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Class 10 Notes

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devenyuvraj0
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CBSE Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 4

Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Polynomial
A quadratic polynomial takes the form ax^2 + bx + c, where ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ represent real numbers, and ‘a’ is
not equal to zero.

Quadratic Equation
When a quadratic polynomial is set equal to a constant, it forms a quadratic equation. Any equation expressed
as p(x) = k, where p(x) represents a polynomial of degree 2 and k is a constant, falls under the category of
quadratic equations.

The Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation


In the standard form of a quadratic equation, ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
Here, ‘a’ represents the coefficient of x^2, known as the quadratic coefficient. ‘b’ stands for the coefficient of x,
termed as the linear coefficient. Lastly, ‘c’ denotes the constant term.

Roots of a Quadratic Equation


The values of x that satisfy a quadratic equation are referred to as the roots of the quadratic equation. If α is a
root of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0, then aα^2 + bα + c = 0. A quadratic equation can possess two
distinct real roots, two equal roots, or real roots may not exist at all.

Graphically, the roots of a quadratic equation are the points where the graph of the quadratic polynomial
intersects the x-axis. Let’s take the example of the graph of the quadratic equation x^2 – 4 = 0.

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorization


Method
Let’s consider the quadratic equation 2x^2 – 5x + 3 = 0. To solve it, we split the middle term by finding two
numbers (-2 and -3) such that their sum is equal to the coefficient of x and their product is equal to the product
of the coefficient of x^2 and the constant. So, (-2) + (-3) = (-5) and (-2) × (-3) = 6.

By splitting the middle term, we rewrite the equation as 2x^2 – 2x – 3x + 3 = 0. Then, we factorize it as 2x(x –
1) – 3(x – 1) = 0, which further simplifies to (x – 1)(2x – 3) = 0. Thus, x = 1 and x = 3/2 are the roots of the given
quadratic equation. This method of solving a quadratic equation is called the factorization method.

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completion of


Squares Method
Let’s apply the method of completing the square to solve the quadratic equation 2x^2 – 8x = 10:

(i) Express the quadratic equation in standard form: 2x^2 – 8x – 10 = 0


(ii) Divide the equation by the coefficient of x^2 to make the coefficient of x^2 equal to 1: x^2 – 4x – 5 = 0

(iii) Add the square of half of the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation to get an expression of the form
x^2 ± 2kx + k^2: (x^2 – 4x + 4) – 5 = 0 + 4

(iv) Isolate the above expression, (x ± k)^2, on the LHS to obtain an equation of the form (x ± k)^2 = p^2: (x –
2)^2 = 9

(v) Take the positive and negative square roots: x – 2 = ±3

x = -1 or x = 5

Quadratic Formula
The Quadratic Formula provides a direct method to find the roots of a quadratic equation in its standard form.

For the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0, the formula is:

x = [-b ± √(b^2 – 4ac)] / (2a)

By substituting the values of a, b, and c into the formula, we can determine the roots of the equation.

For example, if we have the quadratic equation x^2 – 5x + 6 = 0, we can find the roots using the quadratic
formula.

Given: x^2 – 5x + 6 = 0

Comparing with the standard quadratic equation, we get:

a = 1, b = -5, and c = 6

Since b^2 – 4ac = (-5)^2 – 4 × 1 × 6 = 25 – 24 = 1 > 0, the roots are real.

Using the quadratic formula:

x = [-(-5) ± √1] / (2 * 1)

= [5 ± 1] / 2

= (5 + 1)/2 and (5 – 1)/2

= 6/2, 4/2

Thus, the roots of the quadratic equation are 3 and 2.


Discriminant
In a quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0, the expression b^2 – 4ac is known as the discriminant, denoted by
D.

The discriminant plays a crucial role in determining the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation, depending
on the coefficients of the equation.

Nature of Roots
Depending on the value of the discriminant, D = b^2 – 4ac, the roots of a quadratic equation, ax^2 + bx + c = 0,
can fall into three categories.

Case 1: If D > 0, the equation has two distinct real roots.

Case 2: If D = 0, the equation has two equal real roots.

Case 3: If D < 0, the equation has no real roots.

Solving using Quadratic Formula when D>0


Solve 2x2−7x+3=0 using the quadratic formula.

(i) Identify the coefficients of the quadratic equation. a = 2,b = -7,c = 3

(ii) Calculate the discriminant, b2−4ac

D=(−7)2−4×2×3= 49-24 = 25

D> 0, therefore, the roots are distinct.

(iii) Substitute the coefficients in the quadratic formula to find the roots

x= [-(-7)± √((-7)2-4(2)(3))]/2(2)

x=(7 ±5)/4

x=3 and x= 1/2 are the roots.

Solving Quadratic Equation when D=0


Let us take an example of quadratic equation 3x2 – 2x + 1/3 = 0.

Here, a = 3, b = -2 and c = 1/3


Determinant, D = b2 – 4ac = (-2)2 – 4 (3)(1/3)
= 4 – 4
=0

Thus, the given equation has equal roots.

Hence the roots are -b/2a and -b/2a, i.e., 1/3 and 1/3.

Solving Quadratic Equation when D < 0


Suppose the quadratic equation is 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0

Comparing with the standard form of quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0,

a = 4, b = 3, c = 5

By the formula of determinant, we know;

Determinant (D) = b2 – 4ac

= (3)2 – 4(4)(5)

= 9 – 80

= -71 < 0 So, D < 0 and hence the roots are complex (not real). Using quadratic formula, x = [-b ± √(b 2 – 4ac)]/
2a

= [-3 ± √(-71)]/ 2(4)

= [-3 ± √(i2 71)]/ 8

= (-3 ± i√71)/8

Thus, the non-real roots of the equation are x = (-3 + i√71)/8 and x (-3 – i√71)/8.

Formation of a quadratic equation from its roots


To find out the standard form of a quadratic equation when the roots are given:

Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0. Then,

(x−α)(x−β)=0

On expanding, we get,
x2−(α+β)x+αβ=0, which is the standard form of the quadratic equation.

Here, a=1,b=−(α+β) and c=αβ.

Example: Form the quadratic equation if the roots are −3 and 4.

Solution: Given -3 and 4 are the roots of the equation.

Sum of roots = -3 + 4 = 1

Product of the roots = (-3).(4) = -12

As we know, the standard form of a quadratic equation is:

x2 − (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0

Therefore, by putting the values, we get

x2 – x – 12 = 0

Which is the required quadratic equation.

Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation


Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0. Then,

Sum of roots = α + β =-b/a

Product of roots = αβ = c/a

Example: Given, x2 − 5x + 8 = 0 is the quadratic equation. Find the sum and product of its roots.

Solution: x2 − 5x + 8 = 0 is the quadratic equation given in the form of ax 2 + bx + c = 0.


Hence,=a=1
b-5
c=8

Sum of roots = -b/a = 5

Product of roots = c/a = 8

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