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Synopsis on Intelligent Transportation Planning and

Management

Introduction
Linear infrastructure such as roads, railways, tunnels, pipelines, canals, and power lines play a
major role in modern society. Especially they facilitate transportation, communication, and energy
distribution over large areas. Roads are often considered the nation's backbone as they connect
various businesses, medical services, and educational institutions, facilitating administrative
processes in the entire region.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) provides a solution for controlling traffic situations in
today’s world. It establishes the gap between real-world driving emissions and emission regulations,
and a parallel emission regulatory system is developed for the intelligent transportation system.

ITS is an integrated system that implements various communication, control, vehicle sensing, and
electronics technologies to solve and manage traffic problems. It has been in many countries for the
past few decades but is still a new concept in countries like India, Brazil, China, and South Africa

In the present synopsis, we have included four major parts of the ITS:-

 Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)

 Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
 Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS)
 Emergency Management System (EMS).
ITS is a global system that works on GIS (Graphical Information System) that indicates a broad
range of communication, speed control, vehicle sensing (surveillance), and electronic technologies
that monitor and manage traffic flow which reduces congestion and provides optimum routes to
travelers, and enhancing the efficiency of the system's productivity and reducing road accidents
which save congestion, time, and maintenance money.

Modern software leveraging advanced algorithms and high processing power has emerged to handle
the high speed, increased volume, and diversity of supply chain data for communication. Internet Of
Things (IoT) technology embeds sensors, software, and other tracking technologies into objects to
connect and exchange data with multiple transport management systems.

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With numerous uses spanning almost every industry, IoT technology creates seamless interaction
between devices with minimal human intervention.

Literature Review

As there is an expansion in the growth of various automobiles creating a profit margin over the
spreadsheet of vehicle usage transportation and logistics companies continuously seek new ways to
increase flexibility, sustainability, and transparency. Emerging technology is critical to addressing
those challenges and can lead to operational and financial benefits for leading supply chain
businesses.

Logistics and technology companies use ML, AI, and IA to build “smart” machinery in automobiles
capable of executing functions that typically require human intelligence. Supply chain management
professionals use these tools to:

· Optimize inventory management

· Automate shipping transactions

· Improve delivery routing

· Enhance temperature, humidity, and pressure monitoring

· Automate decision-making for multiple management processes

· Aid forecasting and decision-making

· Arch AI in advancement and technicality usage of smart vehicle control.

AI and ML algorithms, and advanced computer-based analytics and software help managers
optimize processes and automate maintenance, improving efficiency across all segments.

Department of Transportation (DOT) is making a strategic and day-to-day plan and

acknowledgment of problem-solving techniques in traffic control. Transportation Systems
Management and Operations (TSMO) is gathering insights on future data sources and data needs,
integration and analysis, data archiving, sharing, security, and privacy, as well as stakeholders and
workforce development by using the support of Big data and Cloud Computing. Based on the
recommendations provided regarding future data needs, emerging data sources, data processing and
analytics, etc.

These case studies showcase the potential of using emerging data and AI technologies to address
TSMO needs. These studies utilize advanced radar and thermal camera sensors, along with probe

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data, to model vehicle speed when approaching highway horizontal curves, examine how traffic
signs may impact vehicle speed and lane-changing behaviours at highway work zones, and explore
factors influencing speeding at highway horizontal curves.

Given Below is the working methodology of Intelligent Transportation planning System:

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Methodology

Data for modern ITS comes from multiple heterogeneous sources that can be classified into the
following ways:

• GPS Data: For providing location-related information on vehicles, which can be used for
navigation, traffic management, communication-routing optimization, vehicular content caching
and sharing, and many other useful services.

• Vehicle Sensing Data (VSD): including location-based data (LB-VSD) such as location, speed,
moving direction, and surrounding traffic data (ST-VSD) under a Connected and Automated Vehicle

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(CAV) environment. Such vital information can enable a wide range of applications, such as online
vehicle diagnosis, road safety improvement, smart charging planning, accident detection, etc

• Self-driving data for controlling self-driving cars:

The artificial intelligence (AI) program for self-driving cars requires a continuous, uninterrupted
stream of data and instructions to make real-time decisions based on complex data sets. The AI
program learns from repeatedly driving the same route consistently over many days, where the
details of the route and the generated high-resolution maps are the key parts of the self-navigation
system.

• Vehicular Mobile Service Data:

provides in-vehicle services for improving both drivers and passengers, such as OnStar, Smartphone
Interfaces, and automatic environment adjustments.

• Advanced Driver-Assistance Data: collected from the sensory input of more than one vehicle and
enables instant reaction through automatic monitoring, alerting, braking, and steering activities.

• Connected Cars Data: Empowering vehicle operations by allowing the car to share important
information remotely. This comes in handy in a range of different situations, from making driving
safer, to providing a less stressful and easier process to help track a car if it is stolen.

• Transportation Logistic Data: Improving the performance and efficiency of companies in the
transportation and logistics space. Based on this data, business intelligence solutions and dashboard
analytics can easily analyze and find areas for improving transportation logistics from distribution
networks, carriers, and third-party logistics (3PL) to increase the speed of goods distribution and
reduce fuel and other shipping and transportation costs.

# Major types of ITS:

1. Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS):

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) plays an important role in intelligent transportation
systems; it assists travelers with pre-trip and en-route travel information to improve the
convenience, safety, and efficiency of travel.

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ATIS systems provide more decisive and valuable travel information than conventional ATIS
systems by integrating it with newly emerging web services and wireless communication
technologies.

With the use of wireless communication technologies alongside big data analytics, and with a
bandwidth frequency of 2.5G with the help of Bluetooth, Multi-media Messaging Services (MMS)
we can use a visual traveler information device and promote the commerce of various alignment
frequencies providing location-based multimedia and regional navigation services to people.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) introduced a designing methodology based Automatic

Transit Traveler Information System (ATTIS). To achieve the purpose of providing the optimum
route the methodology which was adopted is to consider only those bus stop points which are active
(have service) at the time of travel as all the bus stop points don't have the service all 24×7 and
considering only active bus stop point results in optimum route.

Intelligent Transportation Web Services (ITWS) has some potential applications used in the ITS
sector: -

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Data Warehouse

Enterprises e.g.
ITWS Other Web
Service
Logistic Corporation
Providers

Value-added
Truck scheduling ITWS traffic traffic
services
information information

services services

travel public transportation emergency

logistic
service system management system
system
system

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Figure: ITWS system architecture

2. Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS):

TMS is one of the most prominent and used branches of ITS. This section includes the different
studies which have been made in the field of ATMS

A knowledge-based system (KBS) is used to support decisions in the selection of integrated traffic
control plans after the occurrence of non-recurring congestion. In this, two algorithms were
developed i.e. data fusion algorithm for the analysis of congestion and an algorithm for the selection
of control plans. The validation results showed that by the use of Traffic Congestion Management
(TCM), travel time was reduced between 1.9% and 29.0%, and average stop speed was reduced
between 14.8% and 55.9%.

In one of the database systems GPS systems were used as a major application in collecting traffic
data, travel time, speed, when mean and variance of the results obtained by both methods were
compared and no significant difference was observed. GPS data was 50% more efficient in terms of
manpower.

Artificial intelligence techniques in traffic management gave a multiagent architecture for

intelligent traffic management systems. Two multi-agent knowledge-based systems, In TRYS and
TRYSA2 were developed to perform decision support for real-time traffic management. The
performance of both systems was evaluated and the general applicability of multi-agent
architectures for intelligent traffic management was given.

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3. Advanced Public Transport Management System (APTMS):

Using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) for optimal scheduling of
public vehicles based on the actual operational environments. The performance for three kind of
vehicular levels (i.e. minimum, average, and maximum) was compared using one-point and two-
point crossover operations.

Integrated Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to manage
public transportation. The system proposed to equip the entrance and exit with RFID reader
antennas and monitor sensors and each bus with an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) tag.

Transit system ‘big data’ collecting and processing, and bidirectional communication between
transit travelers and information centers are emerging as two factors that enhance the tools
supporting short-term forecasting of network status for transit operations control.

Developing a bus management system based on the integration of new emerging technologies.
Applying the use of integrated RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in WSN (Wireless Sensor
Network).

Zigbee technology is economical as compared to RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The

system is advantageous for the stops which are closer to bus terminals otherwise the dispatched bus
will take much time and by this time the number of passengers at the stop will increase. The system
developed is more of a complete system covering many aspects of public transport management.

4. Emergency Management System (EMS):

Due to its nature and contribution in saving lives and money a lot of work is happening in the field
of EMS. This section discusses the different EMS developed all over the world to give critical
review:

As a presentation of a GIS-based emergency response management system for Hyderabad city

which can provide useful information regarding different facilities and optimum routes during
emergencies. In this study, the probable risk zones were determined based on the land use, and
building activities as per National Building Code (NBC) guidelines. Efficiency and effectiveness of
the fire service were studied and based on this an Emergency Response Management System was
developed.

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Emergency Management System (EMS), which enables smartphone-based ad-hoc communications
at disaster times over Wi-Fi. The person in an emergency or anybody at the emergency site will call
the EMS at avail service. Location Coordinates are sent on each request. The system works on the
principles of a client-server system, wherein the server responds to the requests of the Clients.

EMS is responsible for leading the department in providing a properly planned and organized
emergency management force, capable of responding to public emergencies.

Offering commercial services via the same infrastructure is one of the major challenges. The
contribution of this approach is therefore people get involved in mobile services as they are offered
by mobile emergency services and commercial players have a vital interest in keeping the used
infrastructure up-to-date. Thereby the emergency management system can meet the requirements of
effectiveness, reliability, and cost efficiency by using the same infrastructure for several different
use cases.

# FEATURES OF EMS:

· EMS system uses GPS for location tracking.

· An authorized person will be responsible for rescuing the victim.

· The report can be generated Area-wise, Issues-wise, Location-wise, and Priority-wise.

· Location tracking will be done in network mode if the GPS is disabled.

· The EMS system is useful in any emergency in society.

· The EMS system is very cost-effective as compared to other emergency systems. Admin will
be able to send the emergency number.

# Emergency lane construction to avoid traffic congestion:

Literature Review

Many papers described a real-time multi-vehicle motion planning (MVMP) algorithm for the
emergency vehicle clearance task. The MVMP task is to find cooperative trajectories such that the
emergency vehicle can efficiently pass through the normal vehicles ahead. We use an optimal-
control-based formulation to describe the MVMP problem, which is centralized, straightforward,

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and complete. For the online solutions, the centralized MVMP formulation is converted into a
multi-period and multi-stage version.

The emergence of many broad communication in today’s world has been generated from the
overtime and the implementation of the developments obtained after many years in communication
roads, the vast volume of these roads, where most of the densely populated and busy sections are
mountainous, always have particular characteristics and are separated from the roads that exist in
the plains and deserts.

The installation and development of an emergency ramp makes a solution to avoid traffic and
damage on the road.

The emergency escape ramp is a traffic device that enables vehicles with braking problems to stop
safely. It is typically a long, sand- or gravel-filled lane connected to a steep downhill grade section
of a main road and is designed to accommodate large trucks or buses. It allows the kinetic energy of
a moving vehicle to be dissipated gradually in a controlled and relatively harmless way, helping the
operator stop it safely.

Some studies on emergency escape ramp accidents, determine the entering speed of a ramp, the
need for a ramp, and the location of the emergency escape ramp. It is a major outcome of avoiding
traffic problems in emergencies and outbreaks at a place and also for faster communication and
reaching the rendezvous point at the right time.

National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) compiled one of the most
comprehensive studies of emergency escape ramps entitled “A Synthesis of Highway Practice 178
Truck Escape Ramps.” The study presented the results of a survey conducted with 27 state
Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in the United States. +e results of this study revealed the
experiences of state DOTs regarding design principles, operation and maintenance practices, and
determining the emergency escape route plans.

Emergency escape ramps often exist because of freight trucks and if the brakes fail, vehicles such as
empty trucks, other light trucks, and passing cars that may enter the ramps can cause improper use
of ramps.

Emergency escape ramps often exist because of trucks and if the brakes fail, vehicles such as empty
trucks, other light trucks, and passing cars that may enter the ramps can cause improper use of

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ramps. In the maintenance of emergency escape ramps, items such as material granulation, wheel
path, guardrails, and lights should also be controlled.

There was also research being done, on an exponential level due to the increase of automobiles at
various road lanes, there is a lot of noise and air pollution that causes much harm to people on roads
than on highways and flyovers. It was estimated that the emergency lanes used for fire brigades,
ambulances, police vans, etc had much of trouble in reaching the rendezvous point than getting a
clear pass through the road lanes.

The major cause that led to the collision between vehicles was because of the equivalent slope of
some forces, in which case it is assumed that the brake is entirely out of order and the vehicle’s
gravity is equal to the sum of the rolling resistance and air resistance. The energy conservation law
is one of the methods of energy conservation that assumes all the potential energy of the vehicle is
converted into kinetic energy.

The estimated method of obtaining the speed at which the potential energy dissipation is completely
converted to kinetic energy is considered as follows:

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The main objective of this study is to provide a general framework for determining the need and
location of emergency escape ramps, various factors such as accident rates of uncontrollable trucks,

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slope length, slope percentage, truck percentage, conditions at the bottom of the slope, average daily
traffic, horizontal curvature, crash severity, accessibility priority, and topography.

Factors that are important in the location of the ramp were the intensity of the slope, i.e., its length
and amount, the limitation of turns, such as the speed of turns in horizontal curves, the accident
records, i.e., the repetition and consequences of accidents.

All this indicated that determining the need for an emergency escape ramp for a slope included the
following measures:

· selecting the design vehicle,

· brake temperature, and

· having a brake check area at the top of the slope.

Finally, it is concluded that emergency escape ramps are to be prioritized for installation and to
avoid various tragedies.

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