathering the data (Bahrami, Soleimani,
Yaghoobzadeh, & Ranjbar, 2016).
 8. Data Analysis – These are the systematical processes you employ to describe or interpret your data. It can
be thematic network analysis, dendogramming, structural analysis, text analysis, and Collaizi procedure.

Delimitation
On the other hand, when we talk about delimitation, it refers to choices made by researcher that serves as
boundary (Simon 2011). This includes research objectives, questions, variables, theoretical objectives you adopted,
target samples, and justifications that limits the scope of the study. Commonly, research objectives, and description
of variables are mentioned while research questions are just reflected on the set objectives. Variable are also
explained and declared, as well as to the theoretical objectives of the study. On the other hand, sampling method,
target sample size, and justifications in choosing the above mentioned scope are provided to clearly set the
parameter of the study. In some researches, instead of scope and delimitation, they use scope and limitation. The
term limitation is about the external and internal influences that researcher has no control of. They can be
shortcomings, conditions or influences that cannot be avoided due to the limitation of the study. Thus, these
limitations are a declaration of the possible influences to the result of the study.

Writing the Scope and Delimitation

Commonly, scope and delimitation is written in three (3) paragraphs. The first paragraph contains methods,
research design, research locale, time duration, population, sampling and class size. The second paragraph includes
the instrument used, validation and protocols followed in the conduct of the study. The last
paragraph is the declaration of data gathering and analysis. It is important that you need to provide proper
justifications of the elements you will be using. It is done through the wisdom of the experts – citation.

Example
Title: Exploring Environmental Factors Influencing Writing Proficiency among Grade 11 Senior High School Students
at Oslob National High School
This study investigates the environmental factors influencing writing proficiency among Grade 11 senior high
school students at Oslob National High School. The research methodology employed in this study is phenomenology,
which allows for an in-depth exploration of the lived experiences of students regarding their writing proficiency within
the school environment (Singh, 2018). The research will be conducted exclusively at Oslob National High School,
situated in Barangay Lagunde, Oslob, Cebu. This specific locale provides a focused environment for examining the
contextual factors affecting writing proficiency among Grade 11 students. The study will be carried out over the
duration of the academic year 2023 to 2024, allowing for an extended period of observation and data collection within
the school setting. The target population comprises all Grade 11 senior high school students enrolled at Oslob
National High School during the specified time frame.
The instruments utilized in this study include semi-structured interviews, surveys, and classroom
observations. Semi-structured interviews will serve as the primary data collection method, enabling the researcher to
delve deeply into students' perceptions and experiences related to writing proficiency (Bahrami et al., 2016). Surveys
and classroom observations will complement the interview data, providing additional insights into the environmental
factors influencing writing proficiency among Grade 11 students. The validation of the instruments will be ensured
through rigorous piloting and refinement processes, aimed at enhancing the reliability and validity of the data
collected. Standard protocols will be followed throughout the research process, including obtaining necessary
permissions from school authorities, communicating with respondents through official channels, and adhering to
ethical guidelines in data collection and analysis.
Data gathering will involve a systematic approach, including the recruitment of participants, administration of
surveys, conduct of interviews, and observation of classroom environments. Thematic network analysis will be
employed to analyze the qualitative data gathered from interviews, surveys, and observations, enabling the
identification of patterns and themes relevant to the research objectives. The findings of this study will contribute to a
better understanding of the environmental factors shaping writing proficiency among Grade 11 senior high school
students, thereby informing educational interventions and practices aimed at enhancing students' writing skills.

Significance of the Study

Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that research is a very noble undertaking if it makes significant
contributions to the community and to the academic field or discipline where the researcher is affiliated with. This is
basically the reason why the researcher needs to determine the relevance of their study. It should apparently identify
the purpose that the research will serve and how it will contribute to the society, the country, the government, the
institution or agency concerned, and the research community.
Under this section of the research paper, the researcher must be able topresent the valuable contribution of
the study to a particular body of knowledge or area of specialization. As Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) noted, it could
be in the form of a new knowledge in the field, analysis of trends over time, validation of other findings using different
methodologies, confirmation of the major findings of other studies, and verification of the validity of findings in a
different population. After identifying the general significance of the study, the researcher also has to determine the
beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results of the study. They may be classified as academic or non-
academic. Academic beneficiaries may include educational staff, teachers, students and researchers, while non-
academic beneficiaries may include stakeholders, policymakers, agencies and organizations. They should be
specifically listed according to the significance of the study’s results to them.
Moreover, the researcher needs to cite the particular benefits that the beneficiaries will gain from the study.
They refer to all advantages to be obtained by those directly involved especially the researchers and research users.
All of which can be manifested as demonstrable contribution of the said research to the specialized field or to the
community. Such benefits may be classified as educational, professional and personal as shown in the table on the
following page.

Benefits
1. Educational
 Learning about issues and methods in the chosen field
 Furthering creative and scholastic achievement
 Applying concepts from courses to real-life situations
 Sharpening problem-solving skills
2. Professional
 Exploring potential careers
 Learning new specialized techniques and skills
 Enhancing professional communication skills
 Networking same interests with others
3. Personal
 Building confidence and independence
 Promoting critical and thinking
 Enhancing awareness

Example
Title The Media’s Influence to the Millenials: Retrospecting Academic
Performance and Media Exposure (Sonsona, 2017)
General The results of the study will be significant in presenting the intertwining power of media
Significance in today’s youth and the technological advances that brought a niche in their lives.
Beneficiaries and School Administrators. The findings of the study will help them realize the strengths
benefits and weaknesses of the students on their media access, habits and preferences. The
findings can be further used as a springboard in putting up faculty enrichment
programs that will help enhance teaching strategies for improving the level of students’
academic performance through the improvement of their media-based curriculum.

Teachers. Since teachers greatly influenced the development of their students, they
may find this study useful in discovering ways and means to improve their
communication degree program instruction and to enrich students’ learning
experiences through proper utilization of the different forms of media.

Parents. Results of this study will develop awareness of the importance of their role for
the enhancement of their child’s academic progress at home and for them to be able to
guide them properly considering the number of hours they have accessed, spent and
availed of media.

Students. They will surely benefit from this research work, as they will be able to
realize the importance of proper time management which may include televiewing
hours among others and study hours in order to improve their academic performance.

ACTIVITY NO. 1 – Scope and Delimitation

Please review your understanding of scope and delimitation in research, as well as its importance, by
providing pertinent information about the discussed topic. Use the provided template to structure your response.
Write your answer on a piece of paper. Then, take a picture of your work and upload the photo to Google Classroom.
ACTIVITY NO. 2 – Significance of the Study
Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer on a piece of paper. Then, take a picture of your work
and upload the photo to Google Classroom.
1. Discuss the significance of a research study in determining its impact on both academic and non-academic
communities. How does identifying beneficiaries contribute to understanding the broader implications of the
study's findings?
2. Evaluate the different forms of contribution that a research study can make to a specific field of knowledge
or area of specialization. How do these contributions, such as the validation of findings or the analysis of
trends, enhance the overall understanding within the academic community?
3. Analyze the importance of identifying the beneficiaries of a research study and delineating the specific
benefits they stand to gain from the study's findings. How does this understanding of potential benefits
enhance the relevance and impact of the research within both academic and non-academic contexts?
 MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Teacher: Mr. Kevin T. Eleseo

LESSON 1 – Types of Plagiarism

Responsible writing is necessary for writing academic text (Louw, 2017). As a novice researcher, you need to take note
that you ought to be responsible for the things that you write in your research. One of the elements in writing responsibly
is through proper citation both in-text and reference citation. Aside from it, it is proper to list your sources on the
information that you are bringing out. Furthermore, you need to give proper credit to the author by acknowledging his
or her ideas. Nonetheless, you are avoiding plagiarism that is usually done when you quote words or ideas created or
first used by others. By doing it, your readers can track down the sources that you utilized by citing them properly
through footnotes, bibliography, or reference list.

To properly cite your sources, you need to learn first the types of plagiarism. Plagiarism is often committed when you
use words and ideas without making credit to the person who formulated it, making those words and ideas your own
(Sulaiman, 2018).

Types of Plagiarism:
1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-forword a section of others’ works
without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).

Example
The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident was immediately
addressed and effects were identified.
from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal Bullying
Incidents in a Middle School” written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat, Ph.D.

This is the proper way of citing a direct quotation.

“The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident was immediately
addressed and effects were identified”.

2. Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your previous works to come up with new
article without proper citation and permission to the teacher you previously submitted the work (Helgesson &
Eriksson, 2014; Plagiarism.org, 2011).

Example
You submitted a research for PR 1 A year later, you submitted it again in PR2

The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical
scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was
commonly committed by students towards their commonly committed by students towards their
peers. With the literature about this matter, little less peers. With the literature about this matter, little less
has been conducted about the manner novice has been conducted about the manner novice
teachers handle verbal bullying incidents. teachers handle verbal bullying incidents.

From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:

Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by
Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat,
Ph.D.

3. Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed when you take phrases from a source without using quotation marks or
citation; thus, you just find synonyms to the authors’ words while keeping the same though as it is in the
original (Roka, 2017).

Example
A research taken from the Internet Plagiarized

The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical The event of verbal bullying was a common situation
scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was in secondary school. This kind of abuse was
commonly committed by students towards their commonly committed by students towards their
peers. With the literature about this matter, little less classmates. With the literature about this matter,
 has been conducted about the manner novice little less has been conducted about the manner
teachers handle verbal bullying incidents. Thus, this new teachers handle verbal bullying incidents.
phenomenological study investigated the practices Thus, this phenomenological study investigated the
of novice teachers in handling bullying in a middle practices of novice teachers in handling bullying in
school. a secondary school.

From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:

Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by
Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat,
Ph.D.

4. Accidental Plagiarism. This is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a source or quoted by using
similar words or sentence structure. This can be avoided through responsible writing and running your work
in an initial plagiarism test available in internet (Learning Services Writing Center, 2018).

LESSON 2 – Proper Paraphrasing

The big question now is how to paraphrase? There is no perfect way of paraphrasing a sentence or paragraph. It is
because it will depend on the manner you understand what you have read. So, what you need is a better understanding.
Below is the suggested way for you to come up with good paraphrasing.

Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase

1. Take time to read. Careful reading of the text enables you to grasp the meaning of the sentence you are going
to paraphrase. It is recommended to read it three times or even more. This is to give you enough time to
comprehend the meaning of what you are reading (University of New England, 2020).
2. Take note of the key points. This is done through highlighting or listing the points or ideas presented in the
text that you are reading. Through this, you will see the things that the author wanted to impart in his or her
write ups. However, for you as a reader, those will also be the bases on how you will explain the ideas that
were presented (Chi & Nguyen, 2017).
3. Rewrite what you have read but use your own words. Rewriting what you have read does not mean you will
just copy it. Nevertheless, you are going to write what you have read based from what you have understood
from it. However, you need to be careful not to eliminate the ideas of what you have paraphrased (Oshima,
1999).
4. Compare what you have written with the original text. Through this, you may be able to see the similarities
and difference between the original text and what you have paraphrased. You need to remember that the
paraphrased sentence or paragraph has structural difference from the original even the choice of words.
However, the thought presented in the original text must not be different from the paraphrased text.
5. Make citation. There are so many citation styles available to you. But, always refer back to what is prescribed
to you by the organization or institution you are writing. If they prescribe you to use a particular citation style,
then you need to follow that standard. For example, many colleges and universities in the Philippines use
American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition citation style. On the other hand, in the Department of
Education (DepEd), they use DepEd Manual of Style and Chicago Manual of Style.

Let us paraphrase these:

Original
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was commonly committed
by students towards their peers.

Paraphrase
Verbal bullying is common in high school. Students usually commit this towards their classmates.

Another example
Original
The interview was directed to the five (5) novice teachers who were identified through criterion sampling.

Paraphrase
Five new teachers are chosen to be participants through criterion sampling.
ACTIVITY

Plagiarism is an act that violates someone’s intellectual property rights, including the copying of another person's ideas
in one's research or articles without proper citation. To assess your comprehension of the discussed lesson, create a
poster advocating for anti-plagiarism. Put your work on a sheet of short bond paper, then capture a photo of your
creation and upload it to the Google Classroom.

Rubrics

Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1)

Content Clearly explains the Provides adequate Explanation of Explanation of
concept of explanation of plagiarism is plagiarism is
plagiarism. plagiarism. somewhat clear. unclear or missing.
Design/Layout Visually appealing Layout is visually Layout is Layout is chaotic
layout with clear clear and somewhat cluttered and difficult to
hierarchy. organized. or confusing. follow.
Clarity Information is Information is Some information Information is
presented in a mostly clear and may be unclear or difficult to
concise manner. understandable. ambiguous. understand.
Originality/Creativity Demonstrates Shows some Lacks originality; Presentation is
originality in creativity in presentation is entirely derivative
approach and presentation. somewhat generic. or uninspired.
content.
Adherence to Includes all Includes most Some components Many components
Instructions necessary necessary may be missing or are missing or
components as components. incomplete. incomplete.
instructed.
 MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Teacher: Mr. Kevin T. Eleseo

In-text Citation

There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is used as an in-text citation and second, it
is used in reference citation.

Let us begin on in-text citation.

The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or essay (Waikato Institute of
Technology, 2010). The main question now is when are we going to use in-text citation? Practically, we use in-text
citations every time we quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements, information, and ideas that came from others.
It is a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated the ideas and concepts.

1. In-text citation with single author used in the beginning

Example: Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice researchers.

2. In-text citation with single author used at the end

Example: Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers (Fernandez, 2020).

How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can do it. However, title has
to be in quotation marks.

3. In-text citation with article title

Example: In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper citation has to be
observed among novice researchers.

Another example: In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on ways plagiarism
can be avoided.

In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal articles and the like are italicized. However,
when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.

4. In-text citation without quotation

Example: In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism can be
avoided.

Can we use citation in the middle?

It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end of the referenced statement. However,
there are instances that citation appears in the middle of the cited statement.

5. In-text citation in the middle of the statement

Example: Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the sentence,
whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.

Another example: Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of education
(Fernandez, 2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different philosophies.

When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which means “and others”. This is
used when you have multiple authors. Multiple authorship is authorship composed of six (6) or more authors.
Thus, when you have less than six authors, you need to write their surname. If you use in-text citation at the
beginning, just connect their surname with a comma and “and”. However, if it is at the end of the statement,
you connect the authors’ surname with the use of comma and ampersand.

6. In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)

Example: Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning
and end of the statement.

7. In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez,
Munez, & Valencia, 2020).
 8. In-text citation with six (6) or more authors
Example: Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement.

9. In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez,
et al., 2020).

What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or information? In dealing with this scenario, all of
them are placed on the same parenthesis. However, they are separated with a semicolon. Likewise, authors’
name has to be listed in alphabetical order.

10. Multiple entry with similar information

Example: It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez,
2020; Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).

What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by an author? In circumstance like this, it can be
done it two (2) ways.

11. In-text citation already cited by an author

Example: Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement.

Another example: Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (as cited in Pitt, 2020)

How about when you are going to cite a website article without authorship or organizational author? If you are
going to cite a website article without authorship, you need to use the webpage title or few words of the title
in the parentheses.

12. In-text citation using website article without author

Example: “Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones.

Another example: Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man in need,” 2020).

How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text citations omit page numbers.
However, it is encouraged to declare even the page number. Aside from it, this adds credibility to your sources
if you are going to declare it.

13. In-text citation with page number

Example: Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).

14. In-text citation using paragraph number

Example: According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (para.
99).

Another example: It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones
(Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).

After learning how in-text citation is done, let us move on to reference citation. This provides authority to your
statements by providing your readers' access to those sources. Likewise, it is an acknowledgment of the information
you have brought out on your research. Of course, in-text citations need to appear in the reference section of your
paper.

Practically, it is the list of the sources you have cited throughout your paper. This will provide your readers access to
all the sources you have considered in your research. Because we have used the APA 6th edition citation style in your
in-text citation, we use also APA 6th edition reference style in your reference entry. However, this only limited to the
reference citations you will be using on your study. These are reference citation on books, journals, online sources and
theses and dissertations in single authorship, multiple authorship, without author and date.

Reference Citation Style

Books

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press.

If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first letter of the name, middle initial) then followed
by a period. After that, the date of publication and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book (remember
that the whole title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There is an exemption, all proper names are capitalized.
After the title, write the publishing company.

1. Single author

When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book with one to five authorship takes
the usual format.

2. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing
Company Press.
Note:
Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and ampersand.

3. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.
Note:
After the first author, the word et al. is attached. The Latin term means “et alia” which means “and others”.
Thus, it represents the other authors of the book.

Journal Articles

1. Single Author
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for Young
Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it different is that it includes
the journal publication (first letter of the word is capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and page number
and digital object identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication is italicized and
second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.

2. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged
community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

3. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for Young
Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

Thesis and Dissertation

1. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.
(Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines.
 This citation for thesis or dissertation follows the same format with books. It starts with the author, date
published, title of the thesis or dissertation. Take note that the title needs to be italicized. Then, there is
parenthesis, inside it is the description of what reference is being cited, is it a master’s thesis or dissertation?
Last part is the institution where it is made and the location of the institution (commonly writers write the
country).

2. Thesis or Dissertation from Repository

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.
(Master’s thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines). Retrieved from
http://hdl.thesismasters.net/109287/99

The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should indicate the link of the thesis.

3. Thesis or Dissertation from Database

ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation. Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development
of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229)

Note: UMI is the name of publishing company that stands for University Microfilm International. The services
it offers is storage of theses and dissertations.

Online Sources
These are articles from credible website.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from

https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website

Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was retrieved. Remember not to
put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when you make a reference list, it should be arranged in
alphabetical order using the first letter of the surname.

ACTIVITY
Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer on a piece of paper. Then, take a picture of your work
and upload the photo to Google Classroom.
1. What is in-text citation, and when do we use it in our essays?
2. How do you cite a source with a single author at the beginning and end of a statement using in-text citation?
3. When can you include the title of a source in an in-text citation, and how is it formatted?
4. Explain how in-text citation is used in the middle of a statement, providing an example.
5. When do we use "et al." in our citations, and what does it mean? Provide an example with three authors.