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    of 3

    Analytical chemistry

    Analytical chemistry is a measurement science consisting of a set of powerful


    ideas and methods that are useful in all fields of science, engineering, and medicine
    which deal with methods for separate identify and quantify the chemical
    composition of samples.
    Analytical chemistry is applied throughout industry, medicine, and all the
    sciences.
    Examples. The concentrations of oxygen and of carbon dioxide are determined
    in millions of blood samples every day and used to diagnose and treat illnesses.
    Quantities of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide present in
    automobile exhaust gases are measured to determine the effectiveness of
    emission-control devices. Quantitative measurements of ionized calcium in blood
    serum help diagnose parathyroid disease in humans. Quantitative determination
    of nitrogen in foods establishes their protein content and thus their nutritional
    value. Quantitative analytical measurements also play a vital role in many research
    areas in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, geology, physics, and the other sciences.

    For example, quantitative measurements of potassium, calcium, and sodium


    ions in the body fluids of animals permit physiologists to study the role these ions
    play in nerve-signal conduction as well as muscle contraction and relaxation.
    Many chemists, biochemists, and medicinal chemists devote much time in the
    laboratory gathering quantitative information about systems that are important and
    interesting to them.

    So, depending on analytical chemistry we can:


    • Separation: How can the species of interest (substance X) be separated
    from the sample matrix for better quantitation and identification?
    • Detection: Does the sample contain substance X?
    • Identification: What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
    • Quantitation: How much of substance X is in the sample?

    1
    Qualitative analysis establishes the chemical identity of the species in the
    sample.
    Quantitative analysis determines the relative amounts of these species, or
    analysts, in numerical terms. This is consisting of:
    • Gravimetric analysis involves methods in which the amount of analyte is
    established through the measurement of the mass of a pure substance containing
    the analyte.
    • Volumetric analysis measures the volume of a solution containing sufficient
    reagent to react completely with the analyte.
    Titration involves the addition of a reactant to a solution being analyzed until some
    equivalence point is reached. Often the amount of material in the solution being
    analyzed may be determined.

    Analytical Methods
    • Classical Methods: Wet chemical methods such as precipitation, extraction,
    distillation, boiling or melting points, gravimetric and titrimetric (volumetric)
    measurements.
    • Instrumental Methods: Analytical measurements (conductivity, electrode
    potential, light absorption or emission, mass-to-charge ratio, fluorescence etc.) are
    made using instrumentation (spectroscopy).

    2
    Aqueous Solutions

    The Chemical Composition


    Water is the most plentiful solvent on Earth, is easily purified, and is not toxic.
    It is, therefore, widely used as a medium for chemical analyses.

    Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes


    Most of the solutes we will discuss are electrolytes, which form ions when
    dissolved in water (or certain other solvents) and thus produce solutions that
    conduct electricity.
    Strong electrolytes ionize essentially completely in a solvent, but weak
    electrolytes ionize only partially. These characteristics mean that a solution of a
    weak electrolyte will not conduct electricity as well as a solution containing an
    equal concentration of a strong electrolyte.
    Table 1 shows various solutes that act as strong and weak electrolytes in water.
    Among the strong electrolytes listed are acids, bases, and salts.

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