Development_and_testing_of_a_light_dimming_control

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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International Conference on Science in Engineering and Technology (ICoSiET 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212 (2022) 012043 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1212/1/012043
Development and testing of a light dimming control using

arduino uno
Waluyo, F Hadiatna, A Widura, P Setiana

Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung (Itenas),
Bandung, Indonesia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Increasing population and human needs have an impact on increasing the need for
electrical energy. One of them is for lighting needs. Therefore, it is necessary to save the
lighting system so that energy consumption is minimum and the need for lighting is optimal,
by controlling light dimming. This paper presents an implementation and testing of a dimming
light control using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The circuit used a 12-volt power supply,
as a voltage source, to increase to 42 volts, to meet a lamp voltage, through a dc-dc converter.
After obtaining the maximum voltage, a MOSFET cut off the voltage according to the desired
light or performance level. The duty cycle was directly proportional to the output voltage,
using a PWM coding to get the necessary light intensity. Some testing was conducted,
including the measurement point shifting to the side. The testing results show that PMW and
LDR decreased as the duty cycle increased. Nevertheless, both decreasing are different, the
PWM decreased linearly with a gradient of -2.55 and the LDR decreased hyperbolically.
While, the illuminance, current, and power rose as the duty cycle increased. The illuminance
increased, tent to be saturated, as the power increased. However, the illuminance was reduced
as the PWM and LDR increased. The illuminance decreased slightly as the measurement points
shifted to the side.
1. Introduction
The need for humans and the population that is always increasing will have an impact on increasing
the need for electrical energy. One of them is the electricity need for lighting. On other hand, the
availability of electrical energy is limited. Based on this, the lighting system should be saved, where
the provision of lighting is as optimal as possible, but the energy consumed is minimal. Electrical
energy conservation, including lighting systems, is indispensable. Therefore, it is necessary for an
efficient lighting system, and vital in homes, offices, industries, urban and rural areas [1].
Based on the procedure for design in buildings regulated in SNI 63-6575-2001, the lighting system
can be differentiated into uniform, local, and combined lighting system. In the uniform or even
lighting system, this system functions to provide an even and fairly constant level of light throughout
the room. The even lighting can be accomplished by installing the armature simultaneously on the
ceiling bar either directly or not. For a safe local lighting system, it is necessary to require a high level
of light to provide more light than the ambient one. While the combined lighting systems are used for
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
those who need high levels of light. By this, it can show the shapes and textures that require the light
to come from a certain direction [2].
It can be carried out by measuring it directly using a lux meter measurement tool so that it can be
known what the magnitude of the exposure level is in a given work. What is meant by the worksheet is
an imaginary horizontal plane located 0.75 meters above the floor in the entire room [2].
There are two main light sources, natural and man-made. The latter has conventionally only two
modes, on and off switches. There is not any intermediate-range, whether manually or automatically
according to the surrounding condition. This case leads to electrical energy wastage and not effective
and not efficient anymore [3-5] and may potentially dangerous [6].
In commercial and office sectors, major electrical energy consumption is caused by lighting [7].
The lighting control can be implemented in homes, smart cities, airports, agriculture, parking, malls,
universities, industries, and so on [4]. Besides light, color has attracted mankind, especially white
color [8]. The lighting is necessary also in a vehicle, including an automobile, and plays an important
role to avoid accidents [9-10]. Street lights consume large electrical energy [11]. Therefore, a smart
street light reduces energy consumption and maintains costs [12]. The lighting has an important role in
outdoor and indoor environments [13], and huge energy is wasted due to lighting in rural and urban
areas [14]. It creates also a comfortable atmosphere, such as warm and bright [15].
Based on these various reasons, it is important to conduct an automation system in lighting, for
saving, comfort as well as for safety. The light automation system is a cost-effective and safe way to
reduce power consumption [16-17], reducing unused electricity and lengthening light lifetime [16]. A
dimming light is reducing wasting energy, overcome manual switching, primary cost, and
maintenance decrease [17]. There are intermediate levels [3, 6, 18]. The system can be implemented in
workstations, park street lighting, lights, agriculture field monitoring, home automation, etc [3-4,16].
A main controlling device for lamp dimming use a microcontroller [16, 19], and some other
devices, such as light sensor, LDR (light dependent resistor) as an instant LED driver, DC source [3, 9,
16, 19,], and an infrared sensor [4]. Arduino microcontroller is very widely used in light dimming due
to easily available in markets and relatively cheap. It was for the automation of the speed and light on
automobiles [10], smart lighting [1, 3, 13-14], for touch dimming circuit [6], bright controlling [5],
street lighting [4, 11, 12], temperature and color tuning [8], vehicle headlight automation [9], and light
dimming [15, 20].
An Android-based spatial lighting arrangement system discussed efficient, practical, and
appropriate lighting settings and it is complemented by lighting setting optimizations based on the
standard SNI 03-6197-2000. It was also designed practically to be remotely controlled by using a
smartphone [21].
For a recent lighting system, it is also necessary to light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. The LEDs
consume low energy [6, 17], due to cool conditions, long lifetime, and energy-saving due to high
illuminance [16, 18]. Some researches used LEDs, for smart light [3], touch dimming [6], brightness
[5], and luminaire controlling [7], street, color, vehicle head, and rural lighting [1, 4, 8-9, 11-14, 22].
A High Power LED (HPL) is an LED that works several hundred mA to A. HPL is usually used for
outdoor lighting or industrial lighting. The use of HPL aims to save costs, because HPL requires a
relatively small current, but still has a larger lumen [23].
The light dimming controls usually use LDR, such as for smart light [3], brightness control [5],
smart street light control [4, 12], and headlight of vehicles [9].
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is generally a means of reproducing the signal width expressed by
a pulse in a period, to obtain a different average voltage. PWM can be applied to adjust the power or
voltage to turn on the light. In the digital method, each PWM change is influenced by the resolution of
the PWM itself. Suppose that the 8-bit digital PWM means that the PWM has a resolution of 28 = 256,
that is, this PWM output has 256 variations, the variation ranging from 0 - 255 which represents a duty
cycle of 0-100% of the PWM output [24].
2
The addition of light dimming is usually a boost converter circuit. It increases DC voltage to a
higher level. This circuit is required when the required voltage of electronic components is higher than
the available power supply voltage [25].
There have been some researches regarding light dimming in various applications. Generally, they
used Arduino Uno microcontroller, LDRs, and LEDs. Nevertheless, they are limited in testing. Based
on the previous researches, it is necessary to conduct further research on light dimming design,
implementation, and testing. This research involved an HPL, Arduino Uno microcontroller, MOSFET,
DC-DC converter, and an LDR. Besides the design and implementation, the research also conducted
testing on some parameters, such as PWM, duty cycle, LDR, illuminance, current, power, voltage, and
side shifting.
2. Research Method
The light dimmer circuit uses a 12-volt power supply as a voltage source which then passes through
the dc-dc converter to increase the voltage from 12 volts to 42 volts to meet the needs of the used
lamps. After obtaining the maximum voltage at the maximum capacity at 100%, the IRF 540N
MOSFET functions as a voltage cut off according to the desired light needs or performance level. In
this process, the duty cycle will be directly proportional to the output voltage, in the process of setting
this duty cycle, it is carried out in the basic software using coding to get the light intensity setting
according to the need, as an example of a lamp can be turned on when it is a bright condition, a bit
bright, dim, slightly dim and off. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the research of the light
dimming system. The main subsystems are DC supply, DC-DC converter, a lamp, a controller, and a
MOSFET. Furthermore, the wiring circuit diagram is shown in Figure 2. In this case, the lamp is HPL
32 watts and an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the controller.
DC DC-DC
supply Converter
Lamp
Controller MOSFET
Figure 1. Block diagram of the light dimming system

microcontroller
Arduino Uno
R1
3k
HPL 32 W
lamp
DC-DC
DC
Converter R2 2n2221
1k R3
1k
IRF 540N
Figure 2. Light dimmer circuit
Figure 3 shows the lighting intensity measurement with a distance of 2.5 m, between the High-
Performance Lamp (HPL), as the light source, and the light receiver wall. Moreover, on the wall, the
3
measuring point for light acceptance was shifted up to 50 cm to the side. So that the variation of light
received was obtained over that distance.
0 cm
0–5
light
High
Performance
Lamp
(HPL)
2.5 m
Figure 3. Lighting intensity measurement
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Lux meter or light meter were used to measure the lighting
intensity or illuminance. The LDR value was measured by using a multimeter. Both LDR's and lux
meter's values were noted while the lighting intensity was being reduced between 100% and 0% in a
10% step.
3. Research Results and Discussion

Figure 4 shows the dimming system circuit. The system consists of a power supply, for DC supply of
power, DC-DC converter for the DC voltage regulation, MOSFET and voltage divider circuits for the
light dimming for lowering the voltage to insert the microcontroller, an Arduino Uno for the main
controller, a computer/laptop for coding of the microcontroller, and a High-Performance Lamp (HPL)
for the lighting source.
Computer
for coding
HPL 32W
lamp
Power
supply
DC-DC
Voltage Arduino
converter
divider & Uno
MOSFET
circuits
Figure 4. Picture light dimming system
4
Figure 5 shows the dimming system circuit when the dimming lighting of 80% (a) and 40% (b),
which show a bit bright and a bit dim respectively. The system gives the lighting intensity was enough
for the lighting. Thus, based on this testing, the system dimming process ran smoothly.
(a) 80% (b) 40%
Figure 5. Picture light dimming system in 80% and 40% conditions
Figure 6 shows the PWM and LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as the duty cycle function. Both
parameters decreased as the duty cycle increased. Nevertheless, the PWM decreased linearly, while
LDR decreased drastically, hyperbolically.
300 30
Coding
LDR
200 Linear 20
LDR (kOhm)
y = -2.55x + 255 (Coding

)
PWM
R2 = 1
100 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty cycle (%)
Figure 6. PWM and LDR function of duty cycle
Figure 7 (a) shows the illuminance and current as of the duty cycle function. Both illuminance and
current parameters increased linearly, as the duty cycle increased. While 7(b) shows the illuminance as
a function of current, as linear too. These characteristics are in line with that are revealed in [8].
5
400 0.80
Illuminance
Current
300 0.60
Linear
Illuminance (lux)
y = 0.006x + 0.21
(Current)
R2 = 0.99
Current (A)
Linear
200 (Illuminance 0.40
) y = 2.96x + 19.5
R2 = 0.985
100 0.20
0 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty cylce (%)
(a)
300
200
Illuminance (lux)
100
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Current (A)
(b)
Figure 7. (a) Illuminance & current vs duty cycle, and (b)

Illuminance vs current
Figure 8 shows the power and current as of the duty cycle function. Both power and current
increased linearly as the duty cycle increased.
6
40 0.8
Power
Current
30 Linear 0.6
(Current)
y = 0.006x + 0.21
Linear
R2 = 0.99
(Power)
Current (A)
Power (W)
20 0.4
y = 0.3x + 1.9
R2 = 0.99
10 0.2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty cycle (%)
Figure 8. Power and current as duty cycle function
Figure 9 shows the illuminance as the function of power. The illuminance increased linearly, and to
be saturated, as the power increased. Thus, the illuminance will tend to be constant as the power of the
lamp continuously.
300
200
Illuminance (lux)
y = 0.001x4 - 0.075x3 + 1.69x2 - 0.84x - 0.87

R2 = 0.99
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Power (W)
Figure 9. Illuminance function of power
Figure 10 shows the voltage and power as the current function. Both voltage and power increased
linearly as the current increased. Nevertheless, both increasing parameters are different. For the
voltage, it is necessary a threshold value of the current, for this case 0.25 ampere to get 21.7 volts of
minimum voltage. This phenomenon, especially the voltage against the current, due to knee point
existence, is similar to the chart that is revealed in [8]. Nevertheless, the direction of the knee pint is
the opposite.
7
50 40
Voltage
Power
40 32
Linear
(Power)
30 24
Voltage (V)
Power (W)
y = 51.3x - 9.1
R2 = 0.99
20 16
10 8
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Current (A)
Figure 10. Voltage and power function of current
Figure 11 shows the illuminance as a function of the PWM coding. The illuminance decreases
linearly as the PWM coding increases. The illuminance varies depending also on the distance to the
perpendicular point of the board exposed to the light, as shown in Figure 13.
300
Illuminance (lux)
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
PWM
Figure 11. Illuminance function of coding
Figure 12 shows the LDR as the illuminance function. The LDR reduced drastically as the
illuminance increased, followed by hyperbolic patterns on various distances from the center. This
curve or chart is an improvement and more real than the previous concept, because this chart is
obtained from the test results with the resistance measurements on the LDR on the wall illuminated by
an HPL lamp [9, 26].
8
25
LDR (kOhm) 20
15
10
0
0 100 200 300
Illuminance (lux)
Figure 12. Illuminance function of LDR
Figure 13 shows the illuminances as a function of the distances from the center on various coding.
The illuminance reduced slightly as the distance from the center increased.
400
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255

300
Illuminance (lux)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance from Center (cm)
Figure 13. Illuminance function of distances from the center

on various PWM
4. Conclusion
The microcontroller-based dimming circuit has been successfully implemented. The duty cycle
increases, make the PWM coding and LDR decrease linearly and hyperbolically respectively.
However, the duty cycle increases, so that the illuminance, current, and power increase too. The
power and current increase linearly as the duty cycle increases. The illuminance increases as the power
increase linearly. Nevertheless, increasing illuminance tends to be saturated. The voltage and power
increase linearly as the current rises. Even though, the voltage chart has a knee point. The illuminance
reduces fairly linearly, as then PWM coding increases. The LDR reduces drastically as illuminance
increases. Finally, the illuminance decreases slightly as the distance of the measurement point from the
center point to the side increases.
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Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to The Grant of the Higher Education Superior Applied Research, No.
387/B.05/LPPM-Itenas/IV/2020, for a part of the financially supporting research.
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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- Outdoor experiments with a luxmeter

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 181.215.121.236 on 10/01/2022 at 22:10

Development and testing of a light dimming control using

Waluyo, F Hadiatna, A Widura, P Setiana

Figure 1. Block diagram of the light dimming system

Figure 2. Light dimmer circuit

Figure 3. Lighting intensity measurement

3. Research Results and Discussion

Figure 4. Picture light dimming system

(a) 80% (b) 40%

Figure 5. Picture light dimming system in 80% and 40% conditions

y = -2.55x + 255 (Coding

Figure 6. PWM and LDR function of duty cycle

Figure 7. (a) Illuminance & current vs duty cycle, and (b)

Figure 8. Power and current as duty cycle function

y = 0.001x4 - 0.075x3 + 1.69x2 - 0.84x - 0.87

Figure 9. Illuminance function of power

Figure 10. Voltage and power function of current

Figure 11. Illuminance function of coding

Figure 12. Illuminance function of LDR

135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255

Figure 13. Illuminance function of distances from the center

Vol.13 (2), June 2015, 281-290.

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