Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

INTRODUCTION
❖ Introduction to the Multisim Interface
Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit Design
Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronics Design Automation) tools that assists you in carrying out the major steps in
the circuit design flow. It provides a virtual environment for designing, testing, and simulating electronic circuits.
Multisim allows users to create schematic diagrams, simulate circuit behavior, and analyze circuit performance.
Multisim is designed for schematic entry, simulation, and feeding to downstage steps, such as PCB layout.

Multisim User Interface

The Multisim user interface includes the following elements:

Refer to the table below as needed:

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Element Description
1 Menu Bar Contains the commands for all functions.
2 Component Toolbar Contains buttons that you use to select components from the
Multisim database for placement in your schematic.
3 Standard Toolbar Contains buttons for commonly-performed functions such as Save,
Print, Cut, and Paste.
4 Main Toolbar Contains buttons for common Multisim functions.
5 Place Probe Toolbar Contains buttons that you use to place various types of probes on
the design. You can also access Probe Settings from here.
6 In-Use Toolbar Contains a list of all components used in the design.
7 Simulation Toolbar Contains buttons for starting, stopping and pausing simulation.
8 Workspace This is where you build your designs.
9 View Toolbar Contains buttons for modifying the way the screen is displayed.
10 Instruments Toolbar Contains buttons for each instrument.

Installation steps are given below: Install Multisim by obtaining the software from National
Instruments and following the provided installation instructions.
1. Launch Multisim and choose to create a new project or open an existing one from the start
page.
2. Create a new project by giving it a name and choosing a save location.
3. Within the project, create a schematic by clicking "New" and selecting "Schematic."
4. Build your circuit on the schematic canvas by dragging components from the library and
connecting them with wiring tools.
5. Optionally, add virtual instruments like oscilloscopes or multimeters to visualize and analyze
your circuit during simulation.
6. Simulate your circuit by clicking on the "Simulate" tab, choosing the simulation type,
adjusting settings, and clicking "Run."
7. Analyze simulation results using built-in instruments, graphs, and charts to understand circuit
behavior.
8. Optionally, transfer your schematic to NI Ultiboard for PCB layout by clicking "Transfer to
Ultiboard."
9. Save your project periodically, export simulation results or other data as needed, and close
Multisim when finished.

Standard Toolbar

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The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly performed functions. Its buttons are
described below:

Components Toolbar
The buttons in the Components toolbar are described below. Each button will launch the place
component browser (Select a Component browser) with the group specified on the button pre-selected.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Simulation Toolbar
The Simulation toolbar contains buttons used during simulation.

OVERVIEW OF HDL

Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) are specialized programming languages used for the design,
modeling, and simulation of digital circuits and systems. HDLs allow engineers to describe the behavior
and structure of electronic circuits at various levels of abstraction. Here is an overview of HDLs:
Purpose of HDLs:
1. Digital Circuit Design: HDLs are primarily used for designing digital circuits, including
processors, memory units, controllers, and other digital components.
2. Simulation: HDLs facilitate the simulation of digital circuits before actual implementation,
helping designers to verify functionality and detect potential issues.
3. Synthesis: HDLs support synthesis tools that convert high-level hardware descriptions into
low-level representations suitable for implementation on programmable devices like FPGAs or
ASICs.
Types of HDLs:
1. Verilog: Verilog is one of the most widely used HDLs. It supports both behavioral and
structural modeling and is used for simulating and synthesizing digital circuits.
2. VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language): VHDL is another popular HDL used for
modeling digital circuits. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and is known
for its strong type-checking and suitability for complex systems.
Levels of Abstraction:
1. Behavioral Modeling: Describes the functionality of a circuit without specifying its structure.
It includes high-level constructs like processes, tasks, and functions.
2. Structural Modeling: Describes a circuit in terms of its components and their interconnections.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

It uses primitive logic gates, flip-flops, and instances of other modules.

3. RTL (Register-Transfer Level): Describes the flow of data between registers. It is often used
for synthesis and represents a mid-level abstraction.
4. Gate-Level Modeling: Describes the circuit using logic gates and flip-flops. This level is close
to the actual hardware implementation.
Applications:
1. ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) Design: HDLs are commonly used in ASIC
design to create custom integrated circuits tailored for specific applications.
2. FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) Design: FPGAs can be programmed using HDLs
to implement digital circuits on reconfigurable hardware.
3. Digital Signal Processing: HDLs are used in the design of digital signal processing circuits for
applications such as communication systems and audio processing.
Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) used for the modeling and design of digital systems.
It is widely used in the field of electronic design automation (EDA) for both simulation and synthesis
of digital circuits. Here are key aspects of Verilog:
1. Modules: Verilog designs are organized into modules, representing logical units of a digital circuit.
2. Ports: Modules have input and output ports, which define the signals entering and leaving the
module.
3. Data Types: Verilog supports various data types including wire for connections, reg for registers,
and integer for integers.
4. Behavioral Modeling: Describes the functionality of a circuit without specifying its structure using
constructs like always blocks.
5. Structural Modeling: Describes a circuit in terms of its components and how they are
interconnected using gate-level primitives and module instances.
6. Data Flow Modeling: Describes how data moves through a circuit based on the relationships
between signals using continuous assignment statements.
7. Procedural Blocks: Verilog uses procedural blocks like always, initial, and assign for describing
the behavior of a circuit at different levels of abstraction.
8. Sequential Logic: Supports modeling of flip-flops, latches, and other sequential logic elements for
building state machines and memory elements.
9. Testbenches: Testbenches are written in Verilog to verify the correctness of a design through
simulation.
10. Simulation: Verilog is commonly used for simulation using tools like ModelSim or VCS to validate
and debug designs before implementation.
11. Synthesis: Verilog can be synthesized into netlists suitable for implementation on programmable

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devices like FPGAs or ASICs.

12. Programming Constructs: Verilog includes programming constructs like if, case, for, and while
for control flow and conditional operations.
13. Tasks and Functions: Tasks and functions allow for modularization and code reuse within Verilog
designs.
14. File Types: Verilog uses different file types, including. v for Verilog source files, .sv for System
Verilog files, and others.
15. Hierarchy: Verilog supports hierarchical design where modules can be instantiated within other
modules to create a modular and scalable design structure.

HDL Programming using Xilinx ISE design suite

Xilinx ISE means Xilinx® Integrated Software Environment (ISE), i.e programmable logic design tool
in electronics industry. This Xilinx ® design software suite allows taking design from design entry
through Xilinx device programming. The ISE Project Navigator manages and processes design through
several steps in the ISE design flow. These steps are Design Entry, Synthesis, Implementation,
Simulation/Verification, and Device Configuration. Xilinx is one of most popular software tool used
to synthesize VHDL/Verilog code.

INTRODUCTION TO FPGA (FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY)

FPGA contains a two-dimensional arrays of logic blocks and interconnections between logic blocks.
Both the logic blocks and interconnects are programmable. Logic blocks are programmed to implement
a desired function and the interconnects are programmed using the switch boxes to connect the logic
blocks. To implement a complex design (CPU for instance), the design is divided into small sub
functions and each sub function is implemented using one logic block. All the sub functions
implemented in logic blocks must be connected and this is done by programming the interconnects.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AN FPGA

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

FPGAs, alternative to the custom ICs, can be used to implement an entire System On one Chip (SOC).
The main advantage of FPGA is ability to reprogram. User can reprogram an FPGA to implement a
design and this is done after the FPGA is manufactured. This brings the name “Field Programmable.”
Custom ICs are expensive and takes long time to design so they are useful when produced in bulk
amounts. But FPGAs are easy to implement within a short time with the help of Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) tools.

XILINX FPGA
Xilinx logic block consists of one Look Up Table (LUT) and one Flip-flop. An LUT is used to
implement number of different functionality. The input lines to the logic block go into the LUT and
enable it. The output of the LUT gives the result of the logic function that it implements and the output
of logic block is registered or unregistered output from the LUT.

PROCEDURE:
The Procedure to be followed for Software and Hardware Programs are as follows:
Step 1: Go to Start Menu All Programs Xilinx ISE 13.1i and Select Project Navigator.
Step 2: Go to File Menu and select Close project to close previously opened project if any, and then
Select New Project.
Step 3: Enter the Project name and location and Select the Top level module type as HDL.
Step 4: Select the Device family and Device name as Spartan3, pin density TQ144, -5 for FPGA.
Step 5: Right click on the source file and select new source followed by Verilog module and Give the
file name same as the name of the entity.
Step 6: Define the ports used and their respective directions in the next window that opens.
Step 7: Write the architecture body and the generics etc. in the incomplete Verilog code that opens and
save the file after completion of editing.
Step 8: Go to the Process view window and right click on the Synthesize - XST and Select Run. Correct
the errors if any.
Step 9: Select and Right click the source file and click on the New Source tab and then select the Test
Bench Waveform and give the appropriate file name for the same.
Step 10: Make the alterations in the Clock information and initial length of the test bench if needed.
Step 11: Set or Reset the inputs as required and save the test bench waveform file.
Step 12: Go to Process view and under Xilinx ISE Simulator Right click on the Simulate Behavioral
model to see the output for the input conditions.
Step 13: Make the appropriate connections between the PC and the FPGA kit for the observation of
outputs in the FPGA kit and for other Hardware Programming.

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Step 14: Select and Right click the source file and click on the New Source tab and then select the
Implementation Constraints file and give the appropriate file name for the same.
Step 15: Go to Process view and under User Constraints, double click on the Edit Constraints (Text).
Step 16: Write the code for the user constraints file as required and save the same.
Step 17: Select the main source file and right click on the Implement design in the process view window
and select run.
Step 18: Right click on the Generate Programming file in the process view window and select run.
Step 19: Under the Generate Programming file tab, right click on the Configure device (Impact) and
click on the Run option.
Step 20: Select the appropriate mode and make changes in the jumper settings of the FPGA Kit as
required, select the appropriate. BIT extension file in the pop up window.
Step 21: Right click on the Chip picture in the pop up window and Select “Program”. Debug the errors
if it is there. Set the conditions for the inputs using Dip switch and observe the outputs.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 01

Given a 4-variable logic expression, simplify it using appropriate technique and

simulate the same using basic gates.

Aim: Given a 4-variable logic expression, simplify it using appropriate technique and simulate the
same using basic gates.

Objectives:
1. Simplify 4-variable logic expression for efficient design.
2. Simulate using basic gates for practical verification and optimization.

Theory:

SUM OF PRODUCT:

The short form of the sum of the product is SOP, and it is one kind of Boolean
algebra expression. In this, the different product inputs are being added together. The product
of inputs is Boolean logical AND whereas the sum or addition is Boolean logical OR. Before
going to understand the concept of the sum of products

Expression of SOP F=AB+C(D+E)

Gate Description Truth Table Logic Symbol Pin Diagram

The output is active A B Output
OR high if any one of the 0 0 0
input is in active high 0 1 1
state, Mathematically, 1 0 1
1 1 1
Q = A+B

The output is active A B Output

AND high only if both the 0 0 0
inputs are in active 0 1 0
high state, 1 0 0
1 1 1
Mathematically,

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In this gate the output A Output

is opposite to the input
NOT 0 1
state, Mathematically,
1 0
Q=A

The output is active A B Output

NOR high only if both the 0 0 1
inputs are in active low 0 1 0
state, Mathematically, 1 0 0
1 1 0
Q = (A+B)’

The output is active A B Output

high only if any one of 0 0 Q
NAND 0 1 1
the input is in active
1 0 1
low state,
1 1 1
Mathematically, 0
Q = (A.B)’

The output is active A B Output

high only if any one of
XOR 0 0 0
the input is in active
high state, 0 1 1
Mathematically, 1 0 1
Q = A.B’ + B.A’ 1 1 0

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Modelsim
• HP Computer i4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c

Procedure:
1. Open Multisim software on your computer.
2. Click on "File" and select "New" to create a new schematic.
3. Drag and drop components from the component toolbar onto the workspace.
4. Connect the components using wires.Specify values and properties for components.

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5. Add a power supply to the circuit. Connect it appropriately (Vcc and GND).
6. Double-click on components to open their properties.
7. Set parameters, such as resistor values, capacitor values, etc.
8. Click on "Simulate" in the toolbar.
9. Set simulation parameters like start time, stop time, and time step.
10. Add instruments to measure and observe circuit behavior.
11. Click on the "Run" button (play icon) to start the simulation.
12. Observe and analyze waveforms and measurements from the instruments. Check for correct
circuit behavior.
13. If unexpected results occur, review the circuit, component values, and connections. Make
necessary adjustments and rerun the simulation.
14. Save your schematic and simulation results.
15. Document the circuit design, simulation parameters, and observed behavior.
16. Export simulation results or circuit diagrams for sharing or further analysis.

Simulation Output:

Results & conclusions:

The Simulate for Given a 4-variable logic expression, simplify it using appropriate technique using
basic gates are verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is Multisim?

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Answer: Multisim is a simulation software developed by National Instruments that allows

users to design, simulate, and analyze electronic circuits. It provides a virtual environment for
testing circuits before physical implementation
.
2. How does Multisim aid in circuit design?

Answer: Multisim allows users to create and simulate electronic circuits virtually, enabling
them to test the functionality and performance of the circuits without the need for physical
components. This aids in the design and validation process.

3. What types of components can you simulate in Multisim?

Answer: Multisim supports a wide range of electronic components, including resistors,

capacitors, inductors, transistors, op-amps, microcontrollers, and more. Users can simulate
both analog and digital components in their circuits.

4. What is the purpose of simplifying a logic expression?

Answer: Simplifying a logic expression reduces the number of gates needed, leading to more
efficient and faster circuits.

5. How many cells does a 4-variable K-map have?

Answer: A 4-variable K-map has 16 cells (2^4).

6. Explain the steps involved in simplifying a Boolean expression using K-maps.

Answer: Identify minterms, group adjacent 1s in the K-map, find the minimal sum-of-
products (SOP) expression, and then apply any additional simplifications.

7. Given a 4-variable expression ABCD + A'C'D + A'BD', simplify it using a K-map.

Answer: The simplified expression is AD' + A'C'.

8. Given the expression (A + B)(C + D), simplify it using Boolean algebra.

Answer: AC + AD + BC + BD

9. What is the significance of don't care conditions in logic simplification?

Answer: Don't care conditions represent input combinations for which the output value is not
critical. Utilizing don't care conditions allows for further optimization during simplification.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 02

Design a 4 bit full adder and subtractor and simulate the same using basic gates.

Aim: To design a 4 bit full adder and subtractor and simulate the same using basic gates.

Objectives:
1. Design a 4-bit full adder and subtractor circuit in Multisim using basic gates.
2. Simulate the circuit to analyze and verify correct functionality, considering various input
scenarios.
Theory:
The addition and subtraction operations can be combined into one circuit with one common binary
adder by including an exclusive-OR gate with each full-adder.

The mode input M controls the operation as the following:

If M=0 → the circuit is an adder

M=1 → the circuit becomes a subtractor

Each exclusive-OR gate receives input M and one of the inputs of B.

• When M = 0, we have B 0 = B. The full adders receive the value of B, the input carry is C0 = 0,
and the circuit performs A + B.

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• When M = 1, we have B  1 = 𝐵̅ and C0 = 1. The B inputs are all complemented and a 1 is added
through the input carry. The circuit performs the operation A + (the 2’s complement of B)= A –B
• The exclusive-OR with output V is for detecting an overflow.
The binary adder–subtractor circuit with outputs C and V is shown in Fig. 4.13. If the two binary
numbers are considered to be unsigned, then the C bit detects a carry after addition or a borrow
after subtraction. If the numbers are considered to be signed, then the V bit detects an overflow. If
V = 0 after an addition or subtraction, then no overflow occurred and the n -bit result is correct. If
V = 1, then the result of the operation contains n + 1 bits, but only the rightmost n bits of the number
fit in the space available, so an overflow has occurred. The 1n + 12 th bit is the actual sign and has
been shifted out of position.
Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Modelsim

• HP Computer i4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c

Procedure / activity:
1. Open Multisim software on your computer.
2. Click on "File" and select "New" to create a new schematic.
3. Drag and drop components from the component toolbar onto the workspace.
4. Connect the components using wires.Specify values and properties for components.
5. Add a power supply to the circuit. Connect it appropriately (Vcc and GND).
6. Double-click on components to open their properties.
7. Set parameters, such as resistor values, capacitor values, etc.
8. Click on "Simulate" in the toolbar.
9. Set simulation parameters like start time, stop time, and time step.
10. Add instruments to measure and observe circuit behavior.
11. Click on the "Run" button (play icon) to start the simulation.
12. Observe and analyze waveforms and measurements from the instruments. Check for correct
circuit behavior.
13. If unexpected results occur, review the circuit, component values, and connections. Make
necessary adjustments and rerun the simulation.
14. Save your schematic and simulation results.
15. Document the circuit design, simulation parameters, and observed behavior.
16. Export simulation results or circuit diagrams for sharing or further analysis.

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Simulation Output:
HALF ADDER

FULL ADDER

HALF SUBSTRACTOR

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

FULL SUBSTRACTOR

4-BIT ADDER & SUBSTRACTOR

Results & conclusions: Simulated 4-bit full adder and subtractor in Multisim, verified correct
outputs, efficient gate use, and stable performance. Achieved accurate, optimized, and versatile circuit
design.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is the primary function of a 4-bit full adder?

A 4-bit full adder performs addition on two 4-bit binary numbers, considering inputs and
generating a sum along with a carry-out.

2. Can a 4-bit full adder handle subtraction as well?

Yes, a 4-bit full adder can be used for subtraction by incorporating additional logic to manage
borrow inputs and adjustments.

3. How many control inputs are there in a 4-bit full subtractor for each XOR gate used?
2

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4. What is the purpose of the AND gates in a full subtractor?

A) Generate the sum output

B) Generate the borrow-out
C) Perform bitwise AND operation
D) Implement overflow detection

Answer: C) Perform bitwise AND operation

5. List the basic gates required to design a 4-bit full adder.

Answer: Basic gates include AND gates, XOR gates, and OR gates.

6. In a 4-bit full subtractor, what is the role of the borrow-out?

A) It indicates a borrow to the next stage.

B) It determines the most significant bit of the difference.
C) It controls the XOR gates.
D) It is not used in subtraction.

Answer: A) It indicates a borrow to the next stage.

7. What is the purpose of the AND gates in a full subtractor?

A) Generate the sum output

B) Generate the borrow-out
C) Perform bitwise AND operation
D) Implement overflow detection

Answer: C) Perform bitwise AND operation

8. How would you simulate the 4-bit full adder and subtractor using basic gates in a
software tool like Multisim or similar?

Answer: Create a schematic in the simulation tool, instantiate the required basic gates (AND,
XOR, OR), and interconnect them according to the design of the 4-bit full adder and
subtractor. Apply appropriate inputs and observe the outputs.

9. How many XOR gates are required for the sum output in a 4-bit full adder?

Answer: Four XOR gates are required for generating the sum outputs in a 4-bit full adder.

10. Can you identify any challenges or considerations when designing a 4-bit full
subtractor?

Answer: One consideration is managing borrow inputs for each bit subtraction, and careful
handling of borrow propagation to ensure accurate subtraction results.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 03

Design Verilog HDL to implement simple circuits using structural, Data flow and
Behavioural model.

Aim: To design Verilog HDL to implement simple circuits using structural, Data flow and
Behavioural model.

Objectives:
1. Implement Verilog for simple circuits using structural, data flow, and behavioral models.
2. Verify designs through simulation for functionality and performance assessment.

Theory:

As mentioned previously, the module is the basic building block for modeling hardware with the
Verilog HDL. The logic of a module can be described in anyone (or a combination) of the
following modeling styles:

FIGURE 3.1: Relationship of Verilog constructs to truth tables, Boolean equations, and
schematics

• Gate-level modeling using instantiations of predefined and user-defined primitive gates.

o Gate-level (structural) modeling describes a circuit by specifying its gates and how
they are connected with each other.

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• Dataflow modeling using continuous assignment statements with the keyword assign.
o Dataflow modeling is used mostly for describing the Boolean equations of
combinational logic.
• Behavioral modeling using procedural assignment statements with the keyword always.
o behavioral modeling that is used to describe combinational and sequential circuits
at a higher level of abstraction.
Combinational logic can be designed with truth tables, Boolean equations, and schematics; Verilog has
a construct corresponding to each of these “classical” approaches to design: user-defined primitives,
continuous assignments, and primitives, as shown in Fig. 3.1. There is one other modeling style, called
switch-level modeling. It is sometimes used in the simulation of MOS transistor circuit models, but not
in logic synthesis. We will not consider switch-level modeling.

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Modelsim SoftwareSpecifications:
• HP Computer P4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c, Xilinx - 14.1i.

Procedure / activity:
1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.
2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.
3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.

Verilog code:
Structural- Data Flow- Behavioural Model-
module logicg(a, module ldataflow(a, module logicgB(a,
b,y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6); b,y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6); b,y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6);
input a,b; input a,b; input a,b;
output y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6; output y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6; output y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6;
not g1(y0,a); assign y0=!a; reg y0;
and g2(y1,a,b); assign y1=a&b; reg y1;
or g3(y2,a,b); assign y2=a|b; reg y2;
nand g4(y3,a,b); assign y3=!(a&b); reg y3;
nor g5(y4,a,b); assign y4=!(a|b); reg y4;
xor g6(y5,a,b); assign y5=a^b; reg y5;
xnor g7(y6,a,b); assign y6=!(a^b); reg y6;
endmodule endmodule always @(a,b)

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begin
y0=!a;
y1=a&b;
y2=a|b;
y3=!(a&b);
y4=!(a|b);
y5=a^b;
y6=!(a^b);
end
endmodule

Verilog Testbench code:

Structural- Data Flow- Behavioural Model-
module logicg_tb; module ldataflow_tb; module logicgB_tb;
reg a; reg a; reg a;
reg b; reg b; reg b;
wire y0; wire y0; wire y0;
wire y1; wire y1; wire y1;
wire y2; wire y2; wire y2;
wire y3; wire y3; wire y3;
wire y4; wire y4; wire y4;
wire y5; wire y5; wire y5;
wire y6; wire y6; wire y6;
logicg uut (.a(a), .b(b), ldataflow uut (.a(a), .b(b), logicgB uut (.a(a), .b(b),
.y0(y0), .y1(y1), .y0(y0), .y1(y1), .y0(y0), .y1(y1),
.y2(y2), .y3(y3), .y2(y2), .y3(y3), .y2(y2), .y3(y3), .y4(y4),
.y4(y4), .y5(y5), .y4(y4), .y5(y5), .y5(y5), .y6(y6) );
.y6(y6) ); .y6(y6) ); initial begin
initial begin initial begin a = 0; b = 0; #100;
a = 0; b = 0;#100; a = 0; b = 0;#100; a = 0; b = 1; #100;
a = 0; b = 1;#100; a = 0; b = 1;#100; a = 1; b = 0; #100;
a = 1; b = 0;#100; a = 1; b = 0;#100; a = 1; b = 1; #100;
a = 1; b = 1;#100; a = 1; b = 1;#100; end
end end endmodule
endmodule endmodule

Simulation Output:

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Results & conclusions: The Verilog code for simple circuits using structural, Data flow and
Behavioral model are verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is Verilog HDL?
Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) is a language used for modeling electronic systems
at the behavioral and structural levels, commonly employed in digital design and simulation.
2. Explain the structural modeling in Verilog.
Structural modeling involves building circuits using predefined modules. Instances of modules are
interconnected to create a complete design.

3. Explain the concept of continuous assignment in data flow modeling.

Continuous assignments use the assign keyword to express the relationship between signals. These
assignments operate continuously, updating the output whenever input signals change.

4. In behavioral modeling, what does the always block signify?

The always block in behavioral modeling defines a set of conditions and statements that are
executed whenever the conditions specified in the sensitivity list change.

5. Can Verilog be used for both simulation and synthesis?

Yes, Verilog is versatile and can be used for both simulation, to verify designs, and synthesis, to
generate hardware based on the design description

6. How are signals represented in behavioral modeling in Verilog?

In behavioral modeling, signals are represented using variables and expressions. Changes in
variables trigger the execution of blocks, simulating the algorithmic behavior.

7. How is time accounted for in behavioral modeling in Verilog?

Behavioral modeling can include delays using constructs like # to represent time delays between
statements. This allows simulation to account for time-dependent behavior.

8. How does structural modeling differ from behavioral modeling in Verilog?

Structural modeling focuses on the interconnection of modules, representing the physical
structure of the circuit. Behavioral modeling emphasizes the algorithmic functionality, abstracting
the physical implementation details.

9. In which scenarios would you prefer to use structural modeling in Verilog?

Structural modeling is beneficial when designing circuits with well-defined modules and known
physical implementations, making it suitable for hierarchical designs.

10. When is behavioral modeling more appropriate in Verilog?

Behavioral modeling is preferred for abstractly describing the functionality of a circuit without
concern for the specific physical structure. It is useful for algorithmic or higher-level design
descriptions.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 04

Design Verilog HDL to implement Binary Adder-Subtractor – Half and Full

Adder, Half and Full Subtractor.

Aim: To Design Verilog HDL to implement Binary Adder-Subtractor – Half and Full Adder, Half
and Full Subtractor.

Objectives:
1. Create Verilog HDL for Binary Adder-Subtractor, including Half and Full Adder, Half and Full
Subtractor.
2. Validate functionality through simulation for accurate arithmetic operations in digital systems.

Theory:

Adder is a combinational digital circuit that is used for adding two numbers. A typical adder circuit
produces a sum bit (denoted by S) and a carry bit (denoted by C) as the output. Adder circuits are of
two types: Half adder and Full adder.

Half-Adder: A combinational logic circuit that performs the addition of two data bits, A and B, is called
a half-adder. Addition will result in two output bits; one of which is the sum bit, S, and the other is the
carry bit, C.

Full-Adder: The half-adder does not take the carry bit from its previous stage into account. This carry
bit from its previous stage is called carry-in bit. A combinational logic circuit that adds two data bits,
A and B, and a carry-in bit Cin, is called a full-adder.

Subtractor is a combinational digital circuit that is used for subtracting two numbers. A typical
subtractor circuit produces a diff bit (denoted by D) and a borrow bit (denoted by B)as the output.
Subtractor circuits are of two types: Half subtractor and Full subtractor.

Half Subtractor: A combinational logic circuit that performs the subtraction of two data bits, A and B,
is called a half-adder. Subtraction will result in two output bits; one of which is the diff bit, D, and the
other is the borrow bit, B.

Full Subtractor: A combinational logic circuit that subtractor two data bits, A and B and a borrow in
bit, is called full subtractor.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Using Basic Gates

Half Adder

Half Subtractor

Full Adder

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Full Subtractor

Using EX-OR Gates

Half Adder Half Subtractor

Sum= A⨁B Diff= A⨁B

Carry= AB Borrow=A’B

Full Adder Full Subtractor

Sum=A⨁B⨁C Diff= A⨁B⨁C

Carry=AB+BC+AC Borrow=A’B+BC+A’C

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Modelsim SoftwareSpecifications:
• HP Computer P4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c, Xilinx - 14.1i.

Procedure / activity:
1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.
2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.
3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.

Verilog code:
Half Adder- Half Substractor-
module halfadder(a,b,sum,carry); module HS(a,b,diff,borrow);
input a,b; input a,b;
output sum,carry; output diff,borrow;
assign diff=a^b;
assign sum=a^b;
assign borrow=!(a)&b;
assign carry=a&b; endmodule
endmodule
Full Adder- Full Substractor-
module FA(a,b,c,sum,carry); module FS(a,b,c,diff,borrow);
input a,b,c; input a,b,c;
output sum,carry; output diff,borrow;
assign sum=a^b^c; assign diff=a^b^c;
assign carry=(a&b)||(b&c)||(c&a); assign borrow=((!a)&b)|(b&c)|((!a)&c);
endmodule endmodule

Verilog Testbench code:

Half Adder- Half Substractor-

module halfadder_tb; module HS_tb;
reg a; reg a;
reg b; reg b;
wire sum; wire diff;
wire carry; wire borrow;
halfadder uut ( HS uut (
.a(a), .a(a),
.b(b), .b(b),

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

.sum(sum), .diff(diff),
.carry(carry) ); .borrow(borrow) );
initial begin initial begin
a = 0; b = 0; #100; a = 0; b = 0; #100;
a = 0; b = 1; #100; a = 0; b = 1; #100;
a = 1; b = 0; #100; a = 1; b = 0; #100;
a = 1; b = 1; #100; a = 1; b = 1; #100;
end end
endmodule endmodule

Full Adder- Full Substractor-

module FA_tb; module FS_tb;
reg a; reg a;
reg b; reg b;
reg c; reg c;
wire sum; wire diff;
wire carry; wire borrow;
FA uut ( FS uut (
.a(a), .a(a),
.b(b), .b(b),
.c(c), .c(c),
.sum(sum), .diff(diff),
.carry(carry) ); .borrow(borrow) );
initial begin initial begin
a = 0;b = 0;c = 0;#100; a = 0;b = 0;c = 0;#100;
a = 0;b = 0;c = 1;#100; a = 0;b = 0;c = 1;#100;
a = 0;b = 1;c = 0;#100; a = 0;b = 1;c = 0;#100;
a = 0;b = 1;c = 1;#100; a = 0;b = 1;c = 1;#100;
a = 1;b = 0;c =0;#100; a = 1;b = 0;c = 0;#100;
a = 1;b = 0;c = 1;#100; a = 1;b = 0;c = 1;#100;
a =1;b = 1;c = 0;#100; a = 1;b = 1;c = 0;#100;
a = 1;b = 1;c = 1;#100; a = 1;b = 1;c = 1;#100;
end end
endmodule endmodule

Simulation Output:
Half Adder-

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Half Substractor-

Full Adder-

Full Substractor

Results & conclusions: The Verilog code for adders and subtractors are verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is the basic function of a binary adder?

Ans: A binary adder combines two binary numbers, producing their sum and a possible carry
output.

2. What is a Half Adder in binary arithmetic?

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Ans: A Half Adder adds two binary digits (bits) and produces a sum and a carry-out. It lacks the
ability to handle a carry-in from a previous stage.

3. How does a Full Adder differ from a Half Adder?

Ans: A Full Adder adds three binary digits (two inputs and a carry-in) to produce a sum and a
carry-out, enabling it to handle carry inputs from previous stages.

4. What is a Half Subtractor in binary arithmetic?

Ans: A Half Subtractor subtracts two binary digits and produces a difference and a borrow-out. It
does not consider borrow inputs from previous stages.

5. How does a Full Subtractor differ from a Half Subtractor?

Ans: A Full Subtractor subtracts three binary digits (two inputs and a borrow-in) to produce a
difference and a borrow-out. It can handle borrow inputs from previous stages.

6. How does a Half Subtractor handle the case when the minuend is smaller than the
subtrahend?
Ans: In such cases, the Half Subtractor produces a difference without a borrow-out, signifying that
no borrowing is required for the subtraction.

7. Explain the significance of the carry-in and borrow-in signals in Full Adders and Full
Subtractors.
Ans: The carry-in (Cin) in Full Adders and the borrow-in in Full Subtractors represent inputs from
the previous stage, allowing these circuits to operate on multiple bits.

8. Can a Full Subtractor be constructed using Half Subtractors?

Ans: Yes, a Full Subtractor can be built using two Half Subtractors and additional logic to manage
borrow inputs.

9. How does the carry propagation differ in Adders and Subtractors?

Ans: In Adders, carries propagate from lower bits to higher bits during addition, while in
Subtractors, borrows propagate from higher bits to lower bits during subtraction.

10. Why is it called a "Half" Adder or Subtractor?

Ans: It is called "Half" because it handles only two input bits, not considering any carry or borrow
inputs from previous stages, making it a simpler building block compared to "Full" Adders and
Subtractors.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 05

Design Verilog HDL to implement Decimal adder

Aim: To Design Verilog HDL to implement Decimal adder.

Theory: BCD or Binary coded decimal is a way of representing decimal digits in binary form.
Generally 4 bits are used to represent values 0 to 9.
BCD BCD
Decimal Digit Decimal Digit
8421 8421
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

A BCD adder, takes in two BCD numbers as inputs, and outputs a BCD digit along with a carry output.
If the sum of the BCD digits is less than or equal to 9, then we don't have a problem. But if its greater
than 9, we have to convert it into BCD format. This is done by adding 6 to the sum and taking only the
least significant 4 bits. The MSB bit is output as carry.
Consider the below BCD addition:
1001 + 1000 = 10001
9 + 8 = 17
The output 17 is more than 9. So we add 6 to it. So we get,
17+6 = 23 (in binary 23 is 10111)
Now the least significant 4 bits (which is "0111") represent the units digit and the MSB(4th bit which
is '1') bit represents the tens digit. Since the range of input is 0 to 9, the maximum output is 18. If you
consider a carry it becomes 19. This means at the output side we need a 4 bit sum and a 1 bit carry to
represent the most significant digit. These binary numbers are listed below
The condition for a correction and an output carry can be expressed by the Boolean Function
C = K + Z8Z4 + Z8Z2
When C = 1, it is necessary to add 0110 to the binary sum and provide an output carry for the next
stage. A BCD adder that adds two BCD digits and produces a sum digit in BCD is shown in Figure
below.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Logic Diagram:

For multiple digit addition, you can connect the carry_out to the carry input of the next adder. A simple
cascading network of these small adders is enough to realize the multiple digit BCD addition.
Equipment:
• Computer with Modelsim SoftwareSpecifications:
• HP Computer P4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c, Xilinx - 14.1i.

Procedure:

1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.

2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.

Verilog code for BCD addition-Behavioral level:

module deciadder(a,b,carry_in,sum,carry);
//declare the inputs and outputs of the module with their sizes.
input [3:0] a,b;
input carry_in;
output [3:0] sum;
output carry;
//Internal variables
reg [4:0] sum_temp;
reg [3:0] sum;
reg carry;
//always block for doing the addition
always @(a,b,carry_in)
begin
sum_temp = a+b+carry_in; //add all the inputs
if(sum_temp > 9)
begin
sum_temp = sum_temp+6; //add 6, if result is more than 9.
carry = 1; //set the carry output
sum = sum_temp[3:0];
end
else
begin
carry = 0;
sum = sum_temp[3:0];
end
end
endmodule

Verilog Testbench code for BCD adder:

module deciadder_tb;
reg [3:0] a;
reg [3:0] b;
reg carry_in;
wire [3:0] sum;

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

wire carry;
deciadder uut (.a(a), .b(b), .carry_in(carry_in), .sum(sum), .carry(carry));
initial begin
// Initialize Inputs
a = 9;
b = 6;
carry_in = 0;
#100;
end
endmodule

Simulation waveform:

Results & conclusions: The Verilog code for Decimal adder is simulated and verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is a decimal adder?

Ans: A decimal adder is a digital circuit designed to perform addition operations specifically for
decimal numbers.

2. How does a decimal adder differ from a binary adder?

Ans: While binary adders operate on binary numbers, decimal adders process numbers in base-
10, considering the decimal digits 0 through 9.

3. Explain the significance of a carry in a decimal adder.

Ans: In a decimal adder, a carry occurs when the sum of two digits exceeds 9, requiring an
additional unit to be carried to the next higher decimal place.

4. How is overflow handled in a decimal adder?

Ans: Overflow occurs when the sum in a decimal place exceeds 9. In such cases, the carry is
propagated to the next higher decimal place to prevent data loss.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

5. What are the applications of a decimal adder in digital systems?

Ans: Decimal adders are essential components in applications like financial calculations, where
decimal numbers are prevalent, ensuring accurate arithmetic operations in electronic systems.

6. How does the addition process differ between binary and decimal adders?
Ans: Decimal addition involves carrying over to the next decimal place when the sum exceeds
9, while binary addition carries over when the sum exceeds 1.

7. Can a binary adder be adapted for decimal addition?

Ans: Yes, but it may not efficiently handle decimal-specific carry propagation. Decimal adders
are optimized for base-10 arithmetic, considering the unique carry requirements of decimal
digits.

8. Explain the role of the carry-out in a decimal adder.

Ans: The carry-out signal indicates whether there is a carry from the most significant digit
(MSD), signaling potential overflow in multi-digit decimal additions.

9. How is subtraction implemented in a decimal adder circuit?

Subtraction in a decimal adder is achieved by using additional logic to complement and adjust
the inputs based on the borrow generated during the subtraction process.

10. Can a decimal adder handle negative decimal numbers?

Yes, by incorporating logic to manage sign bits and handling subtraction appropriately, a
decimal adder can process negative decimal numbers.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 06

Design Verilog program to implement Different types of multiplexer like 2:1, 4:1
and 8:1.

Aim: Design Verilog program to implement Different types of multiplexers like 2:1, 4:1 and 8:1.

Objectives:
1. Develop Verilog program for 2:1, 4:1, 8:1 multiplexer design.
2. Validate through simulation for accuracy and efficiency in circuit implementation.

Theory:
➢ A multiplexer (or data selector, abbreviated as MUX) has a group of data inputs (2n) and a group
of control inputs (n) (also called as select inputs).
➢ The control inputs are used to select one of the data inputs and connect it to the output terminal.

Figure 6.1: General block diagram of 2n : 1 multiplexer

➢ A general block diagram of 2n : 1 multiplexer is shown in the fig.3.6.
➢ A 2 to 1 multiplexer requires 1 select input, 4 to 1 multiplexers require 2 select inputs and 8 to
1 multiplexers require 3 select inputs.

2:1 Multiplexer
➢ A 2 to 1 multiplexer has 2 data inputs, 1 select input and 1 output.

Figure 6.2: 2 to 1 Multiplexer and Switch Analog

➢ When the select (control) input A is 0, the switch is in the upper position and the MUX output
is Z = I0.
➢ When the select (control) input A is 1, the switch is in the lower position and the MUX output
is Z = I1.
➢ In other words, a MUX acts like a switch that selects one of the data inputs (I0 or I1) and
transmits it to the output.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Truth Table:
Select (S) Output (Z)
0 I0
1 I1
➢ The logic equation for the 2-to-1 MUX can be written as:
𝐙 = 𝐒̅𝐈𝟎 + 𝐒𝐈𝟏
Logic Diagram:

Figure 6.3: Logic diagram of 2:1 Multiplexer

4:1 Multiplexer
➢ A 4 to 1 multiplexer has 4 data inputs, 2 select inputs and 1 output.
➢ The 4 to 1 MUX acts like a four-position switch that transmits one of the four inputs to the
output.

Figure 6.4: 4 to 1 Multiplexer

➢ Two select (control) inputs (S1 and S0) are needed to select one of the four inputs. If the control
inputs are S1S0 = 00, the output is I0; similarly, for the control inputs 01, 10, and 11 give outputs
of I1, I2, and I3, respectively.
Truth Table:
Select (S1) Select (S0) Output (Z)
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2
1 1 I3

➢ The logic equation for 4-to-1 multiplexer can be written as

𝐙 = 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟎 + 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐒𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟐 + 𝐒𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟑

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Logic Diagram:

8:1 Multiplexer
➢ An 8 to 1 multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 select inputs and 1 output. 8 to 1 MUX selects one of
eight data inputs using three select inputs

Figure 6.5: 8 to 1 Multiplexer

➢ The 8-to-1 MUX acts like an eight-position switch that transmits one of the eight inputs to the
output.
Truth Table:
Select (S2) Select (S1) Select (S0) Output (Z)
0 0 0 I0
0 0 1 I1
0 1 0 I2
0 1 1 I3
1 0 0 I4
1 0 1 I5
1 1 0 I6
1 1 1 I7
➢ The logic equation for the 8 to1 MUX can be written as:

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

𝐙 = 𝐒̅𝟐 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟎 + 𝐒̅𝟐 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐒̅𝟐 𝐒𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟐 + 𝐒̅𝟐 𝐒𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟑 + 𝐒𝟐 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟒 + 𝐒𝟐 𝐒̅𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟓 + 𝐒𝟐 𝐒𝟏 𝐒̅𝟎 𝐈𝟔
+ 𝐒𝟐 𝐒𝟏 𝐒𝟎 𝐈𝟕

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Xilinx - 14.7i. SoftwareSpecifications:
• HP Computer i4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Xilinx - 14.7i.

Procedure / activity:
1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.
2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.
3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.

Verilog code:
2:1 MUX 4:1 MUX 8:1 MUX
module two_to_one_MUX module four_to_one_MUX module eight_to_one_MUX
(I0,I1,S,Y); (I1,I2,I3,I4,S1,S2,Y); (I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8,S1,S2,S3,Y);
input I0; input I1,I2,I3,I4; input I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8;
input I1; input S1,S2; input S1,S2,S3;
input S; output Y; output Y;
output Y;
wire S_bar,w1,w2; assign assign Y=((!S1)&(!S2)&(!S3)&I1)
not g1(S_bar,S); Y=((!S1)&(!S2)&I1)|((!S1 |((!S1)&(!S2)&S3&I2)|((!S1)&S2&
and (w1,I0,S_bar); )&(S2)&I2)|(S1&(!S2)&I3 (!S3)&I3)|((!S1)&S2&S3&I4)|(S1
and (w2,I1,S); )|(S1&S2&I4); &(!S2)&(!S3)&I5)|(S1&(!S2)&S3
or (Y,w1,w2); endmodule &I6)|(S1&S2&(!S3)&I7)|(S1&S2&
endmodule S3&I8);
endmodule

Verilog Testbench code:

2:1 MUX 4:1 MUX 8:1 MUX
module two_to_one_MUX_tb; module four_to_one_MUX_tb; module eight_to_one_MUX1;
reg I0; reg I1; reg I1;
reg I1; reg I2; reg I2;
reg S; reg I3; reg I3;
wire Y; reg I4; reg I4;
two_to_one_MUX uut ( reg S1; reg I5;
.I0(I0), reg S2; reg I6;

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

.I1(I1), wire Y; reg I7;

.S(S), four_to_one_MUX uut ( reg I8;
.Y(Y) ); .I1(I1), reg S1;
initial begin .I2(I2), reg S2;
I0 = 1; I1 = 0; .I3(I3), reg S3;
S = 0; #100; .I4(I4), wire Y;
end .S1(S1), eight_to_one_MUX uut (
endmodule .S2(S2), .I1(I1), .I2(I2), .I3(I3), .I4(I4),
.Y(Y) ); .I5(I5), .I6(I6), .I7(I7), .I8(I8),
initial begin .S1(S1), .S2(S2), .S3(S3),
I1 = 0;I2 = 0;I3 = 0;I4 = 1; .Y(Y) );
S1 = 0;S2 = 1; #100; initial begin
end I1 = 1;I2 = 1;I3 = 1; I4 = 1;I5 =
endmodule 1;I6 = 0;I7 = 1;I8 = 1;
S1 = 1; S2 = 0; S3 = 1; #100;
end
endmodule

Simulation Output:
2:1 MUX

4:1-MUX

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

8:1 MUX

Results & conclusions:

The Verilog code for Different types of multiplexers like 2:1, 4:1 and 8:1 is simulated and verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is the purpose of a multiplexer?

Ans: A multiplexer is a digital circuit that selects one of several input signals and directs it to a single
output.

2. How does a 2:1 multiplexer differ from a 4:1 multiplexer?

Ans: A 2:1 multiplexer has two inputs, and a 4:1 multiplexer has four inputs.

3. Explain the role of the select input in a multiplexer.

Ans: A 2:1 multiplexer has two inputs, and a 4:1 multiplexer has four inputs.

4. What happens when the select input is 0 in a 2:1 multiplexer?

Ans: When the select input is 0 in a 2:1 multiplexer, the output is connected to the first input.

5. How is the output determined in an 8:1 multiplexer?

Ans: The select input in an 8:1 multiplexer specifies which of the eight inputs is routed to the output.

6. Can a multiplexer be used to implement logic gates? How?

Ans: Yes, multiplexers can be configured to function as logic gates by appropriately selecting inputs.

7. Can Verilog code for a 2:1 multiplexer be reused for a 4:1 multiplexer? Why or why not?
Ans: Some code can be reused, but adjustments are needed for the increased number of inputs.

8. How does the complexity of a multiplexer circuit increase with the number of inputs?
Ans: The complexity of a multiplexer circuit increases linearly with the number of inputs, leading to
more logic gates and connections.

9. Explain the concept of data routing in multiplexers.

Ans: Data routing refers to selecting and transmitting a specific input to the output based on the select
input.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

10. What is the difference between a multiplexer and a demultiplexer?

Ans: A multiplexer selects one input among many for output, while a demultiplexer routes one input
to multiple outputs.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 07

Design Verilog program to implement types of De-Multiplexer.

Aim:
To Design Verilog program to implement Different types of De-multiplexer like 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8.

Objectives:
1. Implement Verilog program for 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 Demultiplexer designs.
2. Verify functionality through simulation for accuracy and performance assessment.

Theory:

A De-multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has only 1 input line and 2N output lines. Simply, the
multiplexer is a single-input and multi-output combinational circuit. The information is received from
the single input lines and directed to the output line. On the basis of the values of the selection lines,
the input will be connected to one of these outputs. De-multiplexer is opposite to the multiplexer.

Unlike encoder and decoder, there are n selection lines and 2n outputs. So, there is a total of 2n possible
combinations of inputs. De-multiplexer is also treated as De-mux.

There are various types of De-multiplexer which are as follows:

1×2 De-multiplexer: In the 1 to 2 De-multiplexer, there are only two outputs, i.e., Y0, and Y1, 1
selection lines, i.e., S0, and single input, i.e., A. Based on the selection value, the input will be connected
to one of the outputs. The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×2 multiplexer are given below.

Block Diagram: Truth Table:

The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

Y0=S0'.A
Y1=S0.A
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

1×4 De-multiplexer: In 1 to 4 De-multiplexer, there are total of four outputs, i.e., Y0, Y1, Y2, and
Y3, 2 selection lines, i.e., S0 and S1 and single input, i.e., A. Based on the combination of inputs which
are present at the selection lines S0 and S1, the input be connected to one of the outputs. The block
diagram and the truth table of the 1×4 multiplexer is given below.
Block Diagram: Truth Table:

The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

Y0=S1' S0' A
y1=S1' S0 A
y2=S1 S0' A
y3=S1 S0 A
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

1×8 De-multiplexer: In 1 to 8 De-multiplexer, there are total of eight outputs, i.e., Y0, Y1, Y2,
Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7, 3 selection lines, i.e., S0, S1and S2 and single input, i.e., A. On the basis of
the combination of inputs which are present at the selection lines S0, S1 and S2, the input will be
connected to one of these outputs. The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×8 de-multiplexer
is given below.
Block Diagram: Truth Table:

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

Y0=S0'.S1'.S2'.A
Y1=S0.S1'.S2'.A
Y2=S0'.S1.S2'.A
Y3=S0.S1.S2'.A
Y4=S0'.S1'.S2 A
Y5=S0.S1'.S2 A
Y6=S0'.S1.S2 A
Y7=S0.S1.S3.A
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Xilinx - 14.7i.
• HP Computer i4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Software: Xilinx ISE v14.7 IDE

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Procedure / activity:
1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.
2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.
3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.

Verilog code:
1:2 DEMUX 1:4 DEMUX 1:8 DEMUX
module demux12_BM(S0,A,Y); module module
input A, S0; one_four_demux_BM(S,A,Y); one_eight_demux_BM(S,A,Y);
wire A, S0; input A; input A;
wire A; wire A;
output [1:0] Y;
input [1:0] S; input [2:0] S;
reg [1:0] Y; wire [1:0] S; wire [2:0] S;
always @ (A or S0) output [3:0] Y; output [7:0] Y;
begin reg [3:0] Y; reg [7:0] Y;
case(S0)
1'b0: Y={A,1'b0}; always @(A or S) begin always @(A or S)
default: Y={1'b0, A}; begin
case(S)
endcase
1'b00: Y= {A,3'b000}; case(S)
end 1'b01: Y= {1'b0, A,2'b00}; 0: Y={A,7'b0000000};
endmodule 1'b10: Y= {2'b00, A,1'b0}; 1: Y= {1'b0, A,6'b000000};
default: Y= {3'b000, A}; 2: Y= {2'b00, A,5'b00000};
endcase 3: Y= {3'b000, A,4'b0000};
end 4: Y= {4'b0000, A,3'b000};
endmodule 5: Y= {5'b00000, A,2'b00};
6: Y= {6'b000000, A,1'b0};
default: Y= {7'b0000000, A};
endcase
end
endmodule

Verilog Testbench code:

1:2 DEMUX 1:4 DEMUX 1:8 DEMUX
module demux12_BM_tb; module module
reg S0; one_four_demux_BMtb; one_eight_demux_BMtb;
reg A; reg [1:0] S; reg [2:0] S;
wire [1:0] Y; reg A; reg A;
demux12_BM uut ( wire [3:0] Y; wire [7:0] Y;
.S0(S0), one_four_demux_BM uut ( one_eight_demux_BM uut (
.A(A), .S(S), .S(S),
.Y(Y) ); .A(A), .A(A),

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

initial begin .Y(Y) ); .Y(Y) );

S0 = 0; A = 1; #100; initial begin initial begin
S0 = 1; A = 1; #100; S = 0; A = 1; #100; S = 0; A = 1; #100;
end S = 1; A = 1; #100; S = 1; A = 1; #100;
endmodule S = 2; A = 1; #100; S = 2; A = 1; #100;
S = 3; A = 1; #100; S = 3; A = 1; #100;
end S = 4; A = 1; #100;
endmodule S = 5; A = 1; #100;
S = 6; A = 1; #100;
S = 7; A = 1; #100;
end
endmodule

Simulation Output:
1:2 DEMUX

1:4 DEMUX

1:8 DEMUX

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Results & conclusions:

The Verilog code for Different types of De-multiplexer like 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 is simulated and verified.

Possible viva questions:

1. What is the primary function of a De-Multiplexer (De-Mux)?
Ans: A De-Mux takes a single input and directs it to one of several possible outputs.

2. Explain the operation of a 1-to-2 De-Multiplexer.

Ans: A 1-to-2 De-Mux selects between two output lines based on the control input.

3. How does a 1-to-4 De-Multiplexer differ from a 1-to-2 De-Multiplexer?

Ans: A 1-to-4 De-Mux directs one input to one of four outputs based on the control input.

4. What is the significance of the Enable input in a De-Multiplexer?

Ans: The Enable input allows or inhibits the De-Mux operation, controlling the output based on its
state.

5. Discuss the concept of a Binary De-Multiplexer.

Ans: A Binary De-Mux with n control lines can select one of 2^n output lines for the input.

6. How does a De-Multiplexer with multiple outputs, like 1-to-8, function?

Ans: A 1-to-8 De-Mux routes a single input to one of eight possible output lines determined by the
control inputs.

7. What is the purpose of a Priority De-Multiplexer?

Ans: A Priority De-Mux ensures that a specific input is directed to its corresponding output in the
presence of multiple inputs.

8. In what scenarios is a Decoder considered a specialized De-Multiplexer?

Ans: A Decoder acts as a De-Mux by converting a binary code into an equivalent decimal or other
code.

9. How do De-Multiplexers contribute to data routing in communication systems?

Ans: De-Muxes route data to specific channels, aiding in the distribution of information in
communication networks.

10. Explain how De-Multiplexers enhance flexibility in digital circuits.

Ans: De-Muxes provide flexibility by enabling the selection of different output lines for a single
input based on control signals.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

EXPERIMENT NO – 08

Design Verilog program for implementing various types of Flip-Flops such as SR,
JK and D

Aim: To design and simulate Verilog modules for three different types of flip-flops (SR, JK, and D)
using behavioral modeling. The program should demonstrate the functionality and behavior of these
flip-flops under various input conditions.

Objectives:
• Implement Verilog modules for SR, JK, and D flip-flops using behavioral modeling. Develop
a testbench to simulate the behavior of the implemented flip-flops.
• Apply different input conditions to the flip-flops in the testbench to observe their responses.
• Verify that the flip-flops exhibit the expected sequential logic behavior, such as state changes
and toggling.

Theory:
Flip-flops are synchronous bitable devices. The term synchronous means the output changes state
only when the clock input is triggered. That is, changes in the output occur in synchronization with
the clock. A flip-flop circuit has two outputs, one for the normal value and one for the complement
value of the stored bit. Since memory elements in sequential circuits are usually flip-flops, it is worth
summarizing the behavior of various flip-flop types before proceeding further. Flip-flops can be
divided into four basic types: SR, JK, D and T. They differ in the number of inputs and in the response
invoked by different value of input signals. The four types of flip-flops are defined in the Table 8.1.
Each of these flip-flops can be uniquely described by its graphical symbol, its characteristic table, its
characteristic equation or excitation table. All flip-flops have output signals Q and Q'.

Table 8.1: Flip-flops and their properties

Flip- Flip-Flop Characteristic Characteristic Excitation Table
Flop Symbol Table Equation
Name

S R Q(next) Q(next) = Q Q(next) S R

SR 0 0 Q S + R’Q 0 0 0 X
0 1 0 SR = 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 ? 1 1 X 0

J K Q(next) Q(next) = JQ’ Q Q(next) J K

0 0 Q + K’Q 0 0 0 X
JK
0 1 0 0 1 1 X
1 0 1 1 0 X 1
1 1 Q’ 1 1 X 0

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Q Q(next) D
D D Q(next) 0 0 0
0 0 Q(next) = D 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1

Logic diagram

Figure 8.1: SR (a) NOR Gate latch (b) Symbol

Figure 8.2: D- Flip Flop Figure 8.3: JK Flip Flop

Graphs

Figure 8.4: Timing diagram of SR Flip-Flop

Figure 8.5: Timing diagram of JK Flip-Flop

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

Figure 8.6: Timing diagram of D Flip-Flop

Equipment / components required:

• Computer with Modelsim SoftwareSpecifications:
• HP Computer P4 Processor – 2.8 GHz, 2GB RAM, 160 GB Hard Disk
• Softwares: Modelsim - 5.7c, Xilinx - 14.1i.

Procedure:
1. Open a Xilinx IDE, close old projects.
2. Create a new project through the project navigator icon.
3. Add VHDL/Verilog new source to the project depending on the user requirement.
4. Select the Verilog HDL mode.
5. Assign the inputs and outputs for the system to design.
6. And write the code as given below for the functionality.
7. Synthesize the code and correct the syntax errors if any.
8. Isim Simulator and Behavioral check syntax the Simulation behavioral model.
9. Observe the output timing waveform and verify it with the truth table.
Verilog code:
1. SR Flip-Flop 2. JK Flip Flop 3. D Flip Flop
module srlax( module JK_FF( module D_FF(
input wire S, input wire j, input wire D,
input wire R, input wire k, output reg Q,
input output reg Q, output reg Q, output wire Q_bar
output wire Q_bar ); output wire Q_bar ); );
always @(S, R) begin
if (S && ~R) always @(j, k) begin always @(D) begin
Q <= 1'b1; if (j && ~k) if (D==0)
else if (~S && R) Q <= 1'b1; Q <= 0;
Q <= 1'b0; else if (~j && k) else
else if (S==0 && R==0) Q <= 1'b0; Q <= 1;
Q <= Q; else if (j==0 && k==0) end
else if (S==1 && R==1) Q <= Q;
Q <= 1'bz; else if (j==1 && k==1) assign Q_bar = ~Q;
end Q <= !Q; endmodule
assign Q_bar = ~Q; end
endmodule assign Q_bar = ~Q;

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

endmodule

Verilog Testbench code:

1. SR Flip-Flop: 2. JK Flip Flop 3. D Flip Flop

module srlax_tb; module JK_FF_tb; module D_FF_tb;

reg S; reg J; reg D;
reg R; reg K; wire Q;
wire Q; wire Q; wire Q_bar;
wire Q_bar; wire Q_bar; D_FF uut (
srlax uut ( JK_FF uut ( .D(D),
.S(S), .R(R), .J(J), .K(K), .Q(Q), .Q_bar(Q_bar));
.Q(Q), .Q_bar(Q_bar)); .Q(Q), .Q_bar(Q_bar)); initial begin
initial begin initial begin D = 0; #100;
S = 0; R = 0; #100; J = 0; K = 0 ;#100; D = 1; #100;
S = 1; R = 0; #100; J = 1; K = 0; #100; end
S = 0; R = 1; #100; J = 0; K = 1 ;#100; endmodule
S = 1; R = 1; #100; J = 1; K = 1; #100;
end end
endmodule endmodule
Simulation Output:
1. SR Flip-Flop

2. JK Flip Flop

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Laboratory BCS302

3. D Flip Flop

Results & conclusions:

The Verilog code for Different types various types of Flip-Flops such as SR, JK and D.is simulated
and verified

Possible viva questions:

1. What is an SR flip-flop, and what are its primary characteristics?
An SR flip-flop is a digital circuit with Set (S) and Reset (R) inputs, storing binary information.
2. What are the possible states of an SR flip-flop?
Possible SR flip-flop states: Set (Q=1), Reset (Q=0), Hold (Q unchanged).
3. How does the presence of an illegal state in an SR flip-flop affect its operation?
Illegal states in SR flip-flop may lead to undefined behavior or undesired output transitions.
4. Describe a real-world application where an SR flip-flop is useful.
SR flip-flops are used in memory circuits, latch circuits, and control systems for state storage.
5. How can you use an SR flip-flop to create a simple toggle circuit?
Connect S and R inputs of an SR flip-flop, toggling between Set and Reset states.
6. Explain the concept of setup time and hold time in the context of an SR flip-flop.
Setup time ensures stable inputs before a clock edge, while hold time maintains stability after
the edge.
7. What are the features that distinguish a JK flip-flop from an SR flip-flop?
JK flip-flop features include a toggle functionality, preventing illegal states, and a versatile
behavior distinguishing it from an SR flip-flop.
8. How is a JK flip-flop used to create a toggle circuit?
Connecting J and K inputs allows a JK flip-flop to function as a toggle circuit, changing state
on each clock edge.
9. In what applications is a JK flip-flop preferred over other types of flip-flops?
JK flip-flops are preferred in applications requiring toggling behavior, memory storage, and
sequential logic due to their versatility and prevention of illegal states.
10. In what applications is a D flip-flop typically used for data storage and transfer?
D flip-flops are used in applications like registers, memory units, and sequential logic circuits
for reliable data storage and transfer.

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