Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

Chapter 3
Simple Resistive Circuits

Dr. Hussein KASSEM

Lebanese International University
Spring 2020

EENG250 1
 Structure
• Resistors in Series
• Resistors in Parallel
• The Voltage/Current-‐Divider Circuit
• Voltage/Current Division
• Delta-‐to-‐Wye (Pi-‐to-‐Tee) Equivalent Circuit

EENG250 2
 A Rear Window Defroster

A Rear Window Defroster

A resistive circuit

EENG250 3
 Resistors in Series
It is very important to note that for

resistors in series, the same current flow

through these resistors. (That’s how we

know if resistors are in series or not).

Applying KVL:

−𝑉𝑆 + 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑅7 = 0

−𝑉𝑆 + 𝐼 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅7 = 0

𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅7

EENG250 4
What we can see is that the 7 resistors can be replaced by one resistor Req.

Thus, 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Where 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝟕 and the circuit will seem as

∴ For n-resistors in series:

𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
EENG250 5
 Resistors in Parallel
Similarly, consider a circuit with 2 or more resistors in parallel, note here that, for

resistors in parallel the same voltage is present across each of these resistors.

Here following KCL we have 4 different current flowing through these resistors.

EENG250 6
Here again, we can be replaced by one resistor
Req, and the circuit will seem as shown:

Conductance

EENG250 7
 Typical Cases
∴ for n-resistors in parallel:

𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= = + + ⋯+
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝒊 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏
𝒊=𝟏

o A special case of 2 resistors in parallel (only this case)

1 1 1 1 𝑅 + 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
= + ⇒ = 1 ⇒ 𝑹𝒆𝒒 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

• If R1 =R2 =…… = Rn = R, we have

1/Req = n/R Req = R/n
EENG250 8
o Non – parallel resistors:

The resistors in the above figure are not all in parallel.

Remember, that resistors are in series if the same current

flow through them and in parallel if the same voltage exist

across their terminals.

Here, R2 and R3 are in series leading to 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

And Req and R1 become in parallel and so

𝑹1 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹2 + 𝑹3
𝑹𝑻 = = 𝑹1 ×
𝑹1 + 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹1 + 𝑹2 + 𝑹3

EENG250 9
 Example #1
• For the circuit shown, find (a) the voltage v,
(b) the power delivered to the circuit by the
current source, and (c) the power dissipated in
the 10 Ω resistor.

EENG250 10
 +
i1 i2
R1 v1

R1 = (10+6)×64 / (10+6+64) = 12.8 Ω

R = (7.2+12.8)×30 / (7.2+12.8+30) = 12 Ω
v = 5R = 60 V
i1 = v / (7.2+R1) = 60 / (7.2+12.8) = 3A
v1 = i1×R1 = 3×12.8 = 38.4 V
i2 = v1 / (6+10) = 38.4 / 16 = 2.4A
Solution for
p = i22×10 = 2.4×2.4×10 = 57.6 W Example #1
EENG250 11
 END OF LECTURE
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING: (INSTRUCTOR)

Problems 3.1, 3.2

HOMEWORK ADDED TO CLASSROOM (STUDENT)

Problem 3.3

SOLVE SELF-TEST (To test your understanding of the lecture )

Link:

EENG250 12
 In class problems
For the circuits below, find Req seen by the terminals of the
source, then find the power delivered by the source.

EENG250 13
 In class problems
For the circuits below, find Rab seen by the terminals of a & b.

EENG250 14
 H.W.
For the circuit below, find the power absorbed by the 60Ω resistor.

EENG250 15
 The Voltage-‐Divider Circuits
In electronic circuits, developing more than one voltage level from the same

power supply is very important. Ex: we have a 10 V power supply only but we need to

energize some parts of the circuit by 2, 5 or 8 V. one way of doing so, is through a

voltage divider circuit. What is that??

A voltage divider circuit is a simple circuit consisting of a voltage source (could

be a voltage across an element) and 2 or more resistors in series.

EENG250 16
 The Voltage-‐Divider Circuits
Applying KVL:

𝑽𝒔
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ⇒ 𝑰 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐
Applying Ohm’s law on each resistor:

𝑉𝑠 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝐼𝑅1 = × 𝑅1 = 𝑽𝒔 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐

𝑉𝑠 𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝐼𝑅2 = × 𝑅2 = 𝑽𝒔 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

 Generalizing this method for n – Resistors in series.

𝑉𝑠 𝑹𝒊
𝑽𝒊 = 𝐼𝑅𝑖 = × 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑽𝒔 × 𝒏
𝑅1 + … + 𝑅𝑛 𝒊=𝟏 𝑹𝒊
EENG250 17
 The Voltage-‐Divider Circuits

R1 and R2 are no more in series so

to apply voltage divider and find
V0 we should have 2 series
resistors.
Note if we find Req of the 2
parallel resistors (R2 and RL) we
will have again 2 series resistors
(R1 and Req).

EENG250 18
 The current-‐Divider Circuit

A current divider circuit consists of a current source (could be a branch

current) and 2 or more resistors in parallel.

From Ohm’s low and parallel resistors:

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 = 𝐼 × = 𝐼 × 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

EENG250 19
 The current-‐Divider Circuit
And so we can directly write I1 and I2 in term of the main current I
without calculating the voltage V across them.

𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝐼1 = 𝐼 × = 𝐼 × 𝐼2 = 𝐼 ×
𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅2

𝑅1
= 𝐼 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
 As a general rule for n-resistors in parallel:

𝑹𝒆𝒒
𝑰𝒊 = 𝑰 ×
EENG250 𝑹𝒊 20
 Example #2
a) Find the value of R that will cause 4 A of current to
flow through the 80 Ω resistor in the circuit shown.
b) How much power will the resistor R from part (a)
need to dissipate?
c) How much power will the current source generate
for the value of R from part (a)?

EENG250 21
 Solution for Example #2
For (a), we have
i = 20R / (40+80+R) = 4 A
i vR
R = 30 Ω

For (b), we have

vR = (40+80)i = 120×4 = 480 V
pR = vR2 / R= 4802 / 30 = 7680 W
For (c), we have
v = 60×20+vR = 1200+480 = 1680 V
p = 20v = 20×1680 = 33600 W
EENG250 22
 Voltage/Current Division

EENG250 23
 Example #3
a) Use voltage division to determine the voltage v0 across the
40 Ω resistor in the circuit shown.
b) Use v0 from part (a) to determine the cur-‐ rent through the
40 Ω resistor, and use this current and current division to
calculate the current in the 30 Ω resistor.
c) How much power is absorbed by the 50 Ω resistor?

EENG250 24
 Solution for Example #3
i
For (a), we have
i2 Req = 40+(20||30||(50+10))+70
i1 = 40+10+70=120 Ω
vo = 60×40 / Req = 20 V
For (b), we have Rp
i = vo / 40 = 20 / 40 = 0.5 A
i1 = i Rp / 30 = 0.5×10 / 30 A = 166.67 mA
For (c), we have
i2 = i Rp / 60 = 0.5×10 / 60 A = 1/12 A
p2 = 50i 22 = 50 / 144 W = 347.22 mW
EENG250 25
 END OF LECTURE
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING: (INSTRUCTOR)

Problems: 3.4, 3.5, 3.7

HOMEWORK ADDED TO CLASSROOM (STUDENT)

Problem 3.10 (part-1)

SOLVE SELF-TEST (To test your understanding of the lecture )

EENG250 26
 In class problems

EENG250 27
 In class problems

EENG250 28
 In class problems

EENG250 29
 Delta-‐to-‐Wye (Pi-‐to-‐Tee)
Equivalent Circuits
Now, what if the connection is

neither series nor parallel!! How

we can simplify it.

2 type of connection exist: Δ and Y

or often named Π and T. Δ π

Electric Circuits
EENG250 Y T 30
 Delta-‐to-‐Wye (Pi-‐to-‐Tee)
Equivalent Circuits
To do so, follow the steps:
1. Draw Y inside Δ OR Δ around Y.
2. Apply the rules directly:
For Δ to Y:

𝑅𝑎𝑏 × 𝑅𝑎𝑐
𝑅𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐

𝑅𝑎𝑏 × 𝑅𝑏𝑐
𝑅𝑏 =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐

𝑅𝑎𝑐 × 𝑅𝑏𝑐
𝑅𝑐 =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐
i.e: Adjacent resistors multiplied / sum of all Δ resistors.
EENG250 31
 The Y-‐to-‐ΔTransformation

For Y to Δ:

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝑐 = = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 +
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑏𝑐 = = 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐 +
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎
i.e: up to you …
EENG250 32
 Example #6
Use a Y-‐to-‐Δ transformation to find the voltage v in the
circuit shown.

EENG250 33
 Solution for Example #6
c

a c Rb Ra

a b
b
Rc
Ra = (20×10+20×5+10×5) / 20 =17.5 Ω
Rb = (20×10+20×5+10×5) / 5 = 70 Ω
Rc = (20×10+20×5+10×5) / 10 = 35 Ω

EENG250 34
 a
Req = 35||[(28||70)+105||17.5]
28Ω 70Ω = 35||(20+15)
= 17.5 Ω
2A v 35Ω c

105Ω 17.5Ω
v = 2Req = 35 V
b

EENG250 35
 Summary
• Series/Parallel resistors
• Voltage/Current division
• Δ-‐to-‐Y/Y-‐to-‐Δtransformation

EENG250 36
 END OF LECTURE
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING: (INSTRUCTOR)

Problems: 3.6, 3.8

HOMEWORK ADDED TO CLASSROOM (STUDENT)

Problem: 3.10 (part-2)

SOLVE SELF-TEST (To test your understanding of the lecture )

EENG250 37
 In class problems

EENG250 38
 In class problems

EENG250 39