QMQ11103/ SMQ11103

SEM 1 2024/2025

CHAPTER 1: COMPLEX NUMBER

PROF MADYA DR. SAFWATI IBRAHIM

INSTITUT OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS,
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

• 1.1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
• 1.2 OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• 1.3 THE COMPLEX PLANE

COMPLEX
• 1.4 THE MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• 1.5 THE POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER

NUMBERS
• 1.6 THE EXPONENTIAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER
• 1.7 DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
• 1.8 FINDING ROOTS
• 1.9 EXPANSIONS FOR COSN AND SINN IN TERMS OF COSINES AND SINES OF MULTIPLES OF Θ
• 1.10 APPLICATIONS INVOLVE COMPLEX NUMBER

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 1.1 INTRODUCTION

• PURPOSE: To solve algebraic equations that do NOT have the real

solutions.

𝑥2 − 4 = 0 Real solution
𝑥 = ±2

𝑥2 + 4 = 0
No real solution
𝑥 = ± −4

• To solve complex numbers:

𝑗 = −1 → 𝑗 2 = −1 𝑥 = ±2𝑗

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 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Simplifying a complex number:

Since we know that 𝑗 = −1 → 𝑗 2 = −1.

To simplify a higher order of imaginary number:

𝑗 3 = 𝑗 2 . 𝑗 = −1 𝑗 = −𝑗
𝑗 4 = (𝑗 2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1
𝑗 5 = (𝑗 2 )2 . 𝑗 = (−1)2 . 𝑗 = j
.
.
.

4
Definition 1.1
If z is a complex number, then the standard equation of complex
number denoted by:

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗, or 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑏

a = Real part of z, b = Imaginary part of z 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

(Re z) (Im z)

Example 1 Example 1.1 (textbook)

Simplify: Evaluate the powers of j :
a 4𝑗 8 a 𝑗4
b − 4𝑗13 b 𝑗 20
(c) 𝑗 25
(d) 𝑗 −8
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Example 1.2 (textbook)
Determine the real and imaginary parts of the following complex
number:

a 15
b −7
(c) −5+9j
(d) 4 𝑗 + 𝑗 2 − 3𝑗 3

Example 1.2
Express in the standard form, z:
(a) 𝑧 = 1 + −4
(b) 𝑧 = 4 − −8

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Definition 1.2
Two complex number, z1 and z2 are equal if and only if their real parts
and imaginary parts are equal.
If and only if a = c and b = d.

𝑧1 = 𝑧2
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗

Example 1.3
Find x and y if z1 = z2:
(a) 𝑧1 = 2 − 3𝑦𝑗 and 𝑧2 = 4𝑥 + 9𝑗
(b) 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 5𝑗 and 𝑧2 = 10 − 2𝑦𝑗

Example 1.3 (textbook)

Find the value of x and y if:
a 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 = 1 − 9𝑗
b 𝑥 2 − 6 + (𝑦 + 5)𝑗 = 10 + 8𝑗
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8
1.2 OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBER

If z1 = 𝑎 + bj and z2 = c + dj

ADDITION 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑗

𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
= DIVISION SUBTRACTION
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑗

𝑘𝑧 = 𝑘 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 MULTIPLICATION
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑗
= 𝑘𝑎 + 𝑘𝑏𝑗
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1
𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 ) = (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3
𝑧1 (𝑧2 +𝑧3 ) = (𝑧1 𝑧2 ) + (𝑧2 𝑧3 )
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Example 1.4 (textbook):
Given z1 = 2-5j and z2= 3-2j, find
(a) z1 + z2
(b) z1 - 3z2
(c) z1z2

Example 1.4
(i) Given z1 = 3-2j and z2= 4-2j, find z1z2.
(ii) Determine the value of z =3(1+5j )-(4+2j )(-1+8j ).

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Definition 1.3
The complex conjugate of the complex number z = a + bj is defined as:
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑗

**the conjugate of a complex number changes the sign of the

imaginary part only!!!
**obtained geometrically by reflecting point z on the real axis

Im(z)

Re(z)
O(0,0)

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Example 1.6 (textbook) Example 1.5
Find the conjugate of Find the conjugate of
𝑎) 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑗
𝑎) 𝑧 = 3 + 7𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −5𝑗
𝑐) 𝑧 = −16
𝑐) 𝑧 = 3
𝑑) 𝑧 = 8𝑗
𝑑) 𝑧 = 4 − 9𝑗

Exercise 1.4 :

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(Division of Complex Numbers)
If z1 = a + bj and z2 = c + dj then:
The division of CN need
𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 to multiple with the
= conjugate of
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗
denominator
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑗
= ×
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑗 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑗
𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 +(𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)𝑗
=
𝑐 2 +𝑑 2

Definition 1.4 Properties of the Conjugate Operation

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Example 1.6
Simplify and write in standard form, z :

2 − 4𝑗
𝑎)
3𝑗
4 − 𝑗3
𝑏)
𝑗12 + 5𝑗 7
3 1+𝑗
𝑐) −
1 + 3𝑗 1 − 𝑗

4 2 1 21 3 19
𝑎) − − 𝑗 𝑐) − + 𝑗 𝑑) 14 − 𝑗
3 3 26 26 10 10
Example 1.8 (textbook)
Write the following complex number as a single complex number.

2 + 5𝑗
𝑎)
3+𝑗

1 1
𝑏) +
𝑗 1−𝑗

3
𝑐)
1+𝑗

2
d) 1+𝑗 4

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1.3 The Complex Plane / Argand Diagram

Im(z), y

b z(a,b)

Re(z), x
O(0,0) a

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 1.4 The Modulus and Argument of
a Complex Numbers
Definition 1.5 (Modulus of complex number)
The modulus of z is defined by:
r= z
= a2 + b 2
Definition 1.7 (Complex Argument)
The argument of z can be computed by: 𝜃 = arg 𝑧
= arg (a + bj)
90° 𝑏
= tan−1 𝑎
2nd QUADRANT 1st QUADRANT

Im(z)

𝛼
𝛼 =θ
180° 0°, 360°
𝛼 𝛼 b z(a,b)
r

3rd QUADRANT 4th QUADRANT Re(z)

O(0,0) a
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270°
Example 1.7
Find the modulus of z:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −3 − 4𝑗

Exercise 1.7
Find the modulus of z:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 10 − 5𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −6 − 7𝑗

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Example 1.10 (textbook)
Find the modulus and argument of the following complex
numbers:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −2 + 2𝑗
𝑐) 𝑧 = −2 − 2𝑗
𝑑) 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑗

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Example 1.11 (textbook)
Consider the complex number 𝑧 = 6 + 8𝑗 as shown on an Argand
diagram. The position of P can be expressed as coordinates (6,8), the
cartesian form, or in terms of the length and direction of OP. Find
𝑧 , the length of OP.

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1.5 The Polar Form Of Complex Numbers
The polar form is defined by:

𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 @ 𝑧 = 𝑟, 𝜃

For the polar form, the

Im(z) magnitude and argument
(a,b) MUST be identified.

𝑧 =r
b

Re(z)

𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , Complex number a+ bj can be write in polar form

𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , as:
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)j
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟, 𝜃
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1.5 The Polar Form Of Complex Numbers
The polar form is defined by:

𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 @ 𝑧 = 𝑟, 𝜃

For the polar form, the

Im(z) magnitude and argument
(a,b) MUST be identified.

𝑧 =r 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ,
b 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ,
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1
Re(z) 𝑎

Definition 1.9 (Multiplication and Division in Polar Form)

If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃2 , then

1 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝑧 𝑟
(2) 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
2 2
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Example 1.10
Express the following in standard form of complex number:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 3(cos 6 0 + 𝑗 sin 6 0)
𝑏) 𝑧 = cos 9 0 + 𝑗 sin 9 0
𝑐) 𝑧 = 8 cos 1 80 + 𝑗 sin 1 80

Exercise 1.9
Represent the following complex number in polar form:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −1 + 4𝑗
𝑐) 𝑧 = 3𝑗

Exercise 1.10
Express the following in standard form of complex number:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2(cos 9 0 + 𝑗 sin 9 0)
𝑏) 𝑧 = cos 6 0 + 𝑗 sin 6 0
𝑐) 𝑧 = 4 cos 1 80 + 𝑗 sin 1 80
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Example 1.11 :
a) If z1 = 3(cos45+j sin45) and z2 = 2(cos90+j sin90) .
Find :

𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

b) If z1 = 5(cos60+j sin60) and z2 = 2(cos200+j sin200) .

Find :
𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

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Exercise 1.11 :
a) If z1 = 2(cos40+j sin40) and z2 = 3(cos95+j sin95) .
Find :
𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

b) If z1 = 6(cos60+j sin60) and z2 = 2(cos270+j sin270) .

Find :
𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

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 1.6 The Exponential Form Of
Complex Numbers
Definition 1.10
The exponential form of a complex number can be defined as

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑗

where θ is measured in radians and

𝑒 𝜃𝑗 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃

Degree and radian measure: To convert from degree to radians:

𝜋
360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 180

From here, we obtain equation

𝜋
1° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180 26
Example 1.15 (Textbook)
Convert each angle in degrees to radians

𝑎) 120°
𝑏) − 45°
c) 73°

Example 1.16 (Textbook)

Convert each angle in radians to degrees

𝑎) 0.5 radians
𝜋
𝑏) − radians
6
3𝜋
c) 4
radians

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Example 1.17 (Textbook)
1. Express the following complex numbers in exponential form.

𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 cos 30° + 𝑗 sin 30°

𝑏) 𝑧 = 3 cos 2𝜋 + 𝑗 sin 2𝜋

2. Express the following complex numbers in exponential form.

𝑎) 2 + 3𝑗
𝑏) 3−𝑗
c) 8𝑗

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Exercise 1.12
Express the complex number in exponential form:
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑗
𝑏) 𝑧 = −1 + 3𝑗

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Theorem 2
If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝜃1𝑗 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝜃2𝑗, then: 𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝑗
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝑗
𝑖𝑖) = 𝑒
𝑧2 𝑟2

Example 1.13
𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑧1 = 3𝑒 4 𝑗 and 𝑧2 = 2𝑒 3 𝑗 , find:

𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

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 𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝜃1+𝜃2 𝑗

Exercise 1.13 𝑖𝑖)

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝜃 −𝜃 𝑗
= 𝑒 1 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑧2 𝑟2
If 𝑧1 = 20𝑒 2𝑗 and 𝑧2 = 4𝑒 3 𝑗 , find:
𝑖) 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑖𝑖)
𝑧2

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