Course Title: GENERAL PHYSICS II

Course Code: PHYS 121

Unit: 3 CU
Department: PHYSICS
Outline
• Reflection
• Plane Surface
• Reflection of light at a Plane Surfaces
• Laws of Reflection
• Principle of Reversibility of Light
• Image formation by Plane Mirrors
• Characteristics of Image formed by Plane Mirror
• Applications of Reflection at Plane Mirrors
• Spherical (curved) Mirrors
• Image Formation by Curved Mirrors
• Measurement of Focal Length
• Linear Magnification
• Applications of Spherical Mirrors
• Refraction of Light Ray
• Refraction through Glass Slab
• Laws of Refraction
• Refraction of light through Triangular Glass Prisms
• Total Internal Reflection
• Conditions for Total Internal Reflection
• Applications of TIR
 Reflection and Plane Surfaces
Reflection: a bounce back
A plane surface is a two dimensional and perfectly flat surface and which extend in all direction.

Reflection of Light at a Plane Surfaces

When light falls on plane surfaces, it is either absorbed transmitted reflected. Sometimes a combination of
any two or all the above process may also occur.
Types of Reflection (Our interest)
A reflection can be a Regular Reflection and a Scattered or Diffused Reflection depending the nature of the
surface on which light fall on.
in a regular reflection, parallel rays of light incident on smooth or polished plane surface are reflected as
parallel rays in one direction as shown in figure a. In a scattered reflection, parallel rays of light incident
on a rough surface are reflected in various direction see figure b

a) Smooth surface b) Rough surface

A very good example of a smooth and a plane surface is a plane mirror. A plane mirror is a material
produced by coating one side of a plane glass with silver to prevent light from passing through but to only
reflect
Laws of Reflection

• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the

normal, at the point of incidence all lie on
the same plane
• The angle of incidence (i), is equal to the
angle of reflection (r)
From the figure, when incident ray is reflected by the mirror the ray is deviated from its original path
through angle φ = 180 – (i + r)
= 180 – 2i, for i=r

Principle of Reversibility of Light

The principle states that light will follow exactly the same path if its direction of travel is reversed. It is true
for both reflection and refraction as shown.

It shows that when light is incident on the plane mirror at a

point B along the path AB, it will be reflected along path BC
in accordance with the law of reflection. Similarly, if the
light ray is incident along path CB which is now the reverse,
it will be reflected along the path BA. Thus, the path of light
rays are the same and hence the incident and reflected rays
can be interchanged.

Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

Considering the diagram below, the incident ray OA and OB from the tip O of the object strike the mirror
at points A and B and are reflected as AC and BD respectively. After reflection, the rays appear to the eye
at E as coming from I, the tip of the image of the object in the mirror. I is the point of intersection of the
two reflected rays when the points AC and BD are extended backwards. This is why an observer at point E
sees the upright image of the object as if it were located at I behind the mirror.
Characteristics of Image formed by Plane Mirror
• Same size as the object
• It is virtual
• It is laterally inverted
• It is as far behind the mirror as the object in
front of the mirror
• It is upright

A ray ON normal and perpendicular to the mirror is reflected back along NO but ON produced to meet the
other two rays at I such that ON = NI. As no ray actually come from I, since AC and BD are diverging from
each other, the image in the mirror is described as a virtual image. Such an image appear to be at I. this type
of image should however be distinguished from the image formed by a pin-hole camera which is a real
image and can be seen on a screen. A virtual image has no real existence.
A virtual image is one that cannot be caught on a screen. It is one through which rays of light do not actually
pass but which never the less visible to the eye. It is represented with a discontinuous arrow.
Lateral Inversion is the effect of a plane mirror on objects placed in front of t where by the appearance of
the image looks like a reversal of the object.

A Real Image is one that can be caught on a screen. Light ray actually pass through a real image.

Image formed by inclined Mirrors

When two mirrors are placed at an angle to each other, an observer sees several images of an object placed
in front of the mirrors. The number of images formed depends on the angle between the two mirrors
according to the following equation;
360
𝑛= −1
𝜃
Where 𝑛, is the number of images is, 𝜃 is the angle between the two mirrors.
360
For 𝜃 is 900, 𝑛 = 90
− 1 = 3 images as shown in the figure below.

(a) (b)

Image I1 is formed due to reflection at the mirror 1 and image I2 of figure (a) is due to the reflection at
mirror 2. The image I2,1 is due to the reflection at mirror 1 and mirror 2 i.e. a combination of image I1 and
I2. The figure (b) is a real situation of figure (a). For the angle is 1800, the two mirrors will act as a single
mirror and therefore forms only one image. For 𝜃= 00, i.e., the two mirrors are placed parallel to each other,
360
and the object placed between them, the number of images formed is infinite because, 𝜃
= ∞. This can
be illustrated in the diagram below.
Applications of Reflection at Plane Mirrors

• Kaleidoscope: this is a toy which uses two mirrors inclined at angle to each other to produce
multiple images of object.

• Periscope: This is an instrument used for looking over barriers or obstacle. It is mostly used in
armored tank by soldiers.

Spherical (curved) Mirrors

Spherical mirrors are curved mirrors which forms part of the surface of a sphere.
Unlike plane mirrors that reflects light incident on their surface, the spherical mirror also reflect light that
falls on them. There are two types of spherical mirror which are the concave mirror and the convex mirror.
They are made by silvering one side of a spherical glass which forms part of a sphere. If the inside surface
is the reflecting part, the resulting mirror is a concave mirror and on the other hand if the outside surface is
the reflecting surface the resulting mirror a convex mirror.
Essential parts of a spherical mirror
The essential parts of a curved mirrors are as shown in the diagram below
The aperture is the width of the mirror as shown on the diagram above. The pole, P, is the center of the
reflecting surface of the curved mirror. The center of curvature, C, is the center of the sphere of the sphere
of which the mirror forms a part. The radius of curvature, r, is the distance CP. It is the radius the sphere of
which the mirror forms a part. The Principal axis is the line PC which is the distance from the pole to the
center of curvature. Principal Focus, F, is the point along the principal axis where parallel rays close and
parallel to the principal axis converge (concave mirror) or appear to diverge (convex mirror) after reflection
from the mirror. The principal focus of a concave mirror is said to be a real focus because reflected ray
actually pass through it. The principal focus of a convex mirror is a virtual focus because reflected ray do
not actually pass through it. The focal length of a curved mirror in each case is the distance, FP, which is
the distance from the pole to the principal focus. The focal length is found experimentally and also by
𝑟
geometry of the mirror. It is equal to half of the radius of curvature for both types of mirror [𝑓 = 2].

Differences between the curved mirrors

One of the difference between the two types of mirror is on how they reflect ray of light that falls on their
surface. This is easily seen on the diagram below

Ray of Light is seen to converge in the

case of concave mirror and rays of
light are seen to diverge for the case
of a convex mirror.

Image Formation by Curved Mirrors

The size, nature and position of an image formed by a curved mirror depends on the position of the object
from the pole of the mirror.
The image obtained can always be drawn to scale by means of a ray diagram using the following rule;
1. A ray parallel and close to the principal axis passes through the principal focus after reflection from
the mirror.
2. A ray passing through the center of curvature strikes the mirror normally and is reflected back along
the same line or path and indicated with a double arrow.
3. As a corollary to first rule, any ray from the object which passes through the principal focus strikes
the mirror and is reflected parallel to the principal axis.
That point at which the three or any two of the reflected ray intersect represent the required image position
of the object.
Application of the Rules
a) Concave Mirror
b) Convex Mirror
A Convex mirror forms only virtual erect and diminished image for all positions of the object in front of
the mirror.

Measurement of Focal Length

Mirror Equation- Formula and Sign Conventions
The mirror equation is given by;
1 1 1
𝑣
+𝑢 =𝑓,

𝑅
where; 𝑢 is object distance, 𝑣 is image distance, 𝑓 is focal length given by 𝑓 = , 𝑅 is the radius of curvature
2
of the spherical mirror. This equation is valid under all situations for both concave and convex and for all
object positions.
There are two sign convention which are the real is positive and the new Cartesian. Both conventions sre
explained below.
Real is Positive
▪ Real object and real images are considered to be at a positive distance from the mirror.
▪ Virtual image are at a negative distance from the mirror.
▪ Focal length of a concave mirror is positive.
▪ Focal length of a convex mirror is negative.
 Linear Magnification
Linear Magnification, M, is the increase in the image size produced by spherical mirrors with respect to the
object size. It is also the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object.

Magnification of spherical mirrors is expressed as;

ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑀= = = =
ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑢 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
As object is always above the principal axis (see the diagram above for the new Cartesian), the height of
the object is always positive. The sign of the image height may vary according to the type of image formed.
Height of virtual images is positive while height of real image is negative. For this reason, the relationship
for linear magnification below also hold.
𝑣 ℎ𝑖
𝑀= =−
𝑢 ℎ𝑜

Applications of Spherical Mirrors

Concave Mirrors
▪ Shaving Mirrors: Concave mirrors are most commonly used in shaving because of their reflective
and curved surface. The concave mirror forms an enlarged and erect image of the face when the
mirror is held closer to the face during shaving.
▪ Used in Solar Furnaces: Large concave mirrors are used to focus sunlight to produce heat in the
solar furnace. They are also used in solar ovens to collect a large amount of solar energy in the
focus of the concave mirror for heating, cooking, melting metals, etc.
▪ Concave Mirror Uses in the Ophthalmoscope: Concave mirrors are used in optical instruments such
as Ophthalmoscope. Ophthalmoscope consists of a concave mirror with a hole in the center. The
doctor focuses through the small hole from behind the concave mirror while a light beam is directed
into the pupil of the patient’s eye. This makes the retina visible and makes it easy for doctors to
check.
▪ Concave Mirrors Used in Headlights: Concave mirrors are widely used in automobiles and motor
vehicles headlights, torchlights, railway engines, etc. as reflectors. The light source is placed at the
focus of the mirror, so after reflecting the light rays travel over a huge distance as parallel light
beams of high intensity.
Convex Mirrors
The convex mirror always forms a virtual image of the object, and the image formed by the convex mirror
is smaller than the size of the actual object. Therefore, the most common convex mirror uses are in places
where bigger objects are to be viewed in a smaller size. Since convex mirrors have a wider view field than
concave mirrors and plane mirrors, they are mostly used inside mirrors of automobiles. Some of the most
vital and common uses of convex mirrors are described below.
▪ Convex mirrors used inside buildings: Large offices, stores, and hospitals use a convex mirror to
let people see around the corner so that they can avoid running into each other and prevent any
collision.
▪ Convex mirrors used in vehicles: Convex mirrors are widely used as rear-view mirrors in
automobiles and vehicles because they can diverge light beams and make virtual images.
▪ Uses of the convex mirror in a magnifying glass: Convex mirrors are widely used for making
magnifying glasses. In order to make a magnifying glass, two convex mirrors are placed back to
back.
▪ Convex mirrors used for security purposes: Convex mirrors are also used for security purposes in
various places. They are placed near ATMs so that bank customers can check if someone is behind
them.

Problems
1. A point object is placed at a distance of 3f from the pole of a concave mirror then moved away by a
distance of 2f. What would be the ratio of the image formed?
Solution
Mirror used: concave mirror
Sign convention used: new Cartesian
𝑈1 = −3𝑓, 𝑈2 = −(2𝑓 + 3𝑓) = −5𝑓
1 1 1
Using the mirror formula 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 we can show that,

1 1 1 1 1 1 6
= + Similarly, 𝑣 = 𝑓 + 5𝑓 = 5𝑓
2
𝑓 −3𝑓 𝑣1
5𝑓
1 1 1 4 𝑣2 =
= +
Similarly, = 6
𝑣1 𝑓 3𝑓 3𝑓 𝑣 3𝑓⁄4
3𝑓 The ration will now be 𝑣1 = 5𝑓⁄6 = 9⁄10
2
𝑣1 =
4
2. An object 8cm in length is placed at a distance of 40cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 30cm. find the position of the image and its size.
Solution
1 1 1
Using 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 , we can easily show that;
1 1 1 1 1
𝑣
= 𝑓 − 𝑢 = 30⁄2𝑐𝑚 − 40𝑐𝑚

1 5 1
𝑣
= 120 = 24,
Therefore, 𝑣 = 24𝑐𝑚
To get the size we calculate the magnification as follows
𝑣 ℎ
𝑀 = 𝑢 = ℎ𝐼 ,
𝑜
𝑣ℎ𝑜 24×8
For ℎ𝐼 = 𝑢
= 40
= 4.8cm
From the solution we can see that 24cm is the image position while the image size is 4.8cm which means
the concave mirror formed a diminished image since the image height if less than the object height.

EXERCISE
• What is the position, nature and size of the image of an object of size 9cm placed in front of a
diverging mirror of focal length f at a distance of 3f/2?
• To get erected and 16 times magnified image of an object, the object should be placed at what
distance from a concave mirror?
Refraction of Light Ray
Refraction is the bending of light ray as it crosses the boundary between two pair of media of different
densities, thus causing a change in its in direction. Common observation of refraction are shown in the
figure below;

• The bottom of a clear pond appear shallower than it really is (see figure below)
• A spoon appear bent or broken when it is partially immersed in water or any liquid (see figure
below)
• Letters in prints seems to be nearer when we place a thick block of glass over them.

Let us consider light travelling from a medium, A to another medium B of different density as shown

Observation has shown that when light ray travels from a medium A to another medium B, denser than A,
the refracted ray bends towards the normal and angle of refraction (r) will therefore be less than the angle
of incidence. Conversely, if light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium, the refracted ray
bend away from the normal and the angle of refraction will be more than the angle of incidence. See the
diagram above.
Refraction of light through Rectangular Glass slab
Refraction at air-glass boundary can be studied using a rectangular glass block by placing a rectangular
glass bock on a sheet of paper and its outline drawn and labelled PQRS with pencil. A light ray from a ray
box is shone onto the glass surface PQ along a line AO inclined at an angle (acute) to the normal ON. The
ray is refracted in the glass slab and emerges from the side RS, along BC. The glass block is then removed
and the line OB representing the path of the light ray in the glass is drawn. The line BC is found to be
parallel to the line AO.

From the diagram AO is the incident, OB is the refracted ray and BC is the emergent ray. The angle (i)
between the incident ray and the normal at O is the angle of incidence. The angle (r) between the refracted
ray OB and the normal at O is the angle of refraction. The angle (e) between the emergent ray BC and the
normal at B is the angle of emergence. The distance XY is the lateral displacement.
NB: if the incident ray is along the normal NO i.e. at angle 90 to the side PQ (i=0), it passes straight through
the slab emerging on the surface SR without change in direction.
Laws of Refraction
• The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal, at the point of incidence, all lie on the same
plane.
• The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for a
given pair of media (Snell's law).
Snell's law in Details
The law states that, for a given pair of media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (i) to the sine of
the angle of refraction (r) is equal to the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first
𝑛
𝑛21 which is also equal to the ratio of the refractive indices,(𝑛2 ), of the medium, or equivalently, to the ratio
1
𝑣
of the phase velocities (𝑣1 ) in the two media.
2

sin 𝑖 𝑛 𝑣
Mathematically, sin 𝑟 = 𝑛21 = 𝑛2 = 𝑣1
1 2
 Refraction through Triangular Glass Prism
Let us study refraction by answering the following question
Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram and hence define
the angle of deviation.

From the diagram, OP is the incident ray, PQ is the refracted ray QR is the emergent ray, i1 is the angle of
incidence r1 is the angle of refraction at point P, r2 is the angle of refraction at point Q, i2 is the angle of
emergence, δ1 is the angle of deviation the incident ray makes with the normal at point P, δ2 is the angle of
deviation the refracted ray makes with the normal at point Q, δ is the total angle of deviation which is
obtained as follows;
δ = δ1 + δ2 = (𝑖1 − 𝑟1 ) + (𝑖2 − 𝑟2 )
= 𝑖1 + 𝑒 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) _______ (1)
Considering triangle APQ total internal angle is 1800 thus;
𝐴 + (90 − 𝑟1 ) + (90 − 𝑟2 ) = 180
Therefore, 𝐴 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 _____ (2)
Substituting 2 in 1 gives
δ=𝑖+𝑒−𝐴
where A is the angle of the prism.
𝑑 +𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑚 )
2
Additionally, the refractive index of the prism is given by 𝜂 = 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
To study the phenomenon of TIR, we place a semicircular glass block on a sheet of paper (white) and its
outline drawn as shown below. The midpoint of its plane side is marked with pencil. Using a ray box, we
direct an incident ray at the point A along OA. The ray will be refracted along AB and away from the
normal since glass is denser than air. Part of the incident ray is also reflected back into the glass by the
bottom surface PQ. This reflected ray AC is week and not as bright as the refracted ray AB. As the angle
of incidence is gradually increased, the angle of refraction also increases and further bend away from the
normal. At each value of the angle of incidence, a strong refracted and a week reflected ray rays are
obtained. As we continue to increase the angle of incidence in the glass for the ray of light, a point is reached
where the refracted ray does not emerge from the glass-air interface. This particular angle of incidence is
known as the critical angle. When the angle of incidence slightly exceeds this critical angle, the refracted
ray disappear and a strong reflected ray is obtained and thus, the incidence ray is thus said to have been
totally reflected back into the denser medium along PQ. Such reflection is called total internal reflection.

Definitions
The critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the less
dense medium is 900.
Total Internal Reflection is the reflection of an incident ray of light at the interphase between the medium
of incidence and another medium of lower refractive index when the angle of incidence in the less dense
medium exceeds the critical angle.
Conditions for Total Internal Reflection
• Light must be travelling from an optically dense medium to an optically less dense medium.
• The angle of incidence in the dense medium must be greater than the critical angle.
Applying Snell's law to critical angle phenomenon gives;
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 1 1
= = ang = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛90 gna 𝑛
Since refractive index for glass is 1.5 we can easily see that;
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = = 0.667
1.5
 Or 𝐶 ≈ 420
So for an angle greater than 420 TIR will occur
Applications of TIR
• Used in optical instruments like periscope, microscope etc.
• The brilliance of a diamond is due to TIR
• Optical fiber works on the principle of TIR
• Mirage- an optical phenomenon that creates an illusion of water

Problems

Ex1. An equilateral prism is made of a material of refractive index √3. The angle of minimum deviation
for the prism is given by?
Solution
For an equilateral triangle, A= 600
𝑑 +𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑚 )
2
Using 𝜂 = 𝐴 we can easily show that;
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2

𝑑𝑚 + 60
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
√3 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑑𝑚 +60 1 √3
Or 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
) = √3 × 2 = 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60

𝑑𝑚 +60
Or 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
)
𝑑𝑚 +60
Or 60 =
2

Or 𝑑𝑚 = 120 − 60 = 600

EXERCISE
• The angle of a prism is 600. what is the angle of incidence for a minimum deviation? The refractive
index of the material of the prism is √2.

• The refractive index of the material of a triangular glass prism is √3. What is the angle of incidence
and the angle of minimum deviation of a ray of light incident upon one face of the prism
 Physics 121
Geometrical Optics Tutorial Questions
1. Which of the following is a necessary condition for total internal reflection?
a) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two media
b) The angle of incidence in the rarer medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two media
c) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be lesser than the critical angle for the two media
d) The angle of reflection in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two media

2. Why is the sequence of colors in the secondary rainbow reverse of that in the primary rainbow?
a) Refraction of light b) Two internal reflection c) Reflection of light d) Dispersion

3. ‘X’ is an optical illusion observed in deserts or over hot extended surfaces like a coal-tarred road, due to
which a traveler sees a shimmering pond of water some distance ahead of him and in which the surrounding
objects like trees appear inverted. Identify X.
a) Mileage b) Mirage c) Optical activity d) Total internal reflection

4. Identify the principle behind the sparkling of diamonds.

a) Total internal reflection b) Refraction c) Reflection d) Optical cavity

5. The ratio of the velocity of light in a medium to the velocity of light in a vacuum is 4/5. If the ray of light
is emerging from this medium into the air, the critical angle for this interface of medium and air will be
a) 90⁰ b) 37⁰ c) 53⁰ d) 45⁰

6. In total internal reflection when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle for the pair of media
in contact, what will be the angle of incidence?
a) 90 degrees b) 180 degrees c) 0 degrees d) equal to the angle of incidence

7. If A, B and C are the critical angles of glass- air interface for red, violet and yellow color, then
a) C greater then B greater A b) A greater then B greater than C c) A equal to B equal to C d) A greater
than C greater than B

8. A ray of light is seen to be reflected from a plane mirror at an angle of

30°with the mirror. The angle of incidence must be
a) 30° b) 120° c) 90° d) 60°

9. An object is placed at a distance of 10cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15cm.find the position
and nature of the image
a) v = -6cm, real & inverted b) v = -3cm , real & inverted c) v = +6cm , virtual & erect d) v = +15cm ,virtual
& erect

10. An object 8cm in length is placed at a distance of 40cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature
30cm.Find the position of the image and its size
a) v = -24cm, h = -4.8cm b) v = 24cm , h = 4.8cm c) v = -32cm , h = -5.2cm d) v - 32cm , h = 5.2cm
11. If you are wearing a black sweatshirt, what happens to most of the light that strikes the sweatshirt?
a) All colors are reflected equally b) All colors are absorbed equally c) It is reflected d) It is transmitted
equally
12. When a ray of light moves from the air to water it bends due to a change in
a) Velocity b) Direction c) Speed d) refraction
13. When light passes through this object, it is refracted off of one wall and reflected to another, the light
is refracted again and as it leaves the object, it forms a rainbow. What is this object?
a) Mirror b) Magnifying glass c) Prism d) Window

14. What type of image does this lens form?

a) Virtual image b) Real Image c) No Image d) inverted image
15. If I were to stand in front of a flat mirror 5m away how many would I appear on the flat mirror
a) 10m away b) 5m away c) 0m away d) 1m/s away
16. A 25.0 m object is placed 30.0 m from a convex lens, which has a focal length of 5.0 m. What is the
distance of the image?
a) 6 m b) 7 m c) 8 m d) 9 m
17. What is the index of refraction of a refractive liquid if the angle of incidence in the air is 35 degrees and
the angle of refraction is 14 degrees?
a) 1.33 b) 2.21 c) 2.37 d) 1.72
18. Real images are :
a) Always inverted b) Magnified or Diminished c) can be obtained on screen d) all the above
19. A dentist uses a small dental mirror to help magnify teeth in your mouth. What type of mirror is this?
a) a convex mirror b) a concave mirror c) a convex lens d) a concave lens

20. A student is 2.50m away from a convex lens while her image is 1.80m from the lens, what is the focal
length?
a) 1.05m b) 2.50m c) 1.39m d) 0.72m

21. An object is placed at a distance of 27.0 cm away from a thin convex lens with a focal length of 9.00
cm. How far from the lens is the image located and what type of image is formed?
a) 13.5 cm and real b) 3.00 cm and real c) 0.33 cm and virtual d) 0.15 cm and virtual

22. 10. An object is positioned between two plane mirrors inclined at straight line angle to each other. The
object is 1 unit distance from each mirror, the number of images formed is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
23. An object 1cm high placed on the axis 15cm from a converging lens forms an image 30cm from the
lens. The size of the image is
a) 0.5cm b) 1.5cm c) 2.5m d) 2cm

24. By what amount in terms of angular distance does a reflected ray shift when a plane mirror is shifted
through an angle of 2°.
a) 2° b) 4° c) 6° d) equal to the angle rotated by the plane mirror surface

25. Magnification produced by a convex mirror is always

a) <1 b) >1 c) > 1 or = 1 d) <1 or > 1

26. What is the best analogy for what happens to light in a chromatic aberration?
a) A telescope focusing on a faraway object. b) A prism dividing light into waves of color. c) A magnifying
glass that focuses light d) an unfocused floodlight that casts light everywhere.

27. The critical angle for water when the refracted angle is 900 and refractive index for water and air are
1.33 and 1 respectively, is?
a) 48.80 b) 49.90 c) 500 d) 510

28. When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a rare medium, it bends
a) towards normal b) away from normal c) perpendicular to normal d) parallel to normal
32. Which of the phenomenon takes place inside of an optical fibre
a) reflection b) dispersion c) total internal reflection d) scattering

29. The speed of light in medium M1 and M2 are 1.5 x 108 m/s and 2.0 x 108 m/s respectively. A ray of light
enters from at an angle of incidence i. If the ray suffers total internal reflection, the value of i is
a) equal to Sin-1 (2/3) b) equal to or less than Sin-1 (3/5) c) equal to or greater than Sin-1 (3/4) d) less than
Sin-1 (2/3)

30. What happens to the refractive index on heating the liquid

a) increases b) decreases c) remain unchanged d) increases or decreases depending on the rate of heating.
31. Which image shows the deviation of light in a prism?
32. An object is placed between the focus and pole of a double convex lens. The image is
a) virtual, erect and magnified b) virtual, erect and diminished c) real, inverted and magnified d) real, erect
diminished

33. An image formed by a single diverging lens

a) is upside down b) can be projected on the wall c) is virtual d) is larger than the object
34. f = R/2 is valid for
a) convex mirrors only b) concave mirrors only c) plane mirrors d) convex mirrors and concave mirrors
35. An endoscope uses glass fibers to enable doctors to see inside a person. Rays of light travel along the
glass fibers by…
a) optical transmission b) ray penetration c) total internal reflection d) ray interaction by reflection
36. The nature of image formed in the rear mirror of a car is
a) inverted image b) Erect image c) real image d) None of the above

Note: the tutorial questions are not examination questions. They are meant to guide you in preparation for
your exams.