year 10 curriculum

GCSE HIGHER
chapter 7
Quadratics

[Recommended Time : 10 - 14 hours]

Contents

Warm Up : Solving Quadratics Using Inverse Operations Page 2

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorisation Page 3
Completing the Square Page 5
more
Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square challenging Page 6
Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula (1) Page 7
Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula (2) Page 9
Solving Equations Match Page 10
Plotting Quadratic Graphs Page 11
Quadratic Graphs : x and y Intercepts Page 14
Quadratic Graphs : Turning Points Page 17
Quadratic Graphs Match Page 20
Properties of Quadratic Graphs Mixed Review Page 21
Fill in the Gaps Page 24
more
Sketching Quadratic Graphs (a > 1) challenging Page 25
Solving Equations Using Graphs (1) Page 28
more
Solving Equations Using Graphs (2) challenging Page 31
Chapter Review Page 32
Cumulative Review (Chapters 1 - 7) Page 35

Page 1 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 warm up : solving quadratics using inverse operations

learn by heart

A linear equation is a simple equation, such as 3x + 1 = 10

The variable x is not squared or raised to any higher power.

A quadratic equation contains at least one quadratic term, which is a term with a variable
that is squared. For example 3x 2 is a quadratic term and 3x 2 = 15 is a quadratic equation.

Coefficient: the number that precedes a variable. In the term 10x 2 , the coefficient is 10

exercise 7a

1. Which of the following is a quadratic equation?

A x 3 + 10 = 0 B 2x - 5 = 0 C x +5 =4 D x 2 - 2x = 5

2. In the equation 4x 2 - 6x - 5 = 0, the coefficient of the quadratic term is _______ and

the coefficient of the linear term is ________

3. Which of the following equations has two solutions?

A 2x = 0 B x2 = 9 C x 3 = 27 D x = -5
4

4. Solve each of these equations using inverse operations.

a) x 2 - 10 = 6 b) 3x 2 = 75 c) (x + 4)2 = 36

d) (x - 7)2 = 9 e) x 2 - 25 = 0 x2
f) =9
4

g) (x - 5)2 + 10 = 59 h) (x + 3)2 + 8 = 12 i) (2x + 5)2 = 25

j) 2x 2 + 8 = 40 k) (2x - 7)2 + 5 = 21 l) 3(x - 2)2 = 48

5. True or false? All quadratic equations have two solutions.

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 solving quadratic equations by factorisation

learn by heart

A quadratic trinomial is an expression containing a quadratic

term, a linear term and a constant, for example 3x 2 + 8x + 5

An equation made from a quadratic trinomial cannot be solved using inverse

operations, since there are two copies of the variable, one quadratic and one linear.

To solve these quadratics, we begin by ⬚ ×⬚ = 0 x(x - 2) = 0

making one side of the equation equal zero.
If two or more factors multiply to give zero, One of these Either x = 0
one of the factors must equal zero. must be zero. or x - 2 = 0
When we know the factors of a quadratic, we can work out the so x = 0, x = 2
roots, which are the solutions of the quadratic equation that are the solutions
make it equal to zero.

Examples

Solve: x 2 - 3x + 40 = 0 Solve: x 2 = 20x - 100 Rearrange

to equal 0.
(x - 8)(x + 5) = 0 x - 20x + 100 = 0
2

(x - 10)(x - 10) = 0
x-8=0 x+5=0
x=8 x = -5 x - 10 = 0
x = 8, x = -5 x = 10 x = 10

exercise 7b

1. Which of the following are roots of the equation: (x - 4)(x + 3) = 0

A -4 B -3 C 0 D 3 E 4 F 12

2. Which of the following are roots of the equation: (x - 5)2 = 0

A 5 B -5 C 0 D 10 E 25

3. Write down the solutions to each quadratic equation:

a) (x - 3)(x - 4) = 0 b) (x + 1)(x - 7) = 0 c) (x + 2)(x + 11) = 0

d) (x + 5)2 = 0 e) (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0 f) x(x - 6) = 0

g) (x + 8)(x + 9) = 0 h) (x - 7)(x + 7) = 0 i) (x - 5)(x + 12) = 0

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 4. Solve each quadratic equation by factorising:
a) x 2 + 11x + 30 = 0 b) x 2 + x - 6 = 0 c) x 2 - 8x + 16 = 0

d) x 2 - 36 = 0 e) x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 f) x 2 + 3x = 0

g) x 2 - 100 = 0 h) x 2 - 7x + 6 = 0 i) x 2 - 8x = 0

5. Two methods for solving x 2 - 9 = 0 are shown. Find the error in one of the methods.
Method 1 x2 - 9 = 0 Method 2 x2 - 9 = 0
x2 = 9 (x + 3)(x - 3) = 0
x=3 x = 3 or -3

6. True or False? x = 3 is a solution to (x - 3)(x + 2) = 5

7. Solve each quadratic equation by rearranging, then factorising:

a) x 2 - 6x = 27 b) x 2 = 12 - 4x c) x 2 - 8 = 8

d) x 2 + 21 = -10x e) x 2 = -2x f) x 2 + 12x + 20 = 2x - 4

more challenging

8. Solve (3x - 4)(2x + 1) = 0

9. Solve (8x - 3)(6x - 5) = 0

10. Solve (3x - 5)2 = 0

11. Solve 10x 2 - x - 21 = 0

12. Solve 4x 2 - 25 = 0

13. Solve 8x 2 - 16x = 10

14. Given that 5 and -2 are the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0,

work out the values of a and b.

15. Given that -3 and 4 are the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0,

work out the values of a and b.

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 completing the square

learn by heart
This format has
other uses too,
A perfect square is of the form (x + a)2 which we will look
at later in the
Completed square form is a perfect square + a number, i.e. (x + a)2 + b chapter.

Writing a quadratic trinomial into completed square format means we can

use inverse operations to solve it.

Example

Write x 2 + 8x + 10 in the form (x + a)2 + b Start by halving the

coefficient of x
x2 + 8x + 10 = (x + 4)2 - 16 + 10
= (x + 4)2 - 6

Exercise 7c

1. Write in the form (x + a)2

a) x 2 + 14x + 49 b) x 2 + 8x + 16 c) x 2 - 2x + 1

d) x 2 - 6x + 9 e) x 2 - 200x + 10,000 f) x 2 + 2px + p 2

2. Write in the form (x + a)2 + b

a) x 2 + 10x + 30 b) x 2 + 8x + 6 c) x 2 + 12x - 5

d) x 2 + 2x - 8 e) x 2 - 4x - 8 f) x 2 - 12x + 40

g) x 2 - 8x - 1 h) x 2 - 10x + 20 i) x 2 + 4x

j) x 2 - 10x k) x 2 + 8x l) x 2 - 2x

3. Given that (x - a)2 - b ≡ x 2 - 12x - 4, work out the values of a and b.

4. If x 2 + 8x + d is a perfect square, what is the value of d?

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 more
solving quadratic equations by completing the square challenging

learn by heart

One reason it can be difficult to solve quadratic equations is because the variable usually
appears twice, once squared and once not squared, e.g. x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
When we write the left hand side in completed square format, the variable only appears
once, allowing us solve the equation using inverse operations.

example
When we
leave a surd
Solve x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0, giving your
x2 - 6x + 4 = 0 in our
answers in the form p ± q answer, this
(x - 3)2 - 5 = 0
is called an
(x - 3)2 = 5
exact
x- 3 = ± 5 answer.
x =3± 5

exercise 7d

1. Solve, giving your answers in the form p ± r

a) (x - 5)2 = 2 b) (x + 1)2 = 2

c) (x + 2)2 - 2 = 0 d) (x - 6)2 - 32 = 0

2. Solve, giving your answers in the form p ± r

a) x 2 - 6x + 2 = 0 b) x 2 + 2x - 7 = 0

c) x 2 + 8x - 4 = 0 d) x 2 - 12x + 8 = 0

e) x 2 - 10x = 2 f) x 2 + 4x = 8

3. Solve x 2 - 10x - 3 = 0
Round your answers to 2 decimal places.

4. Solve x 2 + 6x - 1 = 0
Round your answers to 2 decimal places.

5. Which of the following cannot be solved? Why?

A (x + 2)2 = -3 B (x - 3)2 = 9 C (x + 1)2 + 2 = 0

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 SOLVING QUADRATIC EquationS USING the quadratic formula (1)

learn by heart

Another way to solve quadratic equations is using the quadratic formula.

We can write a general quadratic as ax 2 + bx + c, where a is the coefficient

of the x 2 variable, b is the coefficient of x and c is the constant alone.

-b ± b 2 - 4ac This formula was derived by rearranging the

The quadratic formula is general equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 using the
2a
same steps as for completing the square.

The discriminant is the part of the quadratic formula under the square root: b 2 - 4ac
This can be used to decide how many roots a quadratic equation has. When the
discriminant is negative, the root cannot be evaluated, so the quadratic has no roots.

exercise 7e

1. For each quadratic equation, write down the values of a, b and c.

A 5x 2 + 8x - 10 = 0 B 2x 2 - 4x + 1 = 0

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

C D
x 2 - 5x - 4 = 0 -3x 2 + x - 5 = 0

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

E F
x 2 - 10 + 3x = 0 4x - 6x 2 + 8 = 0

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

G H 8 - x2 = 0
2x 2 + 10x = 0

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

I J
3x 2 - 5x = 12 14 = x 2 - x

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

K L
x 2 = 10 - 3x 6x - x 2 = 15

a = ____ b = ____ c = ____ a = ____ b = ____ c = ____

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 2. Work out the value of b 2 - 4ac when:

a) a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 b) a = -2, b = 1, c = -5

c) a = -4, b = -3, c = -5 d) a = -1, b = 4, c = 0

e) a = 7, b = 8, c = -2 f) a = -8, b = 0, c = 1

3. Why is it impossible to evaluate -16 ?

4. Given that a = 5 , b = 3 and c = -2, work out the value of b 2 - 4ac

5. Given that a = 2 , b = -5 and c = 3, work out the value of b 2 - 4ac

6. Given that b = -7, what is the value of -b?

7. Given that b = 10, what is the value of -b?

-3 ± 9 - (4 × 2 × 1)
8. Evaluate
8

9. Which of the following is the coefficient of x 2 in the equation: 6 - x 2 = 7x

A 6 B 1 C 7 D -6 E -1 F -7

-4 ± 16 - (4 × 2 × 4)
10. Explain why it is impossible to evaluate
8

Finding the Formula more

challenging

The quadratic formula is derived from completing the square. Can you follow the steps below
to show how a general formula can be found? To simplify things, this quadratic has a = 1, so
it isn't quite the full formula in the end, but it might be give you an idea of where it came from...
Solve x 2 + bx + c = 0 b b2
x = -2 ± -c
complete 4
b 2 b2 the square common
x + 2
- 4
+ c = 0 b
x = -2 ±
b2
- 4c
4 4 denominator
b 2 b2 make x the
x + = -c subject b b 2 - 4c
2 4 x = -2 ± 4
b b2
x + = ± -c b b 2 - 4c
2 4 x = -2±
4
b b2
x = - 2
± 4
-c b
2
b - 4c -b ± b 2 - 4c
x = -2 ± 2
= 2

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 SOLVING QUADRATIC EquationS USING the quadratic formula (2)

example

Solve 5x 2 - 6x = -1
When the equation equals zero,
5x2 - 6x + 1 = 0 a is the coefficient of x2
b is the coefficient of x
a = 5, b = -6, c= 1 c is the constant

-b ± b2 - 4ac The symbol ± tells you to use

x=
2a the formula twice: once using
plus and once using minus.
6± 36 - (4 × 5 × 1)
x=
10

x = 1 or x = 0.2

exercise 7f

1. Solve the following equations.

Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.

a) 3x 2 + 4x - 6 = 0 b) 2x 2 - x - 8 = 0

c) 5x 2 - 3x = 0 d) x 2 - 12 = 0

2. Solve the following equations.

Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.
a) 5 - 2x 2 = 4x b) 3x 2 + 1 = 5x

c) 0 = 7x + 5x 2 d) x 2 = x + 5

3. Explain why there are no real solutions to the equation: 5x 2 + x + 3 = 0

more challenging

4. For a quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0

If b 2 = 4ac, how many roots does the equation have?

A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E Not enough information

5. Given that the equation x 2 + 4x + c = 0 has exactly 1 root, work out the value of c

6. Given that the equation 3x 2 + 6x + c = 0 has no real roots, what values of c are
possible?

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 Solving Equations Match
Solve each equation using any method. Find your answer underneath as an exact
value and also rounded to 2 decimal places.
Record your answers in the table.

Equations to Solve
A D G
x 2 + 10 = 15 x2 + x - 5 = 0 (x + 5)2 = 10

B E H
(2x - 7)(3x - 7) = 0 2x + 8 = 10x - 3 2x 2 = 15

C F I
2 2
3x - 5x - 3 = 0 (x - 7) - 26 = 0 6x 2 - 2x = 15

Exact Answers

1 4 7
-1 ± 21 7 7
x = x = ,x = x = -5 ± 10
2 2 3
2 5 8
2± 364
x = 7± 26 x = ± 5 x =
12
3 6 9
5± 61 15 11
x = x = ± x =
6 2 8

Rounded Answers

10 13 16
x = ± 2.74 x = 1.38 x = ± 2.24

11 x = -1.84 14 x = 3.5 17 x = 12.10

x = -8.16 x = 2.33 x = 1.90
12 x = 1.76 15 x = 2.14 18 x = 1.79
x = -1.42 x = -0.47 x = -2.79

Equation A B C D E F G H I
Exact Answer
Rounded Answer

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 plotting quadratic graphs

learn by heart

A function is a rule connecting a set of inputs and outputs.

A linear function has a simple rule, such as y = 3x + 1

The variable x is not squared or raised to any higher power.

A quadratic function is a rule containing x2 , such as y = x 2 + 2x - 1

The variable x is squared in at least one term. There are no higher powers.

The graph of a quadratic y y

function is a symmetrical curve. x
If the coefficient of x 2 is positive, it
opens upwards. If the coefficient x
of x 2 is negative, it opens downwards.

exercise 7g
y
1. Complete the table and plot the graph 14
of y = x 2 + 2x - 2
12

10
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
8
y 13 -2 1
6

2
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
y
6 -4

4
2. Complete the table and plot the graph
2 of y = 4 - x 2

x x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
y -5 3
-2

-4

-6

-8

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 3. Which of the following graphs shows a quadratic function?
A y B y C y D y

x x x
x

4. Which of the coordinates below are for points that lie on the graph of y = x2 ?
Choose all that apply.
A (0, 0) B (2, 2) C (3, 6) D (-4, -16)

5. Ian plots the graph of y = x 2 + 4x - 2 6. Sally plots the graph of y = x 2 + x - 1

What is wrong with his graph? Where has she gone wrong?
y
y x y
-3 -13
-2 -7
-1 -3
x 0 -1 x
1 1
2 5
3 11

7. Explain why each of the following is not a quadratic function:

a) y = 3x - 2 c) y = x 4 - x 2

b) y = 3x 2 + x 3 d) y 2 = x 2

8. Which of the following is the graph of y = -x 2 ?

A y B y C y D y
x x x
x

9. Why is the graph of y = x 2 symmetrical?

10. Why does the graph of y = x 2 never go below the x axis?

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 11. Does the graph of y = x 2 - 5 pass through the point (4, 10)? Explain your answer.

12. The graph of y = x 2 - 8 passes through the point (k, 1).

Work out the two possible values of k.

13. Match each graph to its equation:

A y B y C y D y
x
x x x

1 y = 3- x 2 y = 2 - x2 3 y = x2 - 2 4 y= 4

14. Which of the coordinates below are for a points that lie on the graph: y = x 2 - 10x - 3

A (-2, 21) B (-2, 13) C (-2, -27) D (-2, -19)

15. The graph of y = x 2 + kx + 2 passes through the point (-2, 10). What is the value of k?

Gradient Sorting Gradient is Infinite

E
Decide which of the groups on
the right each graph fits into.
Gradient is Always
Positive
A
C F

Gradient is Always
Negative

Gradient is Zero
B
D G

Gradient Keeps
Changing

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 quadratic graphs : x and y intercepts

learn by heart

The point at which a graph crosses the y - axis is called the y - intercept. y
The y - intercept occurs when x = 0
For a quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c, y - intercept
the y - intercept is at the point (0, c) x

The points at which a graph crosses the x - axis are called the x - intercepts. y
The x - intercepts occur when y = 0.
These are at the roots of a quadratic function. x
For example, the function y = (x - 3)(x + 7)
has roots of 3 and -7, and the graph crosses
the x axis at (3, 0) and (-7, 0) - x intercepts (roots)

exercise 7h

1. What are the coordinates of the point at which the graph of y = 2x 2 + 6x - 10 crosses
the y - axis?
2. Write down estimates or exact values of the roots of each graph:
a)
y c)
y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4
4
2
x 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-4 -2
-6 -4
-8 -6
b) y d) y
4 6
4
2
2
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2 -2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-8
-8 -10

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 3. Which of the following graphs shows a function with no roots?
A y B y C y D y
x
x x
x

4. Which of the following graphs shows a function with exactly one root?
A y B y C y D y

x x x x

5. Which of the following is the graph with equation y = (x - 4)(x + 5) ?

A y B y C y D y
x

x x x

6. The graph of y = (x - 7)(x + 2) crosses the x axis at _________ and __________.

It crosses the y axis at ___________.

7. The graph of y = (x + 4)(x - 5) crosses the x axis at _________ and __________.

It crosses the y axis at ___________.

8. The graph of y = x 2 + 7x + 12 crosses the x axis at _________ and __________.

9. Sketch the graph of each equation.

Show the coordinates of all intercepts with the coordinate axes.
a) y = x 2 - 3x - 10 b) y = x 2 + 8x + 12 c) y = x 2 + x - 6

y y y

x x x

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 d) y = x 2 - 7x + 10 e) y = x 2 + 6x f) y = x 2 - 25

y y y

x x x

10. Each curve is a graph with equation y = x 2 + bx + c.

Can you work out the equation of each graph?
a) b) c)
y y y

4
x x x
-5 2 -3 3 -2

-10 -9

11. Each curve has an equation of the form y = x 2 + bx + c

Work out the equation of each curve and the values marked with letters.
a) b) c)
y y y

q -2 s x
-1 r x
x
-6 -2 -5 -12

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 quadratic graphs : turning points

learn by heart

A quadratic graph has a line of symmetry. y

The line of symmetry is half way between the x-intercepts. x
Its equation can be worked out by adding the roots and 3 11
dividing by 2.
For example, if a quadratic function has roots of x = 3, and x = 11, line of
3 + 11 symmetry is
the line of symmetry is at x = 2
, which is the line x = 7 at x = 7

A quadratic graph has a single turning point or vertex. y

The turning point is on the graph's line of symmetry.
If the coefficient of x 2 is positive, the turning point is the
minimum point on the graph. x
turning
If the coefficient of x 2 is negative, the turning point is point is a line of
the maximum point. minimum symmetry

The turning point can be found by writing a quadratic in completed square form.
This is sometimes also called vertex form, because it shows the vertex (turning point).
A quadratic function y = (x + p)2 + q has a turning point at (-p, q)
For example, the function y = (x - 3)2 - 6 has a turning point at (3, -6)

exercise 7i

1. Write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry
for each graph:
a) y b) y c) y
10 16 10

8 14
8
6 12
10 6
4
8 4
2
6
x 2
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4
-2
2 x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-4
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-6 -2

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 2. Work out the turning points of the graphs of the following functions:
a) y = (x - 5)2 - 8 b) y = (x + 3)2 + 6

c) y = x 2 + 6x + 8 d) y = x 2 - 10x + 3

3. What are the coordinates of the turning point of y = (x - 3)2 ?

4. Explain why the graph of y = (x + 2)2 + 8 does not cross the x - axis.

5. Work out the equation of the line of symmetry for each graph:
a) y = (x + 2)2 - 4 b) y = (x - 5)2 - 1

c) y = x 2 + 12x - 6 d) y = x 2 + 8x + 2

6. Which of the following is the graph of y = (x - 7)2 - 4 ?

A y B y C y D y

x x x x

7. Sketch the graph of each equation, showing the coordinates of each turning point.
a) y = (x + 2)2 + 3 b) y = (x - 3)2 + 5 c) y = (x + 4)2 - 2
y y y

x x x

d) y = x 2 + 8x + 4 e) y = x 2 - 6x + 5 f) y = 6 - (x + 2)2

y y y

x x x

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 extension
more example
challenging
The minimum point
1. The minimum point of the graph
of the graph y = (x - 5)2 + 8
of the function y = x 2 + ax + b
y = x 2 + ax + b y = x 2 - 10x + 25 + 8
is (-5, 7).
is (5,8). y = x 2 - 10x + 33
Work out the values of a and b.
Work out the values a = -10
of a and b. b = 33

2. The minimum point of the graph of the function y = x 2 + ax + b is (3, 5).

Work out the values of a and b.

3. Work out the turning point of the graph of the function y = -(x - 3)2 and state whether it
is a minimum or a maximum.

4. What is the maximum value of y if y = -(x + 2)2 - 5 ?

y
5. A function is defined as y = -(x + 3)2 + 4 8
6
a) What are the coordinates of the turning point
4
of the graph of the function?
2
b) Is the turning point a minimum or a maximum? x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
c) What are the roots of the function? -4
-6
d) Draw the graph of the function.
-8
-10

6. By considering the turning points of the graphs of each of these functions, determine
whether each has 0, 1 or 2 roots.

a) y = (x - 5)2 + 1 b) y = -(x - 3)2 - 5

c) y = (x + 2)2 d) y = -(x + 4)2

e) y = (x - 3)2 - 4 f) y = -(x + 2)2 + 6

7. The graph of the function y = x 2 + 8x + c has a minimum point at (-4, 10).

Work out the value of c.

8. Explain how you can tell that the function y = -6 - (x + 4)2 has no roots.

9. A graph has equation y = x 2 + bx + c

One of its roots is x = 5
Its turning point is at (-2, p). Work out the value of p.

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 Quadratic Graphs Match
Work out which graph matches with each function below.
y y y
A B C

x
x x

y y y
D E F

x x x

y y y
G H I

x x x

1 y = (x - 3)2 2 y = x 2 - 5x + 4 3 y = (x - 5)(x + 2) 4 y = x(x - 4)

5 y = -x 2 6 y = (x - 2)2 + 3 7 y = x2 8 y = x 2 + 8x + 13

A B C D E F G H I 9 y = x2 - 4

Page 20 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 properties of quadratic graphs mixed review

exercise 7j

1. Write down estimations or exact values of the y-intercept, roots, vertex and line of
symmetry for each graphs:
a) y b) y
10 10
5
x 5
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-10
-5
-15
-20 -10
-25
-30 -15

y - intercept: y - intercept:

turning point: turning point:

line of symmetry: line of symmetry:

roots: roots:

c) y d) y
10 30
5 25
x 20
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5 15
-10
10
-15
5
-20
x
-25 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-30 -5

y - intercept: y - intercept:

turning point: turning point:

line of symmetry: line of symmetry:

roots: roots:

Page 21 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 2. A function is defined as y = (x + 4)(x - 2). y
15

a) What are the roots of the function? 10

b) Can you work out the line of symmetry of the 5

graph of the function without drawing it?
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
c) Can you work out the y-intercept of the
graph of the function without drawing it? -5

-10
d) Draw the graph of y = (x + 4)(x - 2)
-15

3. Write down the roots, y-intercept and line of symmetry of the graphs of each function.
a) y = (x + 4)(x - 4) b) y = (x + 1)(x - 4)

y - intercept: y - intercept:

line of symmetry: line of symmetry:

roots: roots:

4. By first factorising, work out the roots of y = x 2 + 8x + 12

5. Which of the following graphs show functions with no roots? Choose all that apply.
A y B y C y D y
x
x

x
x

6. The graph of y = x 2 + 6x + 5 is shown. y

Work out the coordinates of the points

marked A, B, C and D.
D

A C x

Page 22 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 7. Sketch the graph of each function.
Show the coordinates of the turning point and the y-intercept for each curve.
a) y = x 2 + 4x - 3 b) y = x 2 - 10x + 12 c) y = x 2 - 8x

y y y

x x x

8. Three of the following are graphs of functions with roots of x = 3 and x = -2

Which three?
A y B y C y D y

x x
x

E y F y G y H y
x
x

x
x

y
9. Challenge! 10

The graph of the function y = 2x 2 + 12x + 4

is shown. 5

a) Work out the values of the roots of

the function, correct to 2 decimal places. x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4

b) The equation of the line of symmetry of -5

the function is x = -3
Work out the coordinates of the turning point.
-10

Page 23 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 Fill in the Gaps
1. Pairs of Graph
The function is: The factors are: y
values 12
y = x 2 + 6x + 5 x y 10

-6 8
The roots are: The y - intercept is: 6
-5
4
-4
2
-3 x
The turning -2 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
In the form -2
y = (x - a)2 + b point is:
-1 -4
0 -6

2. Values
The function is: The factors are: Graph
y
x y 10
2
y = x - 4x - 12 -3
-2 0 5
-1 -7
The roots are: The y - intercept is: x
0 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
1 -15
-5
2 -16
3 -15
-10
In the form The turning 4 -12
y = (x - a)2 + b point is: 5 -15
6
7 9 -20

3. Pairs of Graph
The function is: The factors are:
values y
16
x y 14
0 12
The roots are: The y - intercept is: 1 10

x = 3 2 8
(0, 15) 3
x = 5 6
4 4
In the form The turning
5 2
y = (x - a)2 + b point is:
6 x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 -2

Page 24 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 more
Sketching Quadratic Graphs (a > 1) challenging

example

Sketch the graph of the function y = 3x 2 + 6x - 9 labelling the turning point and any points
of intersection with the axes.
y
y = 3x2 + 6x - 9 Complete the
y = 3[x 2
+ 2x - 3] square by first
taking out a
y = 3[(x + 1)2 - 4]
factor of 3
y = 3(x + 1)2 - 12
Turning Point: (-1, -12)
x
3(x + 1)2 - 12 = 0 Set y = 0 and 1
-3
3(x + 1)2 = 12 solve to find
(x + 1)2 = 4 the roots.
(x + 1) = ±2
-9
x = -1 ± 2
Roots: x = 1, x = -3 (-1, -12)

exercise 7k

1. a) Write 2x 2 + 8x + 4 in the form a(x + b)2 + c

b) Hence write down coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = 2x 2 + 8x + 4

2. Sketch the graph of each function.

Label the coordinates of the turning point and the point of intersection with the y - axis.
a) y = 3(x - 2)2 - 4 b) y = 2(x + 1)2 - 5 c) y = 4(x - 3)2
y y y

x
x
x

Page 25 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. Sketch the graph of each equation.
Label the coordinates of the turning points and all intercepts with the coordinate axes (in
exact form where necessary).
a) y = 3x 2 + 18x b) y = 2x 2 - 12x + 10 c) y = 3x 2 + 12x - 15

y y y

x x x

d) y = -4(x - 2)2 e) y = -2x 2 + 4x + 16 f) y = 16 - 4x 2

y y y

x x x

g) y = 3x 2 + 12x + 16 h) y = 2x 2 - 8x - 3 i) y = 9 - 8x - 4x 2

y y y

x x x

Page 26 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 further extension

4. Work out the equation of each quadratic curve in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c

a) b) c)
y y y

x x x
-4 1 -2 3 -2 2

-8
-18 -12

d) y e) y f) y

18

2 6 -2 -6 -1
x x x

-20
-24

g) h) i)
y y y
(3, 36)

12
24
x x (2, 12) x
(0, 0) 6
(3, -6)

Page 27 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 solving equations using graphs (1)

example

By drawing graphs, find approximate solutions to the equation 2x 2 + 3x = 4 - x

1. Draw the graph of y = [left side] y

10 3. The x - values
y = 2x2 + 3x of the
8
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
intersection
6 points of the
y 9 2 -1 0 5 14
two graphs
4
are the solutions
2. Draw the graph of y = [right side]
to the equation.
y = 4-x 2
x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 -2 x 0.9,
x -2.8

exercise 7l

1. The graph of y = 2x 2 + 8x + 6 is shown.

y
10
Use the graph find solutions to the following
equations. 8

a) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = 0 6

4
b) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = -1
2
c) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = 6
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
d) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = x + 2 -2

-4
y
2. The graph of y = x 2 - 4 is shown. 6
Use the graph find solutions to the following
4
equations.
2
2
a) x - 4 = 0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

b) x 2 - 4 = 2x - 1 -2

-4

-6

Page 28 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. The graph of y = -2x 2 - 10x - 8 is shown. y
10
Use the graph find solutions to the following
equations.

a) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 0 5

b) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 4
x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
c) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 2x + 1

d) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = -8 -5

-10

4. a) On the grid, draw the graphs of: y

14
i) y = x 2 - 7x + 12
12

10

8
ii) y = 2x - 4
6

2
b) Use your graphs to find solutions to the
x
following equations. -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
i) x 2 - 7x + 12 = 0
-4
ii) x 2 - 7x + 12 = 2x - 4
-6

y = -20 - 3x y y = 3x 2 - 4x - 8
5. The graphs of y = 3x 2 - 4x - 8 10
and y = -20 - 3x are shown.

Use the diagram to work 5

out the number of solutions
to the equation:
x
-10 -5 5 10
3x 2 - 4x - 8 = -20 - 3x

Explain your answer. -5

-10

Page 29 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 6. The graphs of y = x 2 + 2x - 1 y = x 2 + 2x - 1 y
10
and y = 2x are shown.
9
Use the graphs to solve the 8
simultaneous equations: 7
6
y = x 2 + 2x - 1
5
y = 2x
4 y = 2x
3
2
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3

7. The graphs of y = 4x - 3 y
18
and y = x 2 - x are shown.
16
Use the graphs to estimate the 14
solutions to the simultaneous equations:
12

y = 4x - 3 10
y = x2 - x 8
y = x2 - x
6

2
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2 y = 4x - 3
y
8. The graphs of y = 4x - 7 20
and y = 2x 2 + 4x are shown.
15
Is it possible to find any solutions to
the following simultaneous equations? 10
y = 4x - 7 y = 2x 2 + 4x
y = 2x 2 + 4x 5 y = 4x - 7
x
Explain your answer. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-5

-10

Page 30 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 more
solving equations using graphs (2) challenging

example

The graph of y = x 2 - 2x is shown. y

16
Use the graph to solve the equation The x - values
14
x 2 - 3x - 10 = 0 of the
12 intersection
Work out:
10 points of the
right side of the drawn function
subtract 8 two graphs
left side of the equation ( = 0) 6 are the solutions
to the equation.
x2 - 2x 4
x2 - 3x - 10 - 2

x + 10
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
x = 5,
Draw the graph of y = [difference]
x = -2
y = x + 10

exercise 7m

1. The graph of y = x 2 + x - 5 is shown. 2. The graph of y = x 2 + 4x is shown.

By drawing a second graph, estimate By drawing a second graph, estimate

the solutions to the equation the solutions to the equation
x 2 + 2x - 7 = 0 x 2 + 2x - 1 = 0

y y
10 6
5
8
4
6
3
4 2
1
2
x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -1
-2 -2

-4 -3
-4
-6
-5

Page 31 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. The graph of y = x 2 - 5x - 3 is shown. 4. The graph of y = 7 - x 2 is shown.

By drawing a second graph, estimate By drawing a second graph, estimate

the solutions to the equation the solutions to the equation
x 2 - 3x = x - 2 4x - x 2 = x - 2

y y
10 8
8
6
6
4
4
2 2
x x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-8 -6

-10 -8

chapter review

exercise 7n

1. Write each of the following in the form: (x + p)2 + q

a) x 2 + 10x + 2 b) x 2 + 4x - 5

c) x 2 - 12x + 41 d) x 2 - 6x - 3

2. Solve each equation. Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.

a) x 2 = 16 b) (x + 3)2 = 20 c) (x - 7)(x - 3) = 0

d) (x - 5)2 - 2 = 0 e) x 2 + 7x + 10 = 0 f) (x - 7)2 = 0

g) x 2 - 2x = 3 h) 3x 2 - x - 5 = 0 i) (2x - 5)(x - 7) = 0

Page 32 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. Solve x 2 - 8x + 6 = 0
Give your answers in the form p ± q

4. Sketch the graph of y = x 2 5. Sketch the graph of y = -x 2

y y

x x

y
6. a) Draw the graph of y = 2x 2 - x - 3 14
12
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 10

y 7 -2 8
6
4
b) Use your graph to estimate the
solutions to 2x 2 - x - 3 = 0 2
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4

7. Complete the statement:

The graph of y = (x - 8)(x - 2) crosses the x - axis at _________ and __________ and
crosses the y - axis at ___________.

8. The graph of a function is shown. y

5
Write down:

a) The coordinates of the turning point

x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
of the graph.
-5
b) The roots of the function.
-10
c) The y -intercept of the graph.
-15
d) The equation of the line of symmetry
of the graph.
-20

9. Which one of the following is the graph of y = (x - 5)2 - 3 ?

A y B y C y D y

x x x x

Page 33 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 10. Work out the coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = x 2 + 8x - 12

11. Sketch the graph of each equation.

Label the coordinates of all intercepts with the coordinate axes.
a) y = x 2 - x - 12 b) y = x 2 - 8x + 7 c) y = x 2 - 25

y y y

x x x

12. a) On the grid, draw the graphs of: y

14
i) y = x 2 - 6x + 4
12

10

8
ii) y = 10 - x 6

2
x
b) Use your graphs to work out -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
approximate solutions to these -2
equations:
-4
i) x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0
-6
ii) x 2 - 6x + 4 = 10 - x

13. Work out the equation of each graph in the form y = x 2 + bx + c

a) y b) y

16
x
-3 5
x
4
-15

Page 34 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 cumulative review (chapters 1 - 7)

exercise 7o

1. A length, p, is measured as 8cm, correct to the nearest 1cm.

Write down the error interval for p.

2. Solve simultaneously: 3x + 2y = 7
4x + 4y = 12

3. Factorise fully:
a) x 2 + 4x - 12 b) x 3 + 3x 2 c) x 2 - 25

4. Work out:
12
a) 0.4 × 0.8 b) c) 16
0.01 0.5

5. The stem and leaf diagram shows the ages of some people taking their driving test.
Work out the required values:
Youngest: ______
Stem Leaves
1 7 7 8 8 8 Oldest: ______
2 0 1 1 3 4 Key: 1 | 7 Range: ______
3 2 3 represents Mode: ______
4 1 17 years
Median: ______

6. The data shows the number of items bought in a supermarket by 18 customers.

Draw a box plot to represent this data.

2 2 4 4 4 5
5 7 10 10 11 12
12 12 14 15 18 20 0 5 10 15 20
Number of Items Bought
7. Simplify fully:

a) 3 8 b) 2 2 × 3 5 c) 72

45
d) ( 7 )2 e) 2 5 + 3 5 f)
5

8. Solve: x 2 + 3x = 18

Page 35 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 9. The table shows the hourly wages of some workers.
a) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for this data.
20

Cumulative
Frequency
Hourly wage
Freq.
W (£)
15
0 ≤ W < 10 5

10 ≤ W < 14 3
10
14 ≤ W < 16 2

16 ≤ W < 20 6
5
20 ≤ W < 24 2

b) Estimate the median wage. 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wage £W
c) Estimate the number of workers who earned less than £19 per hour.

10. Expand and simplify (3 - 5 )(3 + 5)

11. t is equal to 6, correct to the nearest integer.

p is equal to 4.2, correct to 1 decimal place.

Work out the upper bound of t correct to 3 decimal places.

p

12. Work out the value of θ in each diagram. Give a reason for your answers.
a) b) c)
54°
78°
θ
110°

42° θ
θ

13. Prove that for all integer values of x,

4(2x - 3) - 2(x - 8) is an even number.

14. Rearrange to make x the subject: ax + 4x = 2by

15. Solve: 16x 2 - 20x = 6

Page 36 10H7 Quadratics www.MathsPad.co.uk

 year 10 curriculum

GCSE HIGHER
chapter 7
Quadratics

[Recommended Time : 10 - 14 hours]

Contents

Warm Up : Solving Quadratics Using Inverse Operations Page 2

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorisation Page 3
Completing the Square Page 5
more
Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square challenging Page 6
Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula (1) Page 7
Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula (2) Page 9
Solving Equations Match Page 10
Plotting Quadratic Graphs Page 11
Quadratic Graphs : x and y Intercepts Page 14
Quadratic Graphs : Turning Points Page 17
Quadratic Graphs Match Page 20
Properties of Quadratic Graphs Mixed Review Page 21
Fill in the Gaps Page 24
more
Sketching Quadratic Graphs (a > 1) challenging Page 25
Solving Equations Using Graphs (1) Page 28
more
Solving Equations Using Graphs (2) challenging Page 31
Chapter Review Page 32
Cumulative Review (Chapters 1 - 7) Page 35

10H7 Quadratics
Page 1 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 warm up : solving quadratics using inverse operations

learn by heart

A linear equation is a simple equation, such as 3x + 1 = 10

The variable x is not squared or raised to any higher power.

A quadratic equation contains at least one quadratic term, which is a term with a variable
that is squared. For example 3x 2 is a quadratic term and 3x 2 = 15 is a quadratic equation.

Coefficient: the number that precedes a variable. In the term 10x 2 , the coefficient is 10

exercise 7a

1. Which of the following is a quadratic equation?

A x 3 + 10 = 0 B 2x - 5 = 0 C x +5 =4 D x 2 - 2x = 5

2. In the equation 4x 2 - 6x - 5 = 0, the coefficient of the quadratic term is _______

4 and
-6
the coefficient of the linear term is ________

3. Which of the following equations has two solutions?

A 2x = 0 B x2 = 9 C x 3 = 27 D x = -5
4

4. Solve each of these equations using inverse operations.

a) x 2 - 10 = 6 b) 3x 2 = 75 c) (x + 4)2 = 36
x = ±4 x = 2
x = ±5 x = -10

d) (x - 7)2 = 9 e) x 2 - 25 = 0 x2
f) =9
x = 10 x = ±5 4
x = ±6
x = 4

g) (x - 5)2 + 10 = 59 h) (x + 3)2 + 8 = 12 i) (2x + 5)2 = 25

x = 12 x = 1 x = 0
x = -2 x = -7 x = -5

j) 2x 2 + 8 = 40 k) (2x - 7)2 + 5 = 21 l) 3(x - 2)2 = 48

x = ±4 x = 5.5 x = 6
x = 1.5 x = -2

5. True or false? All quadratic equations have two solutions. False, eg. (x - 1)2 = 0

10H7 Quadratics
Page 2 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 solving quadratic equations by factorisation

learn by heart

A quadratic trinomial is an expression containing a quadratic

term, a linear term and a constant, for example 3x 2 + 8x + 5

An equation made from a quadratic trinomial cannot be solved using inverse

operations, since there are two copies of the variable, one quadratic and one linear.

To solve these quadratics, we begin by ⬚ ×⬚ = 0 x(x - 2) = 0

making one side of the equation equal zero.
If two or more factors multiply to give zero, One of these Either x = 0
one of the factors must equal zero. must be zero. or x - 2 = 0
When we know the factors of a quadratic, we can work out the so x = 0, x = 2
roots, which are the solutions of the quadratic equation that are the solutions
make it equal to zero.

Examples

Solve: x 2 - 3x + 40 = 0 Solve: x 2 = 20x - 100 Rearrange

to equal 0.
(x - 8)(x + 5) = 0 x - 20x + 100 = 0
2

(x - 10)(x - 10) = 0
x-8=0 x+5=0
x=8 x = -5 x - 10 = 0
x = 8, x = -5 x = 10 x = 10

exercise 7b

1. Which of the following are roots of the equation: (x - 4)(x + 3) = 0

A -4 B -3 C 0 D 3 E 4 F 12

2. Which of the following are roots of the equation: (x - 5)2 = 0

A 5 B -5 C 0 D 10 E 25

3. Write down the solutions to each quadratic equation:

a) (x - 3)(x - 4) = 0 b) (x + 1)(x - 7) = 0 c) (x + 2)(x + 11) = 0
x = 3, x = 4 x = -1, x = 7 x = -2, x = -11
d) (x + 5)2 = 0 e) (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0 f) x(x - 6) = 0
x = -5 x = 4, x = -2 x = 0, x = 6
g) (x + 8)(x + 9) = 0 h) (x - 7)(x + 7) = 0 i) (x - 5)(x + 12) = 0
x = -8, x = -9 x = 7, x = -7 x = 5, x = -12

10H7 Quadratics
Page 3 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 4. Solve each quadratic equation by factorising:
a) x 2 + 11x + 30 = 0 b) x 2 + x - 6 = 0 c) x 2 - 8x + 16 = 0
x = -5, x -6 x = 2, x = -3 x =4
d) x 2 - 36 = 0 e) x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 f) x 2 + 3x = 0
x = -6, x = 6 x = -1, x = -3 x = 0, x = -3

g) x 2 - 100 = 0 h) x 2 - 7x + 6 = 0 i) x 2 - 8x = 0
x = 10, x = -10 x = 1, x = 6 x = 0, x = 8
5. Two methods for solving x 2 - 9 = 0 are shown. Find the error in one of the methods.
Method 1 x2 - 9 = 0 Method 2 x2 - 9 = 0
x2 = 9 (x + 3)(x - 3) = 0
Should include the
x=3 negative square root. x = 3 or -3

6. True or False? x = 3 is a solution to (x - 3)(x + 2) = 5 false

7. Solve each quadratic equation by rearranging, then factorising:

a) x 2 - 6x = 27 b) x 2 = 12 - 4x c) x 2 - 8 = 8
x = -3, x = 9 x = 2, x = -6 x = 4, x = -4
d) x 2 + 21 = -10x e) x 2 = -2x f) x 2 + 12x + 20 = 2x - 4
x = -3, x = -7 x = 0, x = -2 x = -4, x = -6

more challenging

4 1
8. Solve (3x - 4)(2x + 1) = 0 x = , x= -
3 2
3 5
9. Solve (8x - 3)(6x - 5) = 0 x= , x =
8 6
5
10. Solve (3x - 5)2 = 0 x =
3
3 7
11. Solve 10x 2 - x - 21 = 0 (2x - 3)(5x + 7) = 0 x = , x =-
2 5

12. Solve 4x 2 - 25 = 0 (2x + 5)(2x - 5) = 0 5 5

x= - , x =
2 2
1 5
13. Solve 8x 2 - 16x = 10 (4x + 2)(2x - 5) = 0 x= , x =
2 2
(x + 2)(x - 5) = 0
14. Given that 5 and -2 are the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0, x 2 - 3x - 10 = 0
work out the values of a and b. a = -3, b = -10

(x + 3)(x - 4) = 0
15. Given that -3 and 4 are the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0,
work out the values of a and b. x 2 - x - 12 = 0
a = -1, b = -12

10H7 Quadratics
Page 4 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 completing the square

learn by heart
This format has
other uses too,
A perfect square is of the form (x + a)2 which we will look
at later in the
Completed square form is a perfect square + a number, i.e. (x + a)2 + b chapter.

Writing a quadratic trinomial into completed square format means we can

use inverse operations to solve it.

Example

Write x 2 + 8x + 10 in the form (x + a)2 + b Start by halving the

coefficient of x
x2 + 8x + 10 = (x + 4)2 - 16 + 10
= (x + 4)2 - 6

Exercise 7c

1. Write in the form (x + a)2

a) x 2 + 14x + 49 b) x 2 + 8x + 16 c) x 2 - 2x + 1
(x + 7)2 (x + 4)2 (x - 1)2
d) x 2 - 6x + 9 e) x 2 - 200x + 10,000 f) x 2 + 2px + p 2
(x - 3)2 (x - 100)2 (x + p)2

2. Write in the form (x + a)2 + b

a) x 2 + 10x + 30 b) x 2 + 8x + 6 c) x 2 + 12x - 5
(x + 5)2 + 5 (x + 4)2 - 10 (x + 6)2 - 41

d) x 2 + 2x - 8 e) x 2 - 4x - 8 f) x 2 - 12x + 40
(x + 1)2 - 9 (x - 2)2 - 12 (x - 6)2 + 4

g) x 2 - 8x - 1 h) x 2 - 10x + 20 i) x 2 + 4x
(x - 4)2 - 17 (x - 5)2 - 5 (x + 2)2 - 4

j) x 2 - 10x k) x 2 + 8x l) x 2 - 2x
(x - 5)2 - 25 (x + 4)2 - 16 (x - 1)2 - 1

3. Given that (x - a)2 - b ≡ x 2 - 12x - 4, work out the values of a and b. a = 6, b = 40

4. If x 2 + 8x + d is a perfect square, what is the value of d? 16

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 more
solving quadratic equations by completing the square challenging

learn by heart

One reason it can be difficult to solve quadratic equations is because the variable usually
appears twice, once squared and once not squared, e.g. x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
When we write the left hand side in completed square format, the variable only appears
once, allowing us solve the equation using inverse operations.

example
When we
leave a surd
Solve x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0, giving your
x2 - 6x + 4 = 0 in our
answers in the form p ± q answer, this
(x - 3)2 - 5 = 0
is called an
(x - 3)2 = 5
exact
x- 3 = ± 5 answer.
x =3± 5

exercise 7d

1. Solve, giving your answers in the form p ± r

a) (x - 5)2 = 2 x = 5± 2 b) (x + 1)2 = 2 x = -1 ± 2

c) (x + 2)2 - 2 = 0 x = -2 ± 2 d) (x - 6)2 - 32 = 0 x = 6 ± 32

2. Solve, giving your answers in the form p ± r

a) x 2 - 6x + 2 = 0 x = 3± 7 b) x 2 + 2x - 7 = 0 x = -1 ± 8

c) x 2 + 8x - 4 = 0 x = -4 ± 20 d) x 2 - 12x + 8 = 0 x = 6± 28

e) x 2 - 10x = 2 x = -5 ± 27 f) x 2 + 4x = 8 x = -2 ± 12

3. Solve x 2 - 10x - 3 = 0 x = 10.29

Round your answers to 2 decimal places. x = -0.29

4. Solve x 2 + 6x - 1 = 0 x = 0.16
Round your answers to 2 decimal places. x = -6.16

5. Which of the following cannot be solved? Why?

A (x + 2)2 = -3 B (x - 3)2 = 9 C (x + 1)2 + 2 = 0
These would involve square rooting negative numbers.

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 SOLVING QUADRATIC EquationS USING the quadratic formula (1)

learn by heart

Another way to solve quadratic equations is using the quadratic formula.

We can write a general quadratic as ax 2 + bx + c, where a is the coefficient

of the x 2 variable, b is the coefficient of x and c is the constant alone.

-b ± b 2 - 4ac This formula was derived by rearranging the

The quadratic formula is general equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 using the
2a
same steps as for completing the square.

The discriminant is the part of the quadratic formula under the square root: b 2 - 4ac
This can be used to decide how many roots a quadratic equation has. When the
discriminant is negative, the root cannot be evaluated, so the quadratic has no roots.

exercise 7e

1. For each quadratic equation, write down the values of a, b and c.

A 5x 2 + 8x - 10 = 0 B 2x 2 - 4x + 1 = 0

a = ____
5 8
b = ____ c = ____
-10 a = ____
2 -4
b = ____ c = ____
1
C D
x 2 - 5x - 4 = 0 -3x 2 + x - 5 = 0

a = ____
1 b = ____
-5 c = ____
-4 -3
a = ____ 1
b = ____ c = ____
-5
E F
x 2 - 10 + 3x = 0 4x - 6x 2 + 8 = 0

a = ____
1 b = ____
3 c = ____
-10 a = ____
-6 4
b = ____ c = ____
8
G H 8 - x2 = 0
2x 2 + 10x = 0

a = ____
2 b = ____
10 c = ____
0 a = ____
-1 b = ____
0 c = ____
8
I J
3x 2 - 5x = 12 14 = x 2 - x

3
a = ____ b = ____
-5 -12
c = ____ a = ____
1 b = ____
-1 c = ____
-14
K L
x 2 = 10 - 3x 6x - x 2 = 15

1
a = ____ b = ____
3 -10
c = ____ a = ____
-1 b = ____
6 c = ____
-15

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 2. Work out the value of b 2 - 4ac when:

a) a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 -8 b) a = -2, b = 1, c = -5 -39

c) a = -4, b = -3, c = -5 -71 d) a = -1, b = 4, c = 0 16

e) a = 7, b = 8, c = -2 120 f) a = -8, b = 0, c = 1 32

3. Why is it impossible to evaluate -16 ? You cannot square root a negative number.

4. Given that a = 5 , b = 3 and c = -2, work out the value of b 2 - 4ac 7

5. Given that a = 2 , b = -5 and c = 3, work out the value of b 2 - 4ac 1

6. Given that b = -7, what is the value of -b? 7

7. Given that b = 10, what is the value of -b? -10

8. Evaluate
-3 ± 9 - (4 × 2 × 1) - 1 and - 1
8 4 2

9. Which of the following is the coefficient of x 2 in the equation: 6 - x 2 = 7x

A 6 B 1 C 7 D -6 E -1 F -7

-4 ± 16 - (4 × 2 × 4)
10. Explain why it is impossible to evaluate
8
It leads to -16 . The square root of a negative number is not possible.

Finding the Formula more

challenging

The quadratic formula is derived from completing the square. Can you follow the steps below
to show how a general formula can be found? To simplify things, this quadratic has a = 1, so
it isn't quite the full formula in the end, but it might be give you an idea of where it came from...
Solve x 2 + bx + c = 0 b b2
x = -2 ± -c
complete 4
b 2 b2 the square common
x + 2
- 4
+ c = 0 b
x = -2 ±
b2
- 4c
4 4 denominator
b 2 b2 make x the
x + = -c subject b b 2 - 4c
2 4 x = -2 ± 4
b b2
x + = ± -c b b 2 - 4c
2 4 x = -2±
4
b b2
x = - 2
± 4
-c b
2
b - 4c -b ± b 2 - 4c
x = -2 ± 2
= 2

10H7 Quadratics
Page 8 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 SOLVING QUADRATIC EquationS USING the quadratic formula (2)

example

Solve 5x 2 - 6x = -1
When the equation equals zero,
5x2 - 6x + 1 = 0 a is the coefficient of x2
b is the coefficient of x
a = 5, b = -6, c= 1 c is the constant

-b ± b2 - 4ac The symbol ± tells you to use

x=
2a the formula twice: once using
plus and once using minus.
6± 36 - (4 × 5 × 1)
x=
10

x = 1 or x = 0.2

exercise 7f

1. Solve the following equations.

Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.

a) 3x 2 + 4x - 6 = 0 x = -2.23 b) 2x 2 - x - 8 = 0 x = -1.77
x = 0.90 x = 2.27

c) 5x 2 - 3x = 0 x = 0.6 d) x 2 - 12 = 0 x = ±3.46
x =0
2. Solve the following equations.
Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.
x = -2.87 x = 0.23
a) 5 - 2x 2 = 4x x = 0.87 b) 3x 2 + 1 = 5x x = 1.43

x =0 x = -1.79
c) 0 = 7x + 5x 2 d) x 2 = x + 5
x = -1.4 x = 2.79
3. Explain why there are no real solutions to the equation: 5x 2 + x + 3 = 0
The discriminant is negative / finding the solution
more challenging involves square rooting a negative number.

4. For a quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0

If b 2 = 4ac, how many roots does the equation have?

A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E Not enough information

5. Given that the equation x 2 + 4x + c = 0 has exactly 1 root, work out the value of c
b 2 - 4ac = 0, c = 4
6. Given that the equation 3x 2 + 6x + c = 0 has no real roots, what values of c are
possible? b 2 - 4ac < 0, c > 3

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 Solving Equations Match
Solve each equation using any method. Find your answer underneath as an exact
value and also rounded to 2 decimal places.
Record your answers in the table.

Equations to Solve
A D G
x 2 + 10 = 15 x2 + x - 5 = 0 (x + 5)2 = 10

B E H
(2x - 7)(3x - 7) = 0 2x + 8 = 10x - 3 2x 2 = 15

C F I
2 2
3x - 5x - 3 = 0 (x - 7) - 26 = 0 6x 2 - 2x = 15

Exact Answers

1 4 7
-1 ± 21 7 7
x = x = ,x = x = -5 ± 10
2 2 3
2 5 8
2± 364
x = 7± 26 x = ± 5 x =
12
3 6 9
5± 61 15 11
x = x = ± x =
6 2 8

Rounded Answers

10 13 16
x = ± 2.74 x = 1.38 x = ± 2.24

11 x = -1.84 14 x = 3.5 17 x = 12.10

x = -8.16 x = 2.33 x = 1.90
12 x = 1.76 15 x = 2.14 18 x = 1.79
x = -1.42 x = -0.47 x = -2.79

Equation A B C D E F G H I
Exact Answer 5 4 3 1 9 2 7 6 8
Rounded Answer 16 14 15 18 13 17 11 10 12

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 plotting quadratic graphs

learn by heart

A function is a rule connecting a set of inputs and outputs.

A linear function has a simple rule, such as y = 3x + 1

The variable x is not squared or raised to any higher power.

A quadratic function is a rule containing x2 , such as y = x 2 + 2x - 1

The variable x is squared in at least one term. There are no higher powers.

The graph of a quadratic y y

function is a symmetrical curve. x
If the coefficient of x 2 is positive, it
opens upwards. If the coefficient x
of x 2 is negative, it opens downwards.

exercise 7g
y
1. Complete the table and plot the graph 14
of y = x 2 + 2x - 2
12

10
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
8
y 13 6 1 -2 -3 -2 1 6 13
6

2
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
y
6 -4

4
2. Complete the table and plot the graph
2 of y = 4 - x 2

x x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
y -5 0 3 4 3 0 -5
-2

-4

-6

-8

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 3. Which of the following graphs shows a quadratic function?
A y B y C y D y

x x x
x

4. Which of the coordinates below are for points that lie on the graph of y = x2 ?
Choose all that apply.
A (0, 0) B (2, 2) C (3, 6) D (-4, -16)

5. Ian plots the graph of y = x 2 + 4x - 2 6. Sally plots the graph of y = x 2 + x - 1

What is wrong with his graph? Where has she gone wrong?
y
y x y
-3 -13
-2 -7
-1 -3
x 0 -1 x
1 1
2 5
Ian has joined the bottom points with a
straight line - it should curve down. 3 11
Sally has incorrectly squared the
negative numbers, eg. (-3)2 = -9
7. Explain why each of the following is not a quadratic function:

a) y = 3x - 2 does not contain x2 c) y = x 4 - x 2 highest power is x4

b) y = 3x 2 + x 3 highest power is x3 d) y 2 = x 2 x is not squared when y is

the subject.

8. Which of the following is the graph of y = -x 2 ?

A y B y C y D y
x x x
x

9. Why is the graph of y = x 2 symmetrical? 22 = (-2)2

10. Why does the graph of y = x 2 never go below the x axis?

Any number squared is positive (or zero).

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 11. Does the graph of y = x 2 - 5 pass through the point (4, 10)? Explain your answer.
No, 42 - 5 = 11
12. The graph of y = x 2 - 8 passes through the point (k, 1).
Work out the two possible values of k. 3 and -3

13. Match each graph to its equation: A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3
A y B y C y D y
x
x x x

1 y = 3- x 2 y = 2 - x2 3 y = x2 - 2 4 y= 4

14. Which of the coordinates below are for a points that lie on the graph: y = x 2 - 10x - 3

A (-2, 21) B (-2, 13) C (-2, -27) D (-2, -19)

15. The graph of y = x 2 + kx + 2 passes through the point (-2, 10). What is the value of k?
k = -2

Gradient Sorting Gradient is Infinite

E
Decide which of the groups on F
the right each graph fits into.
Gradient is Always
Positive
A E
C F

Gradient is Always
Negative
A G

Gradient is Zero
B
D G C

Gradient Keeps
B D Changing

10H7 Quadratics
Page 13 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 quadratic graphs : x and y intercepts

learn by heart

The point at which a graph crosses the y - axis is called the y - intercept. y
The y - intercept occurs when x = 0
For a quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c, y - intercept
the y - intercept is at the point (0, c) x

The points at which a graph crosses the x - axis are called the x - intercepts. y
The x - intercepts occur when y = 0.
These are at the roots of a quadratic function. x
For example, the function y = (x - 3)(x + 7)
has roots of 3 and -7, and the graph crosses
the x axis at (3, 0) and (-7, 0) - x intercepts (roots)

exercise 7h

1. What are the coordinates of the point at which the graph of y = 2x 2 + 6x - 10 crosses
the y - axis? (0, -10)
2. Write down estimates or exact values of the roots of each graph:
a)
y c)
y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4
4
2
x 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-4 -2
-6 x = -3 -4 x ≈ 0.9
-8 x=2 -6 x ≈ 5.1
b) y d) y
4 6
4
2
2
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2 -2
-4
-4
-6
-6
x = -1 x ≈ 5.5
x = -4 -8
x ≈ -0.5
-8 -10

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 3. Which of the following graphs shows a function with no roots?
A y B y C y D y
x
x x
x

4. Which of the following graphs shows a function with exactly one root?
A y B y C y D y

x x x x

5. Which of the following is the graph with equation y = (x - 4)(x + 5) ?

A y B y C y D y
x

x x x

6. (7, 0) and __________

The graph of y = (x - 7)(x + 2) crosses the x axis at _________ (-2, 0) .
(0, -14) .
It crosses the y axis at ___________

7. (-4, 0) and __________

The graph of y = (x + 4)(x - 5) crosses the x axis at _________ (5, 0) .
(0, -20) .
It crosses the y axis at ___________

8. (-3, 0)
The graph of y = x 2 + 7x + 12 crosses the x axis at _________ (-4, 0)
and __________.

9. Sketch the graph of each equation.

Show the coordinates of all intercepts with the coordinate axes.
a) y = x 2 - 3x - 10 b) y = x 2 + 8x + 12 c) y = x 2 + x - 6
y = (x - 5)(x + 2) y = (x + 2)(x + 6) y = (x - 2)(x + 3)
y y y

12

x x x
-2 5 -6 -2 -3 2

-6
-10

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 d) y = x 2 - 7x + 10 e) y = x 2 + 6x f) y = x 2 - 25
y = (x - 2)(x - 5) y = x(x + 6) y = (x + 5)(x - 5)
y y y

10
x x -5 5 x
2 5 -6 (0, 0)

-25

10. Each curve is a graph with equation y = x 2 + bx + c.

Can you work out the equation of each graph?
a) b) c)
y y y

4
x x x
-5 2 -3 3 -2

-10 -9

y = x 2 + 3x - 10 y = x2 - 9 y = x 2 + 4x + 4

11. Each curve has an equation of the form y = x 2 + bx + c

Work out the equation of each curve and the values marked with letters.
a) b) c)
y y y

q 12 -2 s x
6
-1 r5 x
x
-6 -2 -5 -12

y = x 2 + 8x + 12 y = x 2 - 4x - 5
y = x 2 -4x - 12

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 quadratic graphs : turning points

learn by heart

A quadratic graph has a line of symmetry. y

The line of symmetry is half way between the x-intercepts. x
Its equation can be worked out by adding the roots and 3 11
dividing by 2.
For example, if a quadratic function has roots of x = 3, and x = 11, line of
3 + 11 symmetry is
the line of symmetry is at x = 2
, which is the line x = 7 at x = 7

A quadratic graph has a single turning point or vertex. y

The turning point is on the graph's line of symmetry.
If the coefficient of x 2 is positive, the turning point is the
minimum point on the graph. x
turning
If the coefficient of x 2 is negative, the turning point is point is a line of
the maximum point. minimum symmetry

The turning point can be found by writing a quadratic in completed square form.
This is sometimes also called vertex form, because it shows the vertex (turning point).
A quadratic function y = (x + p)2 + q has a turning point at (-p, q)
For example, the function y = (x - 3)2 - 6 has a turning point at (3, -6)

exercise 7i

1. Write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry
for each graph:
a) y b) y c) y
10 16 10

8 14
8
6 12
10 6
4
8 4
2
6
x 2
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4
-2
2 x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-4
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -2
-6 -2

TP : (3, -5) TP : (1, 4) TP : (-2, -1)

LOS : x = 3 LOS : x = 1 LOS : x = -2

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 2. Work out the turning points of the graphs of the following functions:
a) y = (x - 5)2 - 8 (5, -8) b) y = (x + 3)2 + 6 (-3, 6)

c) y = x 2 + 6x + 8 (-3, -1) d) y = x 2 - 10x + 3 (5, -22)

3. What are the coordinates of the turning point of y = (x - 3)2 ? (3, 0)

the minimum point
4. Explain why the graph of y = (x + 2)2 + 8 does not cross the x - axis. is above the x-axis
at (-2, 8)
5. Work out the equation of the line of symmetry for each graph:
a) y = (x + 2)2 - 4 x = -2 b) y = (x - 5)2 - 1 x =5

c) y = x 2 + 12x - 6 x = -6 d) y = x 2 + 8x + 2 x = -4

6. Which of the following is the graph of y = (x - 7)2 - 4 ?

A y B y C y D y

x x x x

7. Sketch the graph of each equation, showing the coordinates of each turning point.
a) y = (x + 2)2 + 3 b) y = (x - 3)2 + 5 c) y = (x + 4)2 - 2
y y y

(3, 5)
(-2, 3) x x x
(-4, -2)

d) y = x 2 + 8x + 4 e) y = x 2 - 6x + 5 f) y = 6 - (x + 2)2
y = (x + 4)2 - 12 y = (x - 3)2 - 4
y y y
(-2, 6)

x x x

(3, -4)
(-4, -12)

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 extension
more example
challenging
The minimum point
1. The minimum point of the graph
of the graph y = (x - 5)2 + 8
of the function y = x 2 + ax + b
y = x 2 + ax + b y = x 2 - 10x + 25 + 8
is (-5, 7).
is (5,8). y = x 2 - 10x + 33
Work out the values of a and b.
Work out the values a = -10
y = x 2 + 10x + 32
of a and b. b = 33
a = 10, b = 32
2. The minimum point of the graph of the function y = x 2 + ax + b is (3, 5).
Work out the values of a and b. y = (x - 3)2 + 5, y = x 2 - 6x + 14
a = -6, b = 14
3. Work out the turning point of the graph of the function y = -(x - 3)2 and state whether it
is a minimum or a maximum. (3, 0) maximum

4. What is the maximum value of y if y = -(x + 2)2 - 5 ? y = -5 (turning point at (-2,-5))

y
5. A function is defined as y = -(x + 3)2 + 4 8
6
a) What are the coordinates of the turning point
4
of the graph of the function? (-3, 4)
2
b) Is the turning point a minimum or a maximum? x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
maximum -2
c) What are the roots of the function? -4
x = -5, x = -1 -6
d) Draw the graph of the function.
-8
-10

6. By considering the turning points of the graphs of each of these functions, determine
whether each has 0, 1 or 2 roots.

a) y = (x - 5)2 + 1 0 b) y = -(x - 3)2 - 5 0

c) y = (x + 2)2 1 d) y = -(x + 4)2 1

e) y = (x - 3)2 - 4 2 f) y = -(x + 2)2 + 6 2

7. The graph of the function y = x 2 + 8x + c has a minimum point at (-4, 10). c = 26

Work out the value of c.

8. Explain how you can tell that the function y = -6 - (x + 4)2 has no roots.
The turning point of the graph is at (-4, -6) and so the graph doesn't cross the x-axis.
9. A graph has equation y = x 2 + bx + c
One of its roots is x = 5 The other root is x = -9, by symmetry.
-
Its turning point is at ( 2, p). Work out the value of p. p = -45

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 Quadratic Graphs Match
Work out which graph matches with each function below.
y y y
A B C

x
x x

7 y = x2 3 y = (x - 5)(x + 2) 1 y = (x - 3)2

y y y
D E F

x x x

8 y = x 2 + 8x + 13 9 y = x2 - 4
5 y = -x 2
y y y
G H I

x x x

2 y = x 2 - 5x + 4 6 y = (x - 2)2 + 3
4 y = x(x - 4)

1 y = (x - 3)2 2 y = x 2 - 5x + 4 3 y = (x - 5)(x + 2) 4 y = x(x - 4)

5 y = -x 2 6 y = (x - 2)2 + 3 7 y = x2 8 y = x 2 + 8x + 13

A B C D E F G H I 9 y = x2 - 4
7 3 1 5 8 9 2 4 6

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 properties of quadratic graphs mixed review

exercise 7j

1. Write down estimations or exact values of the y-intercept, roots, vertex and line of
symmetry for each graphs:
a) y b) y
10 10
5
x 5
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-10
-5
-15
-20 -10
-25
-30 -15

y - intercept: -25 y - intercept: -6

turning point: (0, -25) turning point: (-2.5, -12)

line of symmetry: x = 0 line of symmetry: x = -2.5

roots: x = -5, 5 roots: x = -6, 1

c) y d) y
10 30
5 25
x 20
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-5 15
-10
10
-15
5
-20
x
-25 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-30 -5

y - intercept: -7 y - intercept: 21

turning point: (-3.5, 6) turning point: (2, 25)

line of symmetry: x = -3.5 line of symmetry: x = 2

roots: x = -6, -1 roots: x = -3, 7

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 2. A function is defined as y = (x + 4)(x - 2). y
15

a) What are the roots of the function? 10

x = -4, x = 2
b) Can you work out the line of symmetry of the 5
graph of the function without drawing it?
x = -1 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
c) Can you work out the y-intercept of the
graph of the function without drawing it? -8 -5

-10
d) Draw the graph of y = (x + 4)(x - 2)
-15

3. Write down the roots, y-intercept and line of symmetry of the graphs of each function.
a) y = (x + 4)(x - 4) b) y = (x + 1)(x - 4)

y - intercept: -16 y - intercept: -4

line of symmetry: x =0 line of symmetry: x = 1.5

roots: x = -4, x = 4 roots: x = -1, x = 4

4. By first factorising, work out the roots of y = x 2 + 8x + 12

y = (x + 2)(x + 6) x = -6, x = -2
5. Which of the following graphs show functions with no roots? Choose all that apply.
A y B y C y D y
x
x

x
x

6. The graph of y = x 2 + 6x + 5 is shown. y

Work out the coordinates of the points

marked A, B, C and D.
D
y = (x + 3)2 - 4
y = (x + 1)(x + 5)
A C x
A: (-5, 0)
B: (-3, 4)
C: (-1, 0)
D: (0, 5) B

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 7. Sketch the graph of each function.
Show the coordinates of the turning point and the y-intercept for each curve.
a) y = x 2 + 4x - 3 b) y = x 2 - 10x + 12 c) y = x 2 - 8x
y = (x + 2)2 - 7 y = (x - 5)2 - 13 y = (x - 4)2 - 16
y y y

12

x x x
0
-3

(-2, -7) (5, -13)

(4, -16)

8. Three of the following are graphs of functions with roots of x = 3 and x = -2

Which three?
A y B y C y D y

x x
x

E y F y G y H y
x
x

x
x

y
9. Challenge! 10

The graph of the function y = 2x 2 + 12x + 4

is shown. 5

a) Work out the values of the roots of

the function, correct to 2 decimal places. x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4
x = -5.65, x = -0.35
b) The equation of the line of symmetry of -5
the function is x = -3
Work out the coordinates of the turning point.
-10
(-3, -14)

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 Fill in the Gaps
1. Pairs of Graph
The function is: The factors are: y
values 12
y = x 2 + 6x + 5 (x + 5)(x + 1) x y 10

-6 5 8
The roots are: The y - intercept is: 0 6
-5
x = -5 4
(0, 5) -4 -3
x = -1 2
-3 -4 x
The turning -2 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
In the form -3 -2
y = (x - a)2 + b point is:
-1 0 -4
2
y = (x - 3) - 4 (3, -4) 0 5 -6

2. Values
The function is: The factors are: Graph
y
x y 10
2
y = x - 4x - 12 (x - 6)(x + 2) -3 9
-2 0 5
-1 -7
The roots are: The y - intercept is: x
0 -12 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
x = 6 1 -15
(0, -12) -5
x = -2 2 -16
3 -15
-10
In the form The turning 4 -12
y = (x - a)2 + b point is: 5 -7 -15
6 0
y = (x - 2)2 - 16 (2, -16)
7 9 -20

3. Pairs of Graph
The function is: The factors are:
values y
16
2
y = x - 8x + 15 (x - 3)(x - 5)
x y 14
0 15 12
The roots are: The y - intercept is: 1 8 10

x = 3 2 3 8
(0, 15) 3 0
x = 5 6
4 -1 4
In the form The turning
5 0 2
y = (x - a)2 + b point is:
6 x
3 -2 -1
2
y = (x - 4) - 1 (4, -1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 8 -2

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 more
Sketching Quadratic Graphs (a > 1) challenging

example

Sketch the graph of the function y = 3x 2 + 6x - 9 labelling the turning point and any points
of intersection with the axes.
y
y = 3x2 + 6x - 9 Complete the
y = 3[x 2
+ 2x - 3] square by first
taking out a
y = 3[(x + 1)2 - 4]
factor of 3
y = 3(x + 1)2 - 12
Turning Point: (-1, -12)
x
3(x + 1)2 - 12 = 0 Set y = 0 and 1
-3
3(x + 1)2 = 12 solve to find
(x + 1)2 = 4 the roots.
(x + 1) = ±2
-9
x = -1 ± 2
Roots: x = 1, x = -3 (-1, -12)

exercise 7k
2[x 2 + 4x + 2]
1. a) Write 2x 2 + 8x + 4 in the form a(x + b)2 + c 2[(x + 2)2 - 2]
2(x + 2)2 - 4
b) Hence write down coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = 2x 2 + 8x + 4
(-2, -4)
2. Sketch the graph of each function.
Label the coordinates of the turning point and the point of intersection with the y - axis.
a) y = 3(x - 2)2 - 4 b) y = 2(x + 1)2 - 5 c) y = 4(x - 3)2
y y y

(0, 36)

(0, 8)
x
x
(0, -3)
x
(2, -4) (-1, -5) (3, 0)

10H7 Quadratics
Page 25 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 3. Sketch the graph of each equation.
Label the coordinates of the turning points and all intercepts with the coordinate axes (in
exact form where necessary).
a) y = 3x 2 + 18x b) y = 2x 2 - 12x + 10 c) y = 3x 2 + 12x - 15
y = 3x(x + 6) y = 2(x - 1)(x - 5) y = 3(x - 1)(x + 5)
y y y

10

x 1 5 x x
-6 (0, 0) -5 1
-15
(3, -8)
(-2, -27)
(-3, -27)

d) y = -4(x - 2)2 e) y = -2x 2 + 4x + 16 f) y = 16 - 4x 2

y = -2(x - 4)(x + 2) y = 4(2 - x)(2 + x)
y y y
(1, 18) (0, 16)
16

(2, 0) -2 -2 2
x 4 x x

-16

g) y = 3x 2 + 12x + 16 h) y = 2x 2 - 8x - 3 i) y = 9 - 8x - 4x 2
y = 3(x + 2)2 + 4 y = 2(x - 2)2 - 11 y = -4(x + 1)2 + 13

y y y
(-1, 13)
16 11
11 2+ 9
2- 2
2
(-2, 4) x x x
-3 13 13
-1 - -1 +
2 2

(2, -11)

10H7 Quadratics
Page 26 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 further extension

4. Work out the equation of each quadratic curve in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c

a) b) c)
y y y

x x x
-4 1 -2 3 -2 2

-8
-18 -12

y = 2(x + 4)(x - 1) y = 3(x + 2)(x - 3) y = 3(x + 2)(x - 2)

y = 2x 2 + 6x - 8 y = 3x 2 - 3x - 18 y = 3x 2 - 12

d) y e) y f) y

18

2 6 -2 -6 -1
x x x

-20
-24

y = -2(x - 2)(x - 6) y = -5(x + 2)2 y = 3(x + 6)(x + 1)

y = -2x 2 + 16x - 24 y = -5x 2 - 20x - 20 y = 3x 2 + 21x + 18

g) h) i)
y y y
(3, 36)

12
24
x x (2, 12) x
(0, 0) 6
(3, -6)

y = 2(x - 3)2 - 6 y = -4x(x - 6) y = 3(x - 2)2 + 12

y = 2x 2 - 12x + 12 y = -4x 2 + 24x y = 3x 2 - 12x + 24

10H7 Quadratics
Page 27 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 solving equations using graphs (1)

example

By drawing graphs, find approximate solutions to the equation 2x 2 + 3x = 4 - x

1. Draw the graph of y = [left side] y

10 3. The x - values
y = 2x2 + 3x of the
8
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
intersection
6 points of the
y 9 2 -1 0 5 14
two graphs
4
are the solutions
2. Draw the graph of y = [right side]
to the equation.
y = 4-x 2
x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 -2 x 0.9,
x -2.8

exercise 7l

1. The graph of y = 2x 2 + 8x + 6 is shown.

y
10
Use the graph find solutions to the following
equations. 8

a) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = 0 x = -3, x = -1 6

4
b) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = -1 x ≈ -2.9, x ≈ -1.2
2
c) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = 6 x = 0, x = -4
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
d) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 = x + 2 -2
x ≈ -2.8, x ≈ -0.8
-4
y
2. The graph of y = x 2 - 4 is shown. 6
Use the graph find solutions to the following
4
equations.
2
2
a) x - 4 = 0 x = 2, x = -2 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

b) x 2 - 4 = 2x - 1 x = -1, x = 3 -2

-4

-6

10H7 Quadratics
Page 28 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 3. The graph of y = -2x 2 - 10x - 8 is shown. y
10
Use the graph find solutions to the following
equations.

a) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 0 5
x = -1, x = -4

b) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 4
x = -2, x = -3 x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
c) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = 2x + 1
x = -1, x = -5

d) -2x 2 - 10x - 8 = -8 -5
x = 0, x = -5

-10

4. a) On the grid, draw the graphs of: y

14
i) y = x 2 - 7x + 12
12

10

8
ii) y = 2x - 4
6

2
b) Use your graphs to find solutions to the
x
following equations. -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
i) x 2 - 7x + 12 = 0 x = 3, x = 4
-4
ii) x 2 - 7x + 12 = 2x - 4
x ≈ 2.5, x ≈ 6.5 -6

y = -20 - 3x y y = 3x 2 - 4x - 8
5. The graphs of y = 3x 2 - 4x - 8 10
and y = -20 - 3x are shown.

Use the diagram to work 5

out the number of solutions
to the equation:
x
-10 -5 5 10
3x 2 - 4x - 8 = -20 - 3x

Explain your answer. There are no solutions, -5

the graphs do not
intersect each other.
-10

10H7 Quadratics
Page 29 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 6. The graphs of y = x 2 + 2x - 1 y = x 2 + 2x - 1 y
10
and y = 2x are shown.
9
Use the graphs to solve the 8
simultaneous equations: 7
6
y = x 2 + 2x - 1
5
y = 2x
4 y = 2x
3
x = 1, y = 2
2
x = -1, y = -2
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3

7. The graphs of y = 4x - 3 y
18
and y = x 2 - x are shown.
16
Use the graphs to estimate the 14
solutions to the simultaneous equations:
12

y = 4x - 3 10
y = x2 - x 8
y = x2 - x
6
x ≈ 0.7, y ≈ -0.1
x ≈ 4.3, y ≈ 14.4 4

2
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2 y = 4x - 3
y
8. The graphs of y = 4x - 7 20
and y = 2x 2 + 4x are shown.
15
Is it possible to find any solutions to
the following simultaneous equations? 10
y = 4x - 7 y = 2x 2 + 4x
y = 2x 2 + 4x 5 y = 4x - 7
x
Explain your answer. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

No. There are no solutions as -5

the graphs do not intersect.
-10

10H7 Quadratics
Page 30 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 more
solving equations using graphs (2) challenging

example

The graph of y = x 2 - 2x is shown. y

16
Use the graph to solve the equation The x - values
14
x 2 - 3x - 10 = 0 of the
12 intersection
Work out:
10 points of the
right side of the drawn function
subtract 8 two graphs
left side of the equation ( = 0) 6 are the solutions
to the equation.
x2 - 2x 4
x2 - 3x - 10 - 2

x + 10
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
x = 5,
Draw the graph of y = [difference]
x = -2
y = x + 10

exercise 7m

1. The graph of y = x 2 + x - 5 is shown. 2. The graph of y = x 2 + 4x is shown.

By drawing a second graph, estimate By drawing a second graph, estimate

the solutions to the equation x ≈ -3.9 the solutions to the equation x ≈ 0.4
x 2 + 2x - 7 = 0 x ≈ 1.9 x 2 + 2x - 1 = 0 x ≈ -2.5

y = -x + 2 y y = 2x + 1 y
10 6
5
8
4
6
3
4 2
1
2
x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -1
-2 -2

-4 -3
-4
-6
-5

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 3. The graph of y = x 2 - 5x - 3 is shown. 4. The graph of y = 7 - x 2 is shown.

By drawing a second graph, estimate By drawing a second graph, estimate

the solutions to the equation x ≈ 0.6 the solutions to the equation x ≈ -0.6
x 2 - 3x = x - 2 x ≈ 3.3 4x - x 2 = x - 2 x ≈ 3.7

y = -x - 5 y y = 5 - 3x y
10 8
8
6
6
4
4
2 2
x x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-8 -6

-10 -8

chapter review

exercise 7n

1. Write each of the following in the form: (x + p)2 + q

a) x 2 + 10x + 2 (x + 5)2 - 23 b) x 2 + 4x - 5 (x + 2)2 - 9

2
c) x 2 - 12x + 41 (x - 6) + 5 d) x 2 - 6x - 3 (x - 3)2 - 12

2. Solve each equation. Where necessary, round your answers to 2 decimal places.

a) x 2 = 16 b) (x + 3)2 = 20 c) (x - 7)(x - 3) = 0
x = ±4 x = 1.47, x = -7.47 x = 7, x = 3

d) (x - 5)2 - 2 = 0 e) x 2 + 7x + 10 = 0 f) (x - 7)2 = 0
x = 6.41, x = 3.59 x = -5, x = -2 x = 7

g) x 2 - 2x = 3 h) 3x 2 - x - 5 = 0 i) (2x - 5)(x - 7) = 0
x = 3, x = -1 x = -1.14, x = 1.47 x = 7, x = 2.5

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 3. Solve x 2 - 8x + 6 = 0 4 ± 10
Give your answers in the form p ± q

4. Sketch the graph of y = x 2 5. Sketch the graph of y = -x 2

y y

x x

y
6. a) Draw the graph of y = 2x 2 - x - 3 14
12
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 10

y 7 0 -3 -2 3 12 8
6
4
b) Use your graph to estimate the
solutions to 2x 2 - x - 3 = 0 2
x
x ≈ -1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
x ≈ 1.5 -2
-4

7. Complete the statement:

(8, 0)
The graph of y = (x - 8)(x - 2) crosses the x - axis at _________ (2, 0)
and __________ and
crosses the y - axis at ___________
(0, 16) .

8. The graph of a function is shown. y

5
Write down:

a) The coordinates of the turning point

x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
of the graph. (-1, -16)
-5
b) The roots of the function. x = -5,
x = 3 -10
c) The y -intercept of the graph.
-15
-15
d) The equation of the line of symmetry
of the graph. x = -1 -20

9. Which one of the following is the graph of y = (x - 5)2 - 3 ?

A y B y C y D y

x x x x

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 10. Work out the coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = x 2 + 8x - 12
y = (x + 4)2 - 28 (-4, -28)
11. Sketch the graph of each equation.
Label the coordinates of all intercepts with the coordinate axes.
a) y = x 2 - x - 12 b) y = x 2 - 8x + 7 c) y = x 2 - 25
y = (x + 3)(x - 4) y = (x - 7)(x - 1) y = (x - 5)(x + 5)
y y y

7
x x x
-3 4 1 7 -5 5

-12
-25

12. a) On the grid, draw the graphs of: y

14
i) y = x 2 - 6x + 4
12

10

8
ii) y = 10 - x 6

2
x
b) Use your graphs to work out -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
approximate solutions to these -2
equations:
-4
i) x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0 x ≈ 0.8, x ≈ 5.1
-6
ii) x 2 - 6x + 4 = 10 - x x = -1, x = 6

13. Work out the equation of each graph in the form y = x 2 + bx + c

a) y b) y

16
x
-3 5
x
4
y = x 2 - 2x - 15 y = x 2 - 8x + 16
-15

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers
 cumulative review (chapters 1 - 7)

exercise 7o

1. A length, p, is measured as 8cm, correct to the nearest 1cm.

Write down the error interval for p. 7.5 ≤ p < 8.5

2. Solve simultaneously: 3x + 2y = 7
x = 1
4x + 4y = 12 y = 2

3. Factorise fully:
a) x 2 + 4x - 12 b) x 3 + 3x 2 c) x 2 - 25
(x + 6)(x - 2) x 2 (x + 3) (x + 5)(x - 5)

4. Work out:
12
a) 0.4 × 0.8 0.32 b) 1200 c) 16 32
0.01 0.5

5. The stem and leaf diagram shows the ages of some people taking their driving test.
Work out the required values:
Youngest: ______
17
Stem Leaves
1 7 7 8 8 8 Oldest: 41
______
2 0 1 1 3 4 Key: 1 | 7 Range: 24
______
3 2 3 represents Mode: 18
______
4 1 17 years
Median: 21
______

6. The data shows the number of items bought in a supermarket by 18 customers.

Draw a box plot to represent this data.
Q1 : 4 Q2 : 10 Q3 : 12
2 2 4 4 4 5
5 7 10 10 11 12
12 12 14 15 18 20 0 5 10 15 20
Number of Items Bought
7. Simplify fully:

a) 3 8 6 2 b) 2 2 × 3 5 6 10 c) 72 6 2

45
d) ( 7 )2 7 e) 2 5 + 3 5 5 5 f) 3
5

8. Solve: x 2 + 3x = 18 (x + 6)(x - 3) = 0 x = -6, x = 3

10H7 Quadratics
Page 35 www.MathsPad.co.uk
Answers
 9. The table shows the hourly wages of some workers.
a) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for this data.
20

Cumulative
Frequency
Hourly wage Cumulative
Freq.
W (£) Frequency
15
0 ≤ W < 10 5 5

10 ≤ W < 14 3 8
10
14 ≤ W < 16 2 10

16 ≤ W < 20 6 16
5
20 ≤ W < 24 2 18

b) Estimate the median wage. 0

£15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wage £W
c) Estimate the number of workers who earned less than £19 per hour. 14

10. Expand and simplify (3 - 5 )(3 + 5) 4

11. t is equal to 6, correct to the nearest integer.

p is equal to 4.2, correct to 1 decimal place.

Work out the upper bound of t correct to 3 decimal places. 6.5 = 1.566
p 4.15

12. Work out the value of θ in each diagram. Give a reason for your answers.
a) b) c)
54°
78°
θ
110°

42° θ
θ

θ = 70° θ = 126°
θ = 48°
Opposite angles in a cyclic An angle in a semi - circle is 90°
quadrilateral add up to 360° Radii meet tangents
Angles in a triangle sum to 180°
at 90°, Angles in a
13. Prove that for all integer values of x, quadrilateral sum to 360°
4(2x - 3) - 2(x - 8) is an even number. The expression is equivalent to 2(3x + 2)
which is even for all integers x

14. Rearrange to make x the subject: ax + 4x = 2by 2by

x =
a +4
3 1
15. Solve: 16x 2 - 20x = 6 2(2x - 3)(4x + 1) = 0 x = , x = -4
2

10H7 Quadratics
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Answers