Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.

Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

COMPUTER
 Computer is an electronic device which accepts input from the user, process it and produce the
desired output.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER(OR) HISTORY OF COMPUTERS:
S.No Parameters 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1 Year 1940-1956 1956-1963 1964-Early 1970-Till date

1970’s

2. Hardware Technology Vacuum Transistors Integrated Microprocessor

tubes Circuits

3. Software Technology Machine Assembly High level High level

language (i.e) language languages languages
0’s and 1’s
4. Input device Punched Punched Keyboard Keyboard,
cards,Paper cards Mouse
tapes
5. Output device Printouts Printouts Monitors Monitors

6. Memory device Magnetic Primary Primary RAM,

drum Storage- Storage- Hard disk
Magnetic Magnetic
core core
Secondary Secondary
Storage- Storage-
7. Size Larger Magnetic
Smaller than Magnetic
Smaller than Smaller than
1st 2nd generation 3rd
generation generation

8. Computation time Milliseconds Microseconds Nanoseconds Picoseconds

9. Portability Non Portable Portable Portable Portable

10. Reliability Unreliable Reliable Reliable Reliable

11. Cost Very Less Less Cheaper

Expensive Expensive Expensive
than 1st than 2nd
generation generation

12. Air Conditioning Required Required Required Required

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

13. Examples ENIAC,EDVAC,UNIV IBM 1401, IBM 370 Intel 4004

AC IBM 7090 chip

14. Advantages i)Computation i)Computation i) High level ii)Computers

were performed in is performed in languages are are very
Milliseconds & it Microseconds used small and
was fastest and speed is ii)Cost and Portable
computing device higher than 1st size of ii)Less
at that time generation computer is Maintenance
less Required
iii)Uses less
power and
generate less
heat
15. Disadvantage i)Uses machine i)Assembly Complex Complex
s language. So, language is technology is technology is
difficult to program used required for required for
ii)Occupy larger ii)Transistor manufacture manufacture
space and had to be of IC chips of
consume more assembled Microproces
power manually sor chips
iii)Generate large iii)Frequent
amount of heat maintenance
Required

5th generation of computers:

 Year-Present and next
 It is based on AI(Artificial Intelligence)
 Goal-Computers should be capable of learning and self organization
 It Allows Parallel Processing and Intel dual-core microprocessor is used for it
 Faster execution since parallel processing is used
 It uses SLSI(Super Large Scale Integrated) chip that can store millions of components on a single
chip
 Applications-Robotics, NLP(Natural Language Processing), Voice recognization.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER:

Types of computer

Analog Digital Hybrid

computer computer computer

Super Mainframe Mini Micro

computer computer computer computer

BASED ON HARDWARE DESIGN:

i) Analog computer:
 It is used to process continuous data like temperature, pressure, human heart beat.
 Signals are continuous of 0V to 10V.
 It produce the results faster but its only approximate.
 All analog computers are special purpose computers.
ii) Digital computer:
 Signals are of two level, LOW(0V) or HIGH(5V).
 These numbers are used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
 Low speed sequential and also parallel processing but the results are very accurate.
 All digital computers are general purpose computers.
iii) Hybrid computer:
 Combines the advantages of analog and digital computers.
 Measuring functions are performed by analog way while logic operations are done in digital way.
 (Eg) MODEM(MOdulator and DEModulator)-Convert digital to analog and analog to digital.

BASED ON SIZE, CAPACITY AND FUNCTIONALITY:

i) Super computer:
 It has a tremendous processing speed, memory than all other computers.
 Speed is measured in trillions of instructions per second.
 Size of the computer is very large and also very expensive
 Application=>used in scientific and research labs, government organizations, weather forecasting,
animation purpose in hollywood movies etc.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

ii) Mainframe computer:

 It is also larger in size but its size is less than super computers
 It can process millions of instructions per second and capable of accessing billions of data
 Applications=>Used in big hospitals, large companies as database servers
 Drawbacks=> It is much expensive and larger in size and cant used by normal people
iii) Mini computer:
 It’s size, speed and storage capacity is lesser than mainframe computers.
 It is a multiuser system
 It has separate functional units for each function
 Application=>Used in Universities, medium sized companies
iv) Micro computer:
 It is the smallest and cheapest computer
 It is a single user systems
 All components are embedded into a single unit
 Application=>Used in homes, schools, offices etc.,
 Micro computers include Personal Computers(PC’s), Laptop, Tablet Computers, Smart Phones.
BASED ON UTILITY:
i) General purpose computer:
 These computers are designed to perform various operations
 Can be used for variety of tasks from financial accounting to mathematical calculations
 Example: Digital computer.
ii)Special purpose computer:
 It is designed to perform only specific functions
 Instruction need to perform particular taks is alone incorporate in computer
 (Eg)Weather forecasting, aircraft control system,voing machine etc.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:

1. Hardware
2. Software

1. Hardware:
 Hardware refers to all visible devices that are assembled together to build a computer system.
 These include various Input devices, Central Processing Unit, Output devices

BASIC ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTER:

Control Unit

Input Unit Memory Unit Output Unit

Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit

1. INPUT UNIT:
 It consists of one or more input devices like keyboard,mouse,Light pen, Joystick etc.
 Keyboard is the most commonly used input device
Functions:
 Accepts data or instructions from the outside world
 Convert it into a form that the machine can understand
 Supply the converted data for further processing

2. CPU:
 It is called Heart of computer system(Since all operations are done here)
Functions:
 It performs all calculations and all decisions
 It controls and co-ordinates all units of computer
 It interprets the instructions of a program
 It stores data temporarily

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

CPU is subdivided into

a) Control Unit(CU):
 Instructs how to carry out program instructions
 Control all other units in a computer
Functions:
 During program execution, it fetches instruction from primary memory, decode them to determine
the operation required.
 (Eg): Add 2 numbers or read a character from keyboard
b) ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
 When some calculation has to be done,control unit transfers required data from storage unit to the
ALU.
 ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition,subtraction,multiplication,divisionand logical
operations.
 Once the calculation or comparison is performed, CU transfers the result to the storage unit.
c) Memory Unit:
 Holds the data for processing
Types:
i) Primary Storage
 It is also known as main memory
 It is a volatile memory(Temporary Storage)
 Hold the data received from the input unit,intermediate results
 Holds the program currently executed in a computer
ii) Secondary Storage
 It is a non-volatile memory(Permanent storage)
 If we want to save the results, it will be saved in secondary storage.
 Holds large amount of data
 Not directly accesible(Data is transferred through I/O system)
 It is slower than primary memory
 (Eg) Hard disk, Floppy disk,Tapes,Magnetic disk

3. OUTPUT UNIT
 It provides the result of computation(or) calculation
 It also converts the result in binary data to the form that the user can understand
 Some of the output devices are Monitor/Visual Display Unit(VDU), Printer, Plotter etc.
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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

2. Software
 Software is a collection of programs.
 It responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the hardware components of a computer and to
accomplish specific tasks. In other words, software tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Types of software:
1. System software
2. Application software
1. System software
 System software consists of several programs, which are directly responsible for controlling,
integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system.
 Some examples of system software are Operating Systems, device drivers, language translators, and
system utilities.
i) Operating System(OS):
 An Operating System interface between user and computer system (hardware).
 The operating system ensures that different programs executing at the same time do not interfere
with each other.
 In simple words, the operating system organizes and controls the hardware.
 Examples: Windows, UNIX, and Linux.
Functions of OS:
 Memory management
 Process management
 I/O management
 User interface
 Security
 Applications
 Multi tasking
ii) Device drivers:
 Device drivers are system programs, which are responsible for proper functioning of devices.
 Devices like printer, monitor, mouse or keyboard, has a driver associated with it for its proper
functioning.
iii) Language Translators:
 Computers only understand machine language(0’s and 1’s)
 Language translators are used to convert high level language or assembly language to machine
language

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

Types of language translators:

1. Compiler - Converts a entire program in high level language to machine language at a time.
2. Interpreter - Converts a program in high level language to machine language line by line.
3. Assembler – Convertes the assembly language program to machine language.
iv) System Utility:
 System utility programs perform day-to-day tasks related to the maintenance of the computer system.
 They are used to support, enhance, and secure existing programs and data in the computer system.
 Example: antivirus

2. Application Software:
 It is used to perform specific tasks.
 Application software is dependent on system software.
 Examples: Word processor , worksheet , Notepad etc.
i) Word processor:
 To open a word processor, Click startall programsMicrosoft officeMicrosoft office word
 Type a paragraph. Select the paragraph by using ctrl +A. To make a text as Bold, click ctrl +B. To
make a text as Italics, click ctrl +I. To make a text as Underlined, click ctrl +U.
 Select the paragraph and selects bullets and numbering from home menu.
 Select the font style and font size from the home menu.
 Click ctrl+L for left alignment, ctrl+R for right alignment, ctrl+E for center alignment, ctrl+J for
justify alignment.
 Select Insertpage number to insert page number to the document.
 To insert the table, click InsertTable and chose the required rows and columns.
 To insert rows, columns and cells in the table right click in the table and click insert option and click
rows or columns or cells.
 To delete rows , columns and cells in the table right click in the table and click delete option.
 To merge two cells in the table click the two cells and then right click and select merge option.
 To split a cell in the table, right click the cell and click split option.
 To convert text to table, click Inserttable optionconvert text to table
 To convert table to text, click Layoutconvert table to text.
 In Insert option, we can insert different shapes, symbols, equation and a hyperlink for any text.
 To find a given text, click ctrl+F. It is also possible to replace a given text with another text in entire
document.
 In page layout option, we can set the margin, orientation, page border, colour and the watermark.
 To secure a document, click office buttonprepareencrypt document.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

Mail merge using MS-Word:

 Mail merge is used to create multiple copies of same mail that will be sent to multiple recipients.
 To open a Microsoft office word, click startall programsMicrosoft officeMicrosoft office word.
 Enter the body of the mail. Above the body of the mail, left the To address blank.
 Click start mail mergeLetters.
 Then, click Select RecipientsType New List
 New Address List window will be opened. In that, add the Title, First Name, Last Name, Company
Name, Address, City, Pincode, State.
 Similarly add any number of recipient addresses and click ok and save the address list in any
location.
 Click the cursor below the To address and then Click Insert Merge Field and then select the required
fields to add to the mail.
 Click Finish and MergeEdit Individual DocumentsMerge all recordsOk
 Now the E-mail message is merged with all the recipients which are added.

ii) Worksheet:
 A spreadsheet application is a rectangular grid, which allows text, numbers, and complex functions
to be entered into a matrix of thousands of individual cells.
 Examples: Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3
Steps in preparing the marksheet of students in worksheet:
 To open a worksheet, Click startall programsMicrosoft officeMicrosoft Excel
 To create a mark sheet of students, click on any one of the cell.
 Enter the fields Rollno, Name, Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Total, Average.
 Enter the rollno, name of 5 students and enter their maths, physics and chemistry marks.
 Find the total of the first student by =SUM(maths, physics, chemistry marks) and click enter.
 Move the mouse cursor at the bottom most corner of cell and click and drag the cell to calculate the
total for other students. (OR) Below the cell total, type = and chose FormulasAutosumsum and
click enter to find the total. Click and drag to find the total of all students.
 Find the average of the first student by =AVERAGE(total marks/3) and click enter.
 Move the mouse cursor at the bottom most corner of cell and click and drag the cell to calculate the
average of other students. (OR) Below the cell avearge, type = and chose
FormulasAutosumaverage and type total/3 .Click and drag to find the average of all students.
 To create a chart, select the required columns and click Insertcolumn or pie or bar to insert a chart.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

Steps in preparing the employee payroll in worksheet:

 To open a worksheet, Click startall programsMicrosoft officeMicrosoft Excel
 To create a employee payroll, click on any one of the cell.
 Enter the fields eno, name, Basic Pay(BP), DA, HRA, Netpay. Consider DA=10% of BP, HRA=5%
of BP.
 Enter the eno, name of 5 employees and enter their Basic Pay.
 To find the DA of 1st employee type =(10/100)*BP and press enter. Move the mouse cursor at the
bottom most corner of cell and click and drag the cell to calculate the DA of other employees.
 To find the HRA of 1st employee type =(5/100)*BP and press enter. Move the mouse cursor at the
bottom most corner of cell and click and drag the cell to calculate the DA of other employees.
 To find the netpay of the employee is calculated by adding BP,DA and HRA.
 To create a chart, select the required columns and click Insertcolumn or pie or bar to insert a chart.

Some of the functions used in worksheet:

SUM= Add all the numbers in the range of cells
AVERAGE= Return the average.
ABS = Returns the absolute value(i.e) value without its sign
AND = Check whether all values are true. If so, it returns true.
OR = Check whether any one of value is true. If so, it returns true.
COUNT = Count the number of cells in a range that contains numbers.
MAX= Return a Maximum number among a set of numbers.
MIN= Return a Minimum number among a set of numbers.
QUOTIENT = Returns a integer portion of the division.
FACT = Used to find the factorial of a given number
SQRT = Used to find the square root of a number
DATE = Used to set the current date.
TIME = Converts the Hour, minutes, seconds given as numbers to the time format.
ROUND = Rounds a number to a specific number of digits.
FALSE = Returns a logical value False
NOT = Change True to false and false to true
REPLACE = Used to replace a string with a different string
COS = Returns a cosine of an angle.
SIN = Returns a sine of an angle.
TAN = Returns a tangent of an angle.
COSH = Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
SIN = Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
TAN = Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER:
Due to its various characteristics, computers are used in different fields.
Application Uses of computer
1. Business organizations Computers are used in maintaining employee information, payroll
calculation, budgeting, maintenance of stocks etc.
2. Banking Computers are used in banks for online enquiry of customer’s
balance, deposit, updating the balance.
It also helps to withdraw money from ATM
3. Education Computers are used in education purpose in school, colleges. It is
used by students in doing projects ,learning. It is used by teachers to
prepare ppt, report card,etc. It is also used in library to keep track
of books and customer details.
4.Space and research Computers help scientists in their research work.
A number of satellites linked with computers provide a lot of
information important for space research.
5.Health care/Medicine Computers are used in surgeries and medical tests in hospital.
It also used to store the records of patients.
6.Reservation Computers are used for reservation and cancellation of tickets.
7.Shops Computers are used in preparing bills and maintaining records of
stocks and price of different items.
8.Design Computers are used in designing building, vehicles, clothes, etc
9.Entertainment Computers are used to create special effects in movies.
It is also used in creating Hollywood and animation movies.

NETWORK:
 Group of two or more computers which are connected together.
NETWORK STRUCTURE:
 Network structure is a term used to describe, how data on a network is organized and viewed.
Types of network:
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

Local Area Network(LAN):

 LAN interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or
office building using the network.
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
 MAN interconnects computers across the cities, which are accessed only by certain group of users.
 It is more secured.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
 WAN is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
 Business and government organizations utilize WANs to send/receive data among employees,
clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations.

Network topologies (structure):

• Bus topology
• Star topology
• Mesh topology
• Ring topology
i) Bus topology
 A bus topology uses one cable to connect multiple computers.
 Coaxial cable are commonly used in bus topologies

Advantages
• The bus topology uses less cable than the star topology or the mesh topology which involve less cost.
• Ease of installation

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

Disadvantages
• Difficulty of troubleshooting.
• With a large network it is tough to isolate, which would take the entire network down.
ii) Star Topology:
 In a star topology, all computers are connected through one central hub or switch
 The mainframe system had a centralized point where the terminals connected.

Advantages
 If one link fails, the remaining workstations are not affected
 Easy in recovery of the system, if fault occurs.
Disadvantages
 If the hub fails, the entire network goes down(i.e) Central point of failure.
 More cable are used to connect to the hub, which increases the cost

iii) Mesh Topology

 The mesh topology is commonly used with national telephone network.
 In mesh topology, every computer has a connection to every other computers of the network

Advantages
 If there is a break in a cable segment, traffic can be rerouted.
 Fault tolerance - Network going down due to a cable fault is almost impossible.
Disadvantages
 A mesh topology is very hard to manage because of the large number connections.
 With a large network, the number of cable needed to connect is high, which increases the cost.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

iv) Ring Topology:

 In a ring topology, all computers are connected with a cable that forms a loop which has no start and
no end.
 Data is sent only in one direction on a ring to all other computers.

Advantage
• Each computer has equal access to communicate on the network.
Disadvantage
 If one computer fails or the cable link is broken the entire network could go down.

INTERNET AND ITS SERVICES:

Internet:
 Network of networks is called Internet.(OR) Interconnection of networks is called internet
Internet Services (or) Internet applications:
 world wide web(www)
 Electronic mail(E-mail)
 File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
 Telnet
 Ecommerce
 Newsgroups(Usenet)
 Instant messaging
i) world wide web:
 The world wide web (www) is an open source information space, where documents and other web
resources are stored.
 Those information are identified by using URL(Uniform Resource Locator), and can be accessed via
the Internet.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

ii) Electronic mail(E-mail):

 E-mail is a fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the
world.
 It is used to send documents, images, audio, video as an attachment along with the mail to single user
and also to a group of users.
 The message received or sent can be saved for future use.
 It is used to make video calls for other email users who are online at that time.
iii) File Transfer Protocol(FTP):
 FTP is used to transfer files from one system to another which are connected in a network.
 Using FTP, a client can upload, download, delete, rename, move and copy files on a server.
iv) Telnet:
 Telnet is a Telecommunication network.
 It is also known as remote login, (i.e) User can login into one system and interact with the another
system as it is being used locally.
v) E-commerce:
 E-commerce refers to buying and selling products online.
 User can sell the products online by specifying its cost, features and image.
 User can buy the products online using net banking, debit card or by using cash on delivery option.
 Some of the e-commerce sites are www.flipkart.com , www.amazon.com etc.
vi) Newsgroup(Usenet):
 Newsgroups are international discussion group that focus on a particular topic which helps in
gathering information about that topic.
 In newsgroup, users can ask questions to the group and can reply to the group.
 Example: They discuss about politics, computers, technology, etc.
vii) Instant messaging:
 Instant messaging is used to send messages instantly in a fast manner.
 Example: By using facebook ,whatsapp, hangouts , hike messengers, user can send/receive messages
to/from other users instantly.

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Computer Programming Unit I Prepared by S.Ashok Kumar, AP/CSE

INTRANET:
 An intranet is a private network that uses Internet Protocol(IP) to securely share organization's
information within that organization.
 Intranet is a network within an organization.

APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET:
i) Document publication applications:
 It allow publishing documents such as organization details, employee details, project report,
ebooks etc. to the local network.
ii) Electronic resources applications:
 It offers electronic resources such as software to be shared across the local network.
iii) Interactive Communication applications:
 Like on internet, we have e-mail and chat like applications for Intranet, hence offering an
interactive communication among employees.
iv) Support for Internet Applications:
 Intranet offers an Internet connection to the group of users, but with some restrictions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET AND INTRANET:

sl.no. Internet Intranet

1 Worldwide Network accessed by all Localized Network accessed by specific people

2 Contains unlimited source of information Contains only limited information

3 Number of users is unlimited Number of users is limited

Documents are unsecured Documents are secured by dynamic key
4 change(User’s login password changes at regular
interval)

5 Less Reliability More Reliability

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