E3S Web of Conferences 547, 02002 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202454702002
ICSGET 2024

IOT Based Automated Indoor Hydroponic Farming System

Vanidha Suresh1,T.Logasundari2, V. Shanmukha Sravani3, Muqthiar Ali4,Suresh Srinivasan5*
1Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan Government College for Women, Puducherry, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Madagadipet,
Puducherry, India
3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College/Mohan Babu University. Tirupati,

India.
4Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences,

Rajampet, India
5*Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences,

Rajampet, India

Abstract: Indeed, high yielding and high-grade crop production are crucial in modern agriculture, and
smart farming technologies like vertical hydroponic farming can play a significant role in achieving these
goals. The proposed vertical hydroponic system appears to be quite advanced and promising. Maintaining a
cool and controlled environment is essential for optimal plant growth. Grow lights provide the necessary
spectrum and intensity for photosynthesis, enabling plants to grow efficiently. Proper monitoring of water
levels and moisture content ensures that plants receive an adequate supply of nutrients, preventing over or
under-watering. The use of an Arduino controller with a keypad allows for user inputs and customization of
the hydroponic system. Farmers can set parameters for water changes, flow rates, and indoor temperature to
tailor the system to specific plant requirements. Monitoring and controlling various environmental
parameters like light intensity, pH levels, electrical conductivity, water temperature, and relative humidity
are essential for achieving the best possible crop yields and quality. Sensors and actuators help achieve this
precision. The Internet of Things (IoT) integration allows for real-time data transfer and retrieval.
Hydroponic Hardware prototype is proposed by combining these advanced technologies, the system can
create an optimal environment for plant growth while minimizing resource wastage and maximizing yields.
It’s worth noting that as technology continues to evolve, there will likely be further advancements in smart
farming systems.

farming, it is gaining popularity due to its potential to

1 Introduction revolutionize agriculture, particularly in urban areas and
regions with limited arable land. As technology
In the present situation, with the increase in population advances and becomes more accessible, vertical farming
and the occurrence of natural calamities, agricultural is likely to play an increasingly significant role in the
production must be raised to ensure adequate food future of sustainable food production, addressing food
supplies. Vertical hydroponic farming is that comprises security challenges in a resource-constrained world.
of cultivating crops in vertically stacked layers or IoT is vital to the computerization cycle,
columns instead of traditional horizontal farming particularly in the automation of hydroponic systems.
methods. In this approach, plants are grown in a By linking the hydroponic system with IoT, automation
controlled environment without soil, with their roots becomes easily achievable. The cloud database acts as
employed in a nutrient-rich water solution. The idea the central hub for the entire automation process,
behind vertical hydroponic farming is to maximize holding all information about the hydroponic system,
space utilization and create a more efficient and including data from the crops and water tank. IoT
productive growing system. sensors, installed in the hydroponic setup, monitor
It is a modernized and sustainable approach to crucial parameters such as temperature, humidity, pH
gardening that allows for greater control over plant level, nutrient levels, water level, and light intensity.
growth and yield. With hydroponics, plants can thrive in These sensors continuously collect data and send it to a
smaller spaces and be cultivated year-round, making it central control system. The collected data is analysed
an attractive option for urban farming and indoor through data analytics and machine learning (ML)
gardening. The key to successful hydroponics lies in the algorithms, which help identify patterns, trends, and
precise management of water, nutrients, and lighting potential issues in the hydroponic environment. Erected
conditions to optimize plant growth and health. Despite on this analysis, the IoT system can automatically adjust
the high infrastructure cost of vertical hydroponic and control the nutrient delivery to the plants, ensuring

*
Corresponding author email: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 547, 02002 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454702002
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that nutrients received at the right time, optimizing their resource utilization. For indoor farming conditions
growth and health. IoT-enabled hydroponic systems during summer, use energy-efficient LED grow lights
also control the climate within the growing environment instead of continuous air conditioning. Implement a
by regulating temperature, humidity, and ventilation to climate control system that regulates temperature and
create an ideal growing environment for the plants. humidity within the hydroponic setup. Design a nutrient
With IoT, growers can remotely monitor their solution mixing and delivery system that provides the
hydroponic farm using smartphones or computers, right balance of nutrients for optimal plant growth.
accessing real-time data, receiving alerts for critical Utilize a closed-loop nutrient recycling system to
conditions, and making system adjustments from minimize waste and reduce the need for constant
anywhere, providing flexibility and ease of replenishment. Create a user-friendly interface to
management. IoT can automate the watering process, monitor and manage the hydroponic system remotely
ensuring plants receive adequate water while through smartphones or computers, providing real-time
minimizing water wastage. For indoor setups, IoT can notifications and alerts for critical events.
control the intensity and duration of artificial lighting to These principles can be scaled up for larger farming
simulate natural light cycles and promote optimal plant operations, implementing centralized control and
growth. ML algorithms can analyze historical data to monitoring systems to manage multiple hydroponic
predict crop health and yield potential, helping growers units efficiently. Provide instructional guides and videos
plan harvesting and optimize farming practices. An IoT- to help users set up and maintain the systems effectively,
based hydroponic system optimizes resource usage, along with troubleshooting guides for common issues.
including water, nutrients, and energy, leading to cost Emphasize the use of eco-friendly materials and energy-
savings and reduced environmental impact. Integration saving technologies to reduce environmental impact.
with weather forecast data allows for adjustments in Promote water conservation using efficient irrigation
irrigation schedules based on weather conditions, methods and recycling systems. Encourage community
further enhancing resource efficiency. The combination involvement and knowledge-sharing among users to
of hydroponics and IoT technology offers significant foster a supportive farming community, organizing
benefits, enabling more precise, automated, and data- workshops and training sessions to educate people about
driven farming practices. This integration can lead to hydroponics and its benefits. A nutrient solution
higher yields, better crop quality, reduced operational composition, with the right balance of macro and
costs, and a more sustainable approach to agriculture. As micronutrients, as well as attention to electrical
technology advances, IoT is expected to play a vital role conductivity, pH, and oxygen concentration, is essential
in the future of hydroponic farming and smart for achieving optimal growth, yield, and quality of crops
agriculture in general. in hydroponic systems. Researchers and growers should
The vertical Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is a carefully consider these factors to prevent stress
hydroponic system that uses a sloping or vertical symptoms and enhance crop performance in
channel to grow plants with their roots exposed to a thin hydroponics. The combining hydroponics with
film of nutrient-rich water. NFT is popular for its automation and sustainable practices creates an effective
efficiency in water and nutrient usage, making it suitable and accessible solution for personal and large-scale
for vertical farming setups where space is limited. The farming, even in unfavourable environmental
vertical NFT system combines the benefits of vertical conditions.
farming and the NFT technique, allowing for increased The composition of the nutrient solution, electrical
crop density and optimized resource utilization. conductivity (EC), pH, and oxygen concentration play
Developing an automated, and scalable cost-effective vital roles in the growth, yield, and quality of crops in
system for hydroponic farming can address challenges hydroponic systems. It is clear from the provided
posed by unfavorable external environmental conditions information that the choice of nutrient solution can
during the summer. Here's a step-by-step significantly impact crop growth and yield. For instance,
implementation process: determine the available space Cooper's nutrient solution was found to enhance the
and resources in each household for setting up the yield of tomato cultivars Torques and Carmelo by 32%
hydroponic system. Identify the basic needs of the and 21%, respectively, when grown in NFT hydroponic
households in terms of crops they want to grow and their systems [1]. Similarly, the tomato cultivar Lucy
nutritional requirements. Research and select the most exhibited better vegetative growth and yield in Cooper's
suitable hydroponic technique for the targeted crops and solution compared to Plantain solution [2].
available space. Common techniques include Deep The potassium content in the nutrient solution
Water Culture (DWC), NFT, and Vertical Farming. affects the pigment concentrations and beta carotene
Ensure the chosen technique is user-friendly, easy to content of tomato fruits in hydroponics [3]. Maintaining
maintain, and requires minimal water and power appropriate potassium levels is crucial to achieve
consumption. Integrate automation components to desirable fruit quality. The concentration of nitrogen and
monitor and control the hydroponic system efficiently. salinity in the nutrient solution can influence the vitamin
Implement a sensor system to measure essential C content of tomato fruits. An increase in these levels
parameters such as temperature, humidity, pH, and was found to gradually increase the vitamin C content
nutrient levels. Set up an automated irrigation system to [4]. Additionally, the ratio of nitrate to urea in the
deliver nutrients and water based on plant needs. Use nutrient solution affects tomato yield in NFT
smart controllers to manage the system and optimize hydroponic systems, with an increased nitrate ratio to

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urea resulting in a 25% increase in yield [5]. A nitrogen 2.1. Construction and working of TDS meter
to potassium ratio of 1:1 (177.2 mg/l N and 188.7 mg/l
K) in the nutrient solution resulted in larger tomato sizes The TDS worth of the water is estimated utilizing a
[6]. simple TDS Conductivity sensor. The TDS value
Cucumber seedlings exhibited good growth results defines the water's purity. It can be used to test the
when grown hydroponically with Hoagland solution quality of drinking water, hydroponic liquids, and other
under LED light, showing a healthy appearance, high water-related products. Absolute Dissolved Solids
biomass, and high photosynthetic activity [7]. Lettuce (TDS) is an abbreviation for all out broke down solids
also showed qualitative improvements under different (TDS). It shows the water's quality. High TDS signifies
nutrient solutions, with Hoagland solution being the high dissolved solids in water and poor quality in
most effective in hydroponics [8]. A reduction in general. TDS readings so define the water's purity. The
nitrogen concentration (11, 9, and 7 milli eq. nitrogen/l) sensors have been shown to deliver extremely precise
did not decrease tomato production nor significantly data. Figure.2 Shows the TDS meter provide the
affect the diameter and dry and wet weights of tomatoes permissible TDS values for various water sources.
[9]. This article discuss the importance of nutrient
solution composition, with the right balance of macro
and micronutrients, as well as attention to electrical
conductivity, pH, and oxygen concentration, is essential
for achieving optimal growth, yield, and quality of crops
in hydroponic systems. Researchers and growers should
carefully consider these factors to prevent stress
symptoms and enhance crop performance in
hydroponics.

Fig.2. Schematic of TDS Meter

2 Block diagram representation
The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) measures how
Figure.1, Show the schematic diagram demonstration of
many milligrams of soluble solids are dissolved in one
hydroponic system. A farming structure comprises of
liter of water. This item acknowledges 3.3-5.5V wide
Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Potential of Hydrogen
voltage information and results in 0-2.3V simple
(pH) sensors to the Arduino Mega, they were tested and
voltage, making it appropriate for use with 5V or 3.3V
calibrated. The adjustment technique was completed by
control frameworks or sheets. The higher the TDS value,
the maker's datasheet directions.
the more soluble solids are dissolved in water, and the
less pure the water is overall. As a result, the TDS value
can be used as a single point of reference for assessing
the water's purity. This can be used to test and monitor
water quality in home water systems, hydroponics, and
other sectors. The Gravity Analog TDS Sensor will be
connected to the Arduino Microcontroller. Since the
temperature influences the TDS value. Waterproof
Temperature Sensor will be added to gauge water
temperature. TDS Sensor compensates for the reading
with excellent calibration and accuracy using the
recorded temperature. This item can be used in water
quality applications like aqua-farming and home water
investigation. You may handily make a TDS finder with
this item to mirror the neatness of water and protect your
Fig 1: Hydroponic system model well-being.
Figure.3, Shows the block diagram to represent the
The TDS and pH sensors are critical elements in TDS meter with arduino interface. The TDS Sensor can
maintaining plant health. The TDS sensor was be effortlessly connected to an Arduino. Connect VCC
standardised with dry, low, and high. TDS to 5V on the Arduino and GND to GND. Connect its
standardization fluids containing various TDS levels, Analog pin to any Arduino analog pin. In my case, we
while the pH sensor was standardized using multiple pH used Arduino Analog pin A1. TDS with pen
solutions, resulting in extremely precise and accurate arrangement need to provide to identify the TDS value.
data. The TDS sensor was then used to continuously Based on cost effectiveness it is replaced TDS sensor
monitor the TDS level, adjusting it as needed by adding arrangements with Arduino. TDS Measurement is
water to lower the TDS or using the dosing pump to add straightforward through integration with Aurduino
nutrients to maintain the correct level. controller. The probe is not suitable for high water
temperature beyond 55°C. Proper care should be

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maintained owing to container and transmitters are not pens are a common tool for determining TDS levels. In
waterproof. spite of the fact that it is economical and easy to utilize,
it can't convey information to a control framework for
internet observing and water quality analysis.

2.3. Connection and working of pH Sensor:

Figure.5, Show the block diagram representation of

pH sensor with arduino interface. Utilize an outer
exchanging power source with a voltage as near +5.00V
as could really be expected. The better the exactness, the
more exact the voltage. You should align the terminal
with the standard arrangement prior to utilizing it
consistently. The ideal temperature for the environment
Fig 3: TDS meter to Arduino connection diagram is around 25°C, the pH value is well-known and
consistent, being near to measured value. The pH of
standard solution should be 4.00 when measuring an
2.2 Working of TDS Meter: acidic sample.
The electric charge release between the two needles of a
sensor test is estimated utilizing TDS sensors. When an
excitation source is applied to a sensor probe immersed
in water, the ions of dissolved materials transmit electric
charges between the needles. The controlling unit
estimates these electric charges, and the subsequent
TDS esteem in ppm (parts per million) is shown. Figure.
4, Shows the schematic diagram representing working
of TDS meter. Technically, total dissolved solids are
tested in a laboratory, but if we want to do it ourselves,
the best solution is to use an electronic TDS metre. The
TDS reader measures the electronic conductivity (TDS)
of water, calculates it, and displays the TDS value. This
is expressed in PPM (Parts Per Million). The expert Fig 5: Connection of pH sensor
instrument has high precision and can send information
to the control framework, yet the cost is costly for the The pH of the solution would be 9.18 for measuring
conventional individuals. To this end, we have sent off the alkaline sample. Subsection calibration is only done
a simple TDS sensor pack which is viable with Arduino, to improve accuracy. We had to wash the pH electrode
attachment and play, simple to utilize. with water before we could use it to measure different
solutions. Deionized water is suggested. Associate the
hardware as displayed in the graph, with the pH anode
connected to the connector on the pH meter board and
the pH meter associated with the simple port 0 of the
Arduino regulator by means of the interfacing lines.
A procedure for calibrating a pH measurement
system using an Arduino controller. When the Arduino
controller is powered up, the blue LED on the board will
turn on. Connect the Arduino controller to the sample
code provided. This code likely includes instructions for
reading pH values from a pH sensor. Place the pH
cathode in a standard arrangement with a pH of 7.00, or
short the BNC connector's feedback. Monitor the pH
value shown on the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE.
Fig 4: Working of TDS meter Record the pH value printed and compare it with 7.00.
Coordinating with Arduino regulator, you can Adjust the difference to the "Offset" in the example
construct a TDS identifier effectively to quantify the code. For example, if the printed pH value is 6.88, the
TDS worth of fluid. Because pure H2O water or distilled difference is 0.12. Replace "#define Offset 0.00" with
water does not conduct electricity, the result of a TDS "#define Offset 0.12" in the software. Place the pH
reader immersed in totally distilled water will be "0" or electrode in a pH standard solution with a value of 4.00.
a very low value if trace minerals are present. The Wait for a moment for the value to stabilize around 4.00.
charge of electrons that make up minerals permits them Once stabilized, the acidic calibration is complete, and
to lead power. In other words, mineral-rich water you may measure the pH of an acidic solution. After
conducts more energy than mineral-free water. TDS properly washing the electrodes, we can immediately

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measure the pH value of an alkaline solution due to the periods of time, provide high accuracy. Installation took
linear properties of the pH electrode. up less room because it was easy to clean. The pH metre
For improved precision, recalibrate the system in your pocket is extremely accurate and inexpensive. If
using a standard solution with a pH of 9.18. Adjust the you've ever used PH metering, you'll know that pH
gain potential device to allow the value to settle at 9.18. values range from 0 to 14.
After this standardization, we can measure the pH value While pH 0 is very acidic, pH 7 is impartial, and PH
of alkaline solutions accurately. This procedure ensures 14 is incredibly alkaline. The calibration is the most
that the pH measurement system is accurately calibrated difficult aspect of utilising the pH Sensor. Because the
for both acidic and alkaline solutions, allowing for pH sensor is an analogue sensor, calibration is required
precise pH measurements across a range of solutions. because the output is voltage dependant. So we'll require
an answer with a known pH Strength. There is an
assortment of cradle arrangements available with a
proper pH. To align the pH sensor, simply plunge the
2.4 .Working of pH sensor
ph. Anode into an answer of known strength and see the
Figure.6, Figure 4: Shows the schematic diagram perusing. You can stop rotating after the readings match,
representing working of pH sensor. The pH metre will and the sensor will be calibrated. Since I had no cushion
provided sufficient amount of time to establish after arrangements, I utilized milk to adjust the sensor. Milk
turning it on. Gently lift the electrode from the storage has a pH range of 6.5 to 6.7. As a result, milk can be
solution. Wash the anode with deionized water in a used for calibration. A pH meter is an electrical gadget
vacant waste container to clean it. that actions the causticity or alkalinity of fluids and
semi-solids. The qualities of this marker were used to
decide the acridity or alkalinity of different substances
unequivocally. The pH metre is superior to other pH
indicators for determining the pH of a liquid or semi-
solid substance because it offers consistent values.

3 Practical Model of Hydroponic

system
Fig 6: Working of pH sensor

To take out abundance water, tenderly flush and

blotch dry with non-grating Kim wipes or sure wipes.
To adjust the pH meter, we require three varieties coded
standard cradle arrangements with pH. Place the
terminals in a pH 7.0 cradle arrangement and trust that
the pH estimation will settle at 7. On the off chance that
the convergence of H+ particles inside the glass layer
anode decides the required, expect the grouping of H+
particles inside the cathode and the cradle arrangement
outside the terminal are something very similar.
The pH level in this example is 7. Rinse the
electrode with distilled water and dry the blood with Fig.7. Practical Model of Hydroponic system
Kim wipes once the standard with pH 7.0 has been
calibrated. If the predicted pH of the sample is acidic, Figure.7, Shows the practical model of hydroponic
select the pH 4.01 buffer solution, insert the electrodes system with IoT interface system. A unique box is
in the buffer with a pH of 4.01, and push the calibrate created to store all of the dosing pumps. The electric
button. Allow the pH value to remain stable at 4.01. pH wires of the dosing pumps can be linked to the relay and
will be less than 7. It means that H+ ions in electrode are microcontroller through three holes on the back of the
lower than solution outside electrode position. If the box. Figure.7. shows the supplement and pH control
predicted pH of the sample is alkaline, skip the previous framework, as well as the holding box for the dosing
step and go to this stage using the pH 9.21 buffer siphons. Figure portrays the complete framework
solution. schematic.
The uses of a pH sensor are numerous. It is used to Prior to involving the sensors in the plan, they must
determine the pH of soil in the agriculture industry. It's be adjusted. This figure depicts the system's overall
additionally used to assess civil drinking water and circuit diagram. It represents all of the sensors and AC
pools. In numerous compound and drug ventures, it is appliances connected to each other via the AC controller
utilized to decide the pH worth of arrangements. The pH and power metre subsystem's connection.
metre is also employed in the food industry, especially There were two varieties of Arduino used: Arduino
in the case of dairy products like cheese, curds, and Mega and Arduino Uno. The controller is based on an
yoghurts. The advantages of a pH sensor are: For long Arduino Mega, while the power metre is based on an

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Arduino Nano, and both communicate data via serial 5 Overall Block diagram of Hydroponic
communication to the master Arduino Mega. system with IoT interface
The Figure.9.implies an Overall model of Hydroponic
4 Flow Chart system with IoT interface system arrangement. The data
The Figure.8.The flow chart discusses the operation of the following parameters like the Total dissolved
and control of automatic hydroponic systems. Based on particles in solution, PH of the water, water level,
the sensor reading, the functioning principle of the Temperature, water flow, light intensity etc, will be
whole automatic hydroponic system can be understood. collected from respective sensors. The collected data
Additionally, the pH can be adjusted with two dosing will be analysed by micro controller the practical values
pumps that control either increase or decrease in pH will be compared to the reference inputs given by the
values. This not only adjusts the pH and also selects the user. If the values are not as per user defined the required
supplement pH answer for save the pH for the actions will be taken to make the values equal to
developing plant. refereed values. Then, at that point, the refreshed
The YF-S201 Hall-Effect water stream sensor was qualities will be transferred to the server by GSM
associated with aligned to gauge the stream rate. The module. The collected data will be analysed by micro
water flow sensor could reliably detect the flow rate by controller the practical values will be compared to the
using a hall sensor to deliver pulses on the water fall and reference inputs given by the user.
a microcontroller to count how much heartbeat to
compute the stream rate. It was critical to guarantee the
correct volume of water was added to the system when
necessary, as well as to screen the all-out volume of
water flowed in the framework.

Fig.9. Overall model of Hydroponic system with IoT.

If the values are not as per user defined the required

actions will be taken to make the values equal to
refereed values. Then, at that point, the refreshed
qualities will be transferred to the server by GSM
module. The information can be received by the client
from anyplace on the planet through method for web.
This was accomplished by continually running the
dosing pump for one minute, moving water from one
bottle to another mL marked bottle. The dosing pump
was found to be capable of delivering liquids in under a
minute.

6 Output Results

Fig.10. Outputs waveform of PH values with days of Things

Fig 8: Flow chart of the automatic Hydroponic systems. peak Web-interface on IoT platform.
This allows us to calculate how much fresh water
was refilled per day and on average per month to keep Figure.10. Illustrates the outputs waveform of PH
the water level in the system at the proper level. values over a number of days of Things peak Web-
interface on IoT platform. The figure indicates the PH
reading for a period of duration to access PH value and
to regulate it.

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Figure.13. demonstrates the status of the

hydroponic system through mobile phone message alert
and can control the operation.

7 Conclusion
The widespread adoption of solutions like the vertical
hydroponic system can help meet local demand for fresh
green vegetables while reducing reliance on imports.
This wireless platform, integrated with the Thing Talk
Fig.11. Outputs waveform water flow frequency with days of IoT platform, offers an easily accessible user interface
the Things peak Web-interface on IoT platform. allowing users to monitor parameters and receive SMS
alerts if the pump fails. Moreover, it enables the study
Fig.11. Illustrates the outputs water flow frequency and tracking of growth for hydroponically produced
over a number of days of the Things peak Web-interface plants, organic plants, and field plants. The system's
on IoT platform. This will indicate water flow pressure properties, such as temperature, light wavelength, pH,
for regulation and to control. Figure.12. illustrates the TDS, and water levels, have been investigated and
outputs TDS values over a number of days of the Things computed to ensure optimal growth conditions.
peak Web-interface on IoT platform. This will indicate Additionally, the fundamental structure of the system
TDS values for regulation and to control. has been designed with low cost, efficiency, and
adaptability for use in tiny indoor spaces. With these
features in place, the vertical hydroponic system stands
as a promising solution for home-based cultivation,
promoting sustainability and self-sufficiency. A proto-
type model is implemented with all sensor arrangement
with incorporating IoT technology with control
accessories.

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