Chapter 8 Multidimensional Arrays

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 Motivations
Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear
collections of elements. You can use a two-dimensional array to
represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following table that
describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a
two-dimensional array.
Distance Table (in miles)

Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston

Chicago 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087

Boston 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842
New York 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627
Atlanta 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810
Miami 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187
Dallas 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239

Houston 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0

1723 1548 781 1426 0 239
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 2
 Motivations

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 Objectives
❑ To give examples of representing data using two-dimensional arrays
(§8.1).
❑ To declare variables for two-dimensional arrays, create arrays, and
access array elements in a two-dimensional array using row and column
indexes (§8.2).
❑ To program common operations for two-dimensional arrays (displaying
arrays, summing all elements, finding the minimum and maximum
elements, and random shuffling) (§8.3).
❑ To use multidimensional arrays (§8.8).

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Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays
// Declare array ref var
dataType[][] refVar;

// Create array and assign its reference to variable

refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Combine declaration and creation in one statement

dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Alternative syntax
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];

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 Declaring Variables of Two-
dimensional Arrays and Creating
Two-dimensional Arrays
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
or
int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];
matrix[0][0] = 3;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);

double[][] x;
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Two-dimensional Array Illustration

matrix.length? 5 array.length? 4
matrix[0].length? 5 array[0].length? 3

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 Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using
Shorthand Notations
You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and
initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,

int[][] array = {
int[][] array = new int[4][3];
{1, 2, 3}, array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, Same as array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays
int[][] x = new int[3][4];

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays, cont.
int[][] array = { array.length
{1, 2, 3}, array[0].length
{4, 5, 6}, array[1].length
{7, 8, 9}, array[2].length
{10, 11, 12} array[3].length
};

array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

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 Ragged Arrays
Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So,
the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is
known as a ragged array. For example,
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix.length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
matrix[1].length is 4
{3, 4, 5}, matrix[2].length is 3
{4, 5}, matrix[3].length is 2
{5} matrix[4].length is 1

};
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 Ragged Arrays, cont.

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Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Printing arrays)
3. (Summing all elements)
4. (Summing all elements by column)
5. (Which row has the largest sum)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)

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