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Mathematics | Rings, Integral domains and Fields

Last Updated : 16 Feb, 2023
Prerequisite – Mathematics | Algebraic Structure

Ring – Let addition (+) and Multiplication (.) be two binary operations defined on a non empty set R. Then R is said to
form a ring w.r.t addition (+) and multiplication (.) if the following conditions are satisfied:

1. (R, +) is an abelian group ( i.e commutative group)

2. (R, .) is a semigroup
3. For any three elements a, b, c
R the left distributive law a.(b+c) =a.b + a.c and the right distributive property (b + c).a =b.a + c.a holds.

Therefore a non- empty set R is a ring w.r.t to binary operations + and . if the following conditions are satisfied.

1. For all a, b
R, a+b
R,
2. For all a, b, c
R a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c,
3. There exists an element in R, denoted by 0 such that a+0=a for all a
R
4. For every a
R there exists an y
R such that a+y=0. y is usually denoted by -a
5. a+b=b+a for all a, b
R.
6. a.b
R for all a, b
R.
7. a.(b.c)=(a.b).c for all a, b, c
R
8. For any three elements a, b, c
R a.(b+c) =a.b + a.c and (b + c).a =b.a + c.a. And the ring is denoted by (R, +, .).

Some Examples –

1. (

, + ) is a commutative group .(
 , .) is a semi-group. The distributive law also holds. So, ((

, +, .) is a ring.

2. Ring of Integers modulo n: For a n

[Tex]\mathbb{N} [/Tex]let

be the classes of residues of integers modulo n. i.e

={

).
(

, +) is a commutative group ere + is addition(mod n).

(

, .) is a semi group here . denotes multiplication (mod n).

Also the distributive laws hold. So ((

, +, .) is a ring.
3. The set S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} is a ring with respect to operation addition modulo 5 & multiplication modulo 5.

Read More

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