MODULE-5

1.What do you mean by professional ethics and its competence? Elaborate

with examples

Professional ethics refers to the moral principles and standards that guide the behavior of
individuals in a professional context. These ethics establish a framework for what is considered
right and wrong in a specific profession, helping professionals make decisions that align with
the values of their field and the broader society.

Competence in professional ethics relates to the ability of a professional to understand,

interpret, and apply these ethical standards effectively. It requires a deep understanding of the
ethical principles, the capability to assess situations that may involve ethical dilemmas, and
the skill to make decisions that uphold the integrity and ethical standards of the profession.

The salient features characterizing this competence can be summarized as follows:

Competence in Professional Ethics

1. Clarity about the comprehensive human goal: Samãdhãna-Samriddhi- Abhaya- Sah-

astitva and its fulfilment through universal human order from family to world family.

2. Confidence in oneself as well as confidence in the harmony, co-existence and self-

regulation prevailing in entire existence based on the right understanding of oneself and
the rest of existence.

3. Competence of mutually fulfilling behaviour, clarity and confidence in ethical human

conduct and its correlation with sustainable personal as well as collective happiness and
prosperity.

4. Competence of mutually enriching interaction with nature, ability to assess the needs
for physical facilities for the family and their fulfilment through production systems
ensuring harmony in the nature.

5. Competence of actualizing one’s understanding in real life

Examples of Professional Ethics and Competence:

1. Healthcare Professional: A doctor has a duty to provide care that is in the best interest
of the patient. If a patient refuses treatment due to religious beliefs, the doctor must respect
this decision while also ensuring the patient is fully informed of the potential
consequences. The doctor’s competence in ethics ensures they balance respect for the
patient’s autonomy with their duty to do no harm.
 2. Teacher: A teacher may encounter a situation where a student is being bullied.
Professional ethics require the teacher to intervene and ensure the safety and well-
being of the student. Competence in ethics means the teacher understands the
importance of creating a safe environment and takes appropriate actions to address
the issue without bias.

2.Briefly explain holistic technology. Discuss the criteria for evaluation of

holistic technology. Support your answer with an example.

Holistic technology refers to an approach to technology development and application that

considers the entire system and its impact on all aspects of society, the environment, and
human well-being. Rather than focusing solely on the functionality or efficiency of a technology,
holistic technology takes into account the broader implications, including social, ethical,
environmental, and cultural factors.

The Holistic Criteria for Evaluation

The modern technologies and systems are all human inventions in response to the needs
visualized under the influence of the prevailing worldview. Accordingly, they have been
designed and optimized to the objective functions best suited to this world view. In order
to facilitate the development of holistic technologies and systems, it will be necessary to
visualize alternative objective functions and to formulate appropriate criteria for
evaluation compatible with comprehensive human goal

Generally there are three broad criteria to guide the development of such technologies
and systems, viz.,

(a) Catering to appropriate needs and lifestyles,

(b) People-friendly, and

(c) Eco-friendly.

In accordance to the above general considerations, the specific criteria for judging the
appropriateness of technologies, production systems and management models may be
identified as follows:

Criteria for Technologies

The above mentioned general criteria can be itemized into more specific form as follows:

1.Catering to real human needs

2.Compatible with natural systems and cycles

3. Facilitating effective utilization of human body, animals, plants and materials

4. Safe, user-friendly and conducive to health

5. Producible with local resources and expertise as far as possible l Promoting the use of
renewable energy resources

6. Low cost and energy efficient l Enhancing human interaction and cooperation

7.Promoting decentralisation l Durability and life cycle recyclability of products

Example: Solar Energy

Environment: Solar panels provide clean, renewable energy.

Social: They bring electricity to remote areas.

Cultural: Solar systems can be tailored to local needs.

Ethical: They help reduce pollution and fight climate change.

Economic: They save money in the long run.

Integration: Solar works well with other renewable energy sources.

3.How do the current world views lead to contradictions and dilemmas in

professional life? Explain.

4.What do you understand by definitiveness of ethical human conduct? Why

is this definitiveness desirable?

Definitiveness of ethical human conduct means having clear and consistent guidelines for
what is right and wrong behavior. It’s about knowing the ethical principles that should guide our
actions in any situation.

Why is it desirable?

-Clarity: It helps people make decisions confidently, knowing they are doing the right thing.

- Consistency: Ensures that everyone follows the same ethical standards, leading to fairness
and trust in society.

- Responsibility: Encourages accountability, as people understand the ethical implications of

their actions.
Definitiveness of Ethical Human Conduct

Innateness of Human Beings:

Just as a mango tree is defined by its “mango-ness,” humans have inherent qualities that define
our ethical nature or “humaneness.” This means that there are universal traits and values that
all humans share.

Ethical Human Conduct: This is about having clear, universal standards of behavior that reflect
our true nature. It involves understanding and practicing values that are universally recognized
as ethical.

Key Aspects:

1.Values: Fundamental principles like honesty, fairness, and kindness that stem from a true
understanding of our role in the world.

2.Policy: Making decisions and setting guidelines that promote overall well-being, harmony, and
responsible use of resources, based on these values.

3.Character: The consistent demonstration of ethical behavior in all aspects of life, including
personal relationships and professional conduct.

Why is Definitiveness Desirable?

- Guidance: Provides clear, consistent standards for what is right and wrong, making ethical
decisions easier.

- Harmony: Promotes inner satisfaction, balanced relationships, and a respectful interaction

with nature.

5.Critically examine the issues in professional ethics in the current scenario.

List any five unethical practices in profession today and the methods being
tried to curb them.

The current scenario in professional ethics is marked by increasingly complex and severe
issues. Corruption has spread across professions, using sophisticated methods to undermine
ethical standards and manipulate systems. This has fostered a belief that money can solve any
problem and bend any system to one's advantage.

The rise in serious scams and economic offenses, exemplified by disasters like the Bhopal Gas
Tragedy and Chernobyl Disaster, highlights the dangerous consequences of ethical lapses.

Additionally, unethical policies are often adopted by powerful industries and governments,
legitimizing harmful practices as beneficial to larger groups. Influential groups, such as drug and
arms mafias, can destabilize economies and political systems, while misleading advertising
exploits consumer trust.
This widespread degradation of professional ethics affects everyone, with many feeling either
complicit or helpless against these systemic issues.

We may enlist some salient categories of these unethical practices as follows :

1. Corruption in multiple forms and at various levels
2. Tax evasion, misappropriation and misuse of public funds
3. Misleading propaganda, unethical advertisements and sales promotion
4. Cut-throat competition
5. the weakness of consumers through various enticements
6. Adulteration and spurious production
7. Endangering the health and safety of public at large
8. Hoarding and over-charging etc
The following methods are being increasingly proposed and implemented:

1. Promoting awareness about professional ethics by introducing new courses,

refresher programs and case studies
2. Administering oaths and prescribing codes of ethical conduct for specific
professional disciplines
3. Setting up mechanisms for intensive audit inspection and monitoring the activities
4. Framing more stringent laws and devising harder punishments for offences
Promoting transparency in working systems through mechanisms like RTI (right to
information act), etc.
5. Carrying out ‘sting operations’ and widely publicising serious lapses in ethical
conduct of profession through media
6. Encouraging whistle blowing by individuals or groups
7. Setting up vigilance commissions, ethics committees, tribunals, consumer
protection forums etc.
8. Filing public interest litigations etc.

6.What do you understand by competence in professional ethics? Give two

examples of its implications in industry.

Competence in professional ethics refers to the ability to effectively apply ethical principles
and standards in a professional setting. It involves not just understanding what is ethically right
or wrong but also demonstrating integrity and fairness in everyday decisions and actions.

This competence ensures that professionals act with honesty, respect, and responsibility,
balancing their duties to clients, colleagues, and society. It encompasses making informed
decisions that align with both personal values and industry standards, fostering trust and
maintaining the credibility of the profession. Essentially, it means integrating ethical
considerations seamlessly into one's work to promote a positive, transparent, and equitable
work environment.
Implications in Industry:

1. Transparency and Honesty:

- Example: In a technology company, ethical competence means being transparent about the
capabilities and limitations of a product. For instance, if a software company discovers a
security flaw, an ethically competent approach would be to promptly disclose it to users and
work on a fix rather than concealing it. This fosters trust and ensures user safety.

3. Fair Treatment and Equal Opportunity:

- Example: In the hiring process, a company with ethical competence ensures that all
candidates are evaluated fairly based on their skills and qualifications rather than biases
related to race, gender, or other personal characteristics. Implementing unbiased recruitment
practices and providing equal opportunities promotes a diverse and inclusive workplace.

7.How does right understanding provide the basis for ethical human conduct?
Give two examples.

8.What would be the pragmatic implications of value-based living at the four

levels? Briefly explain.

Implications of Value-Based Living

1. At the level of individual:

- Inner Peace: Embracing value-based living helps resolve internal conflicts, leading to greater
happiness and reduced stress. Individuals become more self-confident and joyful, improving
overall well-being.

- Health and Security: By caring for oneself and avoiding harmful behaviors, individuals
experience better health, reducing financial insecurity related to illness.

2. At the level of family:

- Harmony: Value-based living fosters peace and fulfilling relationships within the family. This
strengthens bonds and reduces conflicts and consumerism, creating a nurturing environment.

- Prosperity: Families will feel more prosperous and supportive, leading to more harmonious
celebrations and less competition.

3.At the level of society:

- Trust and Equality: Prioritizing relationships over material wealth reduces societal divisions
based on gender, race, and wealth. This fosters trust and reduces conflicts like terrorism and
consumerism.

-Universal Harmony: Society moves towards a universal human order with greater collaboration
and mutual respect, solving large-scale issues peacefully.

4. At the level of nature:

-Sustainable Living: Value-based living encourages proper resource use and pollution
reduction. It promotes recyclable practices and better farming methods, addressing ecological
issues like greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation.

-Conservation: Enhanced respect for nature helps protect wildlife and replenish forests,
supporting overall environmental health.

MODULE-4

1.What are the four orders in nature? Briefly explain them.

The Four Orders in Nature

1.Material Order (padãrtha avasthã) – e.g. soil, water, air, etc.

2. Plant/Bio Order (Prana avasthã) – e.g. grass, plants, trees, flowers, fruits, etc.
3. Animal Order (Jiva avasthã) – e.g. Animals and Birds.
4. Human (Knowledge) Order ( Gyana avasthã) – Human Beings

1. Material Order (Padãrtha Avasthã):

- This order consists of inanimate objects and substances, such as soil, water, air, metals,
minerals, and other physical materials. These elements form the foundation of the natural
world and provide the essential resources required by the other three orders to sustain life.

- Examples include the landmasses, oceans, mountains, and the atmosphere. Even
astronomical bodies like stars and planets belong to the material order.
 - The material order is vital for the growth and survival of plants, animals, and humans, as it
supplies the necessary nutrients, elements, and physical conditions needed for life processes.

2. Plant/Bio Order (Prana Avasthã):

- The plant/bio order includes all forms of plant life, from the smallest grasses to the largest
trees. This order is characterized by the presence of life and the ability to grow, reproduce, and
sustain itself.

- Plants depend on the material order for nutrients, water, and support. In return, they
contribute to the environment by producing oxygen, maintaining the balance of gases in the
atmosphere, and providing food and shelter for animals and humans.

- The plant/bio order is essential for the survival of both the animal and human orders, as it
serves as the primary source of food and plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecosystem.

3. Animal Order (Jiva Avasthã):

- The animal order encompasses all living creatures that possess mobility, consciousness,
and the ability to experience sensations and emotions. This includes all animals, birds, fish, and
other living organisms that rely on both the material and plant orders for survival.

- Animals contribute to the ecosystem by pollinating plants, dispersing seeds, and enriching
the soil with nutrients through their waste. They also play a role in controlling the population of
other species, maintaining the balance within ecosystems.

- The animal order is interconnected with the plant and material orders, relying on plants for
food and the material order for shelter, water, and other necessities.

4. Human (Knowledge) Order (Gyana Avasthã):

- Humans represent the highest order in nature, distinguished by their knowledge, awareness,
and ability to think, reflect, and make conscious decisions. Humans have the unique ability to
understand and manipulate the other orders to meet their needs and desires.

- The human order depends on the material, plant, and animal orders for survival, drawing
resources such as food, water, shelter, and raw materials from them.

- Unlike the other orders, humans have the responsibility to ensure that their actions do not
disrupt the natural balance. They have the potential to either maintain harmony with nature or
cause significant harm, depending on their understanding and behavior.
2.What do you mean by mutual fulfilment in nature? Cite a few examples.

Mutual Fulfillment in Nature

Mutual fulfillment refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of the different orders
in nature, where each order supports and fulfills the needs of the others, creating a harmonious
balance. This concept emphasizes that all elements of nature work together in a way that
benefits each other, ensuring the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem.
Examples of Mutual Fulfillment:

1. Material and Plant/Bio Order:

- Interconnectedness: The Material Order, consisting of soil, water, and minerals, provides
essential nutrients for the Plant/Bio Order, enabling plants to grow and thrive.
- Mutual Fulfillment: In return, plants contribute to the Material Order by enriching the soil
through the decomposition of organic matter. Plants also help prevent soil erosion by holding
the soil together with their roots.

2. Material, Plant/Bio, and Animal Order:

- Interconnectedness: Animals rely on the Plant/Bio Order for food and oxygen, while the
Plant/Bio Order depends on the Material Order for nutrients and the Animal Order for
pollination and seed dispersal.
- Mutual Fulfillment: Animals contribute to the enrichment of the soil with their excreta, which
in turn supports plant growth. Plants provide food for animals, and animals help in the
reproduction of plants through pollination.

3. Material, Plant/Bio, Animal, and Human Order:

- Interconnectedness: Humans depend on the Material Order for resources like soil, water,
and minerals, the Plant/Bio Order for food and oxygen, and the Animal Order for food,
transportation, and other purposes.
- Mutual Fulfillment (Ideal State): Ideally, humans should contribute to the sustainability of
the Material, Plant/Bio, and Animal Orders by using resources responsibly, protecting
ecosystems, and ensuring the well-being of all living beings.
- Current Challenges: However, humans have often disrupted this balance through activities
like deforestation, pollution, and over-exploitation of resources, leading to environmental
degradation and harm to all orders.

3.Other than human order, the three orders are mutually fulfilling to each
other." Explain with examples. Why does human order fail to be mutually
fulfilling to itself and to the other orders?

Mutual Fulfillment Among the Three Orders

The three orders of nature—Material, Plant/Bio, and Animal—are interconnected and mutually
fulfilling to each other. Each order supports the others in maintaining the balance and
sustainability of the natural world. Here’s how these orders interact and fulfill each other's
needs:

1. Material and Plant/Bio Order:

- Example: The Material Order provides essential resources like soil, water, and minerals that
plants need to grow. In return, plants enrich the soil with nutrients through the decomposition
of organic matter. Plants also prevent soil erosion by holding the soil together with their roots,
ensuring the stability of the Material Order.
2. Material, Plant/Bio, and Animal Order:
- Example: Animals rely on plants for food and oxygen, both of which are provided by the
Plant/Bio Order. The Material Order supports the movement and survival of animals by
providing water, oxygen, and shelter. In return, animals contribute to the health of the Plant/Bio
Order by aiding in pollination and seed dispersal, and by enriching the soil with their waste.

3. Plant /Bio and Animal Order:

- Example: The Plant/Bio Order provides food and oxygen to animals, ensuring their survival.
Animals, in turn, help plants reproduce by pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds, contributing
to the growth and spread of the Plant/Bio Order. Additionally, the waste produced by animals
helps to fertilize the soil, which benefits plants.

Why the Human Order Fails to Be Mutually Fulfilling

Unlike the other three orders, the Human Order struggles to be mutually fulfilling both within
itself and with the other orders of nature. This failure stems from several factors:

1. Overexploitation of Resources:
- Example: Humans have often exploited the Material Order by extracting resources like fossil
fuels, minerals, and water at unsustainable rates. This has led to environmental degradation,
such as soil erosion, water scarcity, and pollution, which disrupts the balance of the Material
Order and harms the Plant/Bio and Animal Orders.

2. Disruption of Ecosystems:
- Example: Large-scale deforestation and habitat destruction by humans have led to the loss
of biodiversity and the extinction of many species in the Plant/Bio and Animal Orders. This
disrupts the natural balance and interconnectedness among the orders, leading to ecological
crises.

3. Pollution and Environmental Harm:

- Example: Human activities have led to widespread pollution of air, water, and soil, affecting
all three orders. The release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels has contributed to
climate change, which threatens the stability of ecosystems and the survival of many species.

4. Failure to Recognize Interconnectedness:

- Example: Humans often prioritize short-term gains and technological advancements over
the long-term health of the environment. This lack of understanding and respect for the
interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment among the orders leads to unsustainable practices
and environmental degradation.
4.Write a short note on the recyclability and self-regulation in nature.

Recyclability and Self-Regulation in Nature

Recyclability and self-regulation are two fundamental principles that ensure the
stability and sustainability of natural ecosystems. These processes help maintain
the balance of resources and species, allowing life on Earth to thrive without
external intervention
The whole process of self-exploration can be represented as follows:

Recyclability in Nature
Recyclability refers to the way natural materials are continuously reused and
transformed within the ecosystem. This process is evident in various natural
cycles, such as:

- The Water Cycle : Water on Earth undergoes a continuous cycle of evaporation,

condensation, and precipitation. This cycle ensures that the amount of water on
Earth remains relatively constant. For example, water evaporates from oceans,
forms clouds, and eventually falls as rain, replenishing rivers, lakes, and
groundwater. This cyclical process occurs without the need for human
intervention and demonstrates nature's ability to recycle its resources.

- The Carbon Cycle : Carbon is an essential element found in all living organisms.
It cycles between the atmosphere, plants, animals, and the soil. Plants absorb
carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, converting it into oxygen and glucose.
When animals consume plants, they take in this carbon, which is then released
back into the atmosphere through respiration or decomposition after the
organism dies. This cycle ensures that carbon remains available for all living
organisms, maintaining a balance in the ecosystem.

These cycles exemplify nature's ability to recycle materials efficiently, ensuring

that essential resources are available for all forms of life.

Self-Regulation in Nature
Self-regulation refers to the natural mechanisms that maintain balance within
ecosystems. This concept can be observed in various ways:

- Population Control : In a balanced ecosystem, the populations of different

species are naturally regulated to prevent any one species from overwhelming the
others. For instance, in a forest, the number of herbivores like deer is controlled
by the availability of food (plants) and the presence of predators like tigers. This
balance ensures that the ecosystem remains stable and sustainable.

- Ecosystem Stability : The self-regulation of ecosystems can be seen in how

different species interact with their environment. For example, trees in a forest
grow in such a way that they maintain the balance of nutrients in the soil. Fallen
leaves decompose and return nutrients to the soil, which are then absorbed by
the roots of the trees, continuing the cycle. This self-regulation prevents the
depletion of resources and maintains the health of the ecosystem.

- Breeding and Population Ratios : Nature also regulates the proportions of male
and female populations within species to ensure the continuity of that species.
For example, in many animal species, the ratio of males to females is naturally
balanced to promote successful reproduction and maintain population stability.

However, human activities have disrupted many of these natural processes.

Deforestation, pollution, and industrialization have led to imbalances in
ecosystems, such as the extinction of species, climate change, and the depletion
of natural resources. Despite these challenges, the principles of recyclability and
self-regulation in nature continue to operate, offering a model of sustainability
that humans can learn from and apply to our interactions with the environment.
5.Explain the activities in the four orders of nature. How are the activities in
the human order qualitatively different from those of other three orders?
The four orders of nature—Material, Plant/Bio, Animal, and Human—each exhibit distinct types
of activities that reflect their unique characteristics and roles in the natural world. Here's an
overview of the activities in each order and how human activities qualitatively differ from those
in the other orders:

Activities in the Four Orders

1. Material Order:
- Activity Type: Composition/Decomposition.
- Description: In this order, activities involve the coming together or breaking down of units.
For example, a wooden chair is made of smaller pieces of wood that combine to form a larger
unit. Over time, this chair can decompose into smaller particles or other forms. This process of
composition and decomposition is a fundamental activity of material entities.

2. Plant/Bio Order:
- Activity Type: Composition/Decomposition and Respiration.
- Description: Plants, which belong to the pranic order, not only undergo composition and
decomposition but also exhibit respiration. Plants grow from seeds, respire (breathe), and
decay over time. Respiration is a distinct activity of this order, reflecting the life processes that
enable growth and interaction with the environment.

3. Animal Order:
- Activity Type: Physico-chemical Activities and Conscious Activities.
- Description: Animals display a combination of activities from the plant/bio order, such as
respiration and decomposition, along with conscious activities. Physico-chemical activities
involve processes similar to plants, like breathing and decay. Conscious activities, unique to
animals, include assuming, selecting, and tasting, reflecting their ability to make choices based
on sensory inputs and experiences.

4. Human Order:
- Activity Type: Desiring, Thinking, Selecting/Tasting, and Knowing.
- Description: Humans exhibit activities from the animal order but with additional complexity.
In addition to composition, decomposition, respiration, and conscious activities, humans
engage in desiring (pursuing goals), thinking (reasoning and reflecting), and knowing (seeking
understanding). This higher-order activity enables humans to not only make choices but also to
seek deeper understanding and realization.

Qualitative Differences in Human Activities

- Complexity of Consciousness: While animals have conscious activities like assuming and
selecting, humans possess a more complex consciousness. Humans not only assume and
select but also engage in desiring and thinking, reflecting a higher level of cognitive and
emotional complexity.

- Need for Understanding: Humans have a distinct need to understand and know beyond mere
selection or assumption. This involves seeking knowledge, understanding, and realization,
which is not as pronounced in animals.
- Value-based Activities: Humans exhibit values such as perseverance, bravery, and generosity,
which are not present in other orders. These values reflect a deeper engagement with the world
and with others, driven by a desire for harmony and fulfillment.

- Capacity for Higher Order Thought: Humans can engage in abstract thinking, reflective
reasoning, and philosophical inquiry. This ability to ponder and seek meaning is a significant
departure from the more immediate and sensory-driven activities observed in animals.

6.Discuss the participation of human being in entire nature.

7.Role of education in human conduct.

8.Present the difference and similarities between a human being and an

animal. Give examples to support your answer.

Similarities:

1. Basic Needs:
- Animals and Humans: Both need physical resources (like food and shelter) to
survive and grow. They share a fundamental will to live, which means they both
work to meet their basic needs.

2. Biological Processes:
- Animals and Humans: Both experience biological processes such as growth,
aging, and eventual decomposition. This means their bodies go through similar
physical changes over time.

Differences:

1. Inheritance and Identity:

- Animals: Animals inherit specific traits from their parents and tend to follow
consistent patterns. For example, a lion will always be a lion, and its offspring will
have similar traits and behaviors.
- Humans: Humans do not inherit their profession or interests in the same way.
For instance, a barber’s child does not have to become a barber, and a
mathematicisssssan’s child does not have to follow in their parent’s footsteps.
Humans have the freedom to choose different paths based on their individual
interests and experiences.

2. Desires and Aspirations:

- Animals: Animals act mainly based on survival instincts and immediate needs.
Their behavior is driven by basic instincts and environmental stimuli.
- Humans: Humans have deeper aspirations beyond survival. They seek
happiness, fulfillment, and understanding. They are motivated not just by basic
needs but by personal desires and a quest for knowledge.

3. Natural Characteristics:
- Animals: Animals’ natural characteristics are focused on survival and
reproduction. Their behavior includes aspects like nurture or cruelty based on
their survival needs.
- Humans: Humans have characteristics such as perseverance, bravery, and
generosity, which are not just about survival but about personal growth and
contributing to society. These traits are aligned with their pursuit of happiness and
fulfillment.

4. Response to Needs:
- Animals: Animals respond mainly to physical needs and environmental
changes. Their reactions are primarily driven by survival instincts.
- Humans: Humans respond to physical needs but also seek relationships,
understanding, and knowledge. Their reactions are influenced by a wide range of
factors, including cultural, educational, and personal experiences.
9.A) Existence = Nature submerged in space. Elaborate this point.
B) Differentiate between units and space. How are units self-organized in
space?

A) Existence = Nature Submerged in Space

Elaboration:
The statement "Existence = Nature submerged in space" posits that all beings and entities,
collectively referred to as "Nature," are inextricably linked to and embedded within the vast
expanse of space. This suggests a fundamental interconnectedness and interdependence
between all elements of the universe.
Here's a breakdown of the key components:
• Existence: This refers to the totality of all that is, including both the material and non-
material aspects of reality.
• Nature: This encompasses the entire realm of living and non-living things, from the
smallest particles to the largest celestial bodies.
• Submerged: This implies that Nature is not merely present in space but is deeply
immersed or enveloped by it. It suggests a state of being inseparable from the
surrounding cosmic void.
In essence, the statement suggests that space is not merely a passive backdrop but an active
participant in the existence of all things. It provides the context, the medium, and perhaps even
the underlying structure for the manifestation of Nature.

B) Units and Space: Differentiation and Co-existence

Differentiation:
• Units: These are the individual components of Nature, such as atoms, molecules,
organisms, and celestial bodies. They are characterized by their limited size, active
nature, and specific properties.
• Space: This is the boundless, all-pervading expanse that encompasses all units. It is
characterized by its unlimited nature, no-activity, and constant energy.
Self-Organization of Units in Space:
Units in space are inherently self-organized, meaning they have the capacity to arrange
themselves into complex structures and systems without external intervention. This self-
organization is facilitated by the properties of both units and space:
• Units: Units possess inherent energy and activity, which allows them to interact and
combine with other units.
• Space: Space provides the framework within which these interactions can occur. Its
reflecting and transparent nature enables units to recognize and relate to each other.
Co-existence of Units in Space:
The co-existence of units in space refers to the interdependent and mutually fulfilling
relationship between all entities. This co-existence is a fundamental principle of existence and
is made possible by:
• Space: Space acts as a common medium that connects all units, allowing them to
interact and influence each other.
• Units: Units possess the capacity to recognize and fulfill their relationships with other
units, leading to a harmonious and interconnected system.
10.What do you mean by co-existence? How are units in co-existence being
in space?

Existence as Co-existence
• Existence is defined as a combination of two realities: space and units (in space).
• Space is described as a continuum, an all-pervading and boundless entity. It has no
activity, size, or form. On the other hand, units (such as material objects, plants,
animals, and humans) are active, limited in size, and energized. These units exist within
space, forming an interconnected web of reality.
• This interconnection is referred to as co-existence. It implies that no unit exists in
isolation, and all units are submerged in and dependent on space while maintaining
relationships with each other.
Understanding the Two Realities: Space and Units
• Space: Space is unlimited and all-pervading, meaning it has no boundaries, size, or
activity. It is referred to as energy in equilibrium, suggesting a state of constant energy
that does not fluctuate or engage in the active processes that occur within units.
• Units: Units are limited and active entities that engage in activities such as recognizing
and fulfilling relationships. They can be material (like atoms, molecules, or biological
cells) or sentient (like human
1. Limited vs Unlimited:
• Units (Limited): All units in nature, including atoms, planets, and galaxies, have
boundaries and are limited in size and form. Whether small (like an atom) or large (like
a galaxy), each unit is finite and distinct.
• Space (Unlimited): Space, in contrast, is limitless. It is boundless and has no beginning
or end. Unlike units, which occupy space and have defined edges, space itself pervades
everything and is not confined.
2. Active vs No-activity:
• Units (Active): Every unit in nature, regardless of its type, is active. Material units may
have physical or chemical activities, plants exhibit growth, and animals and humans
have sentient activities (like thinking or desiring). This activity is what defines them as
units.
• Space (No-activity): Space, on the other hand, is not active. While units are constantly
involved in some form of activity, space remains inactive and passive. It provides the
medium for activity but does not participate in it.
3. Energized vs Energy in Equilibrium:
• Units (Energized): All units possess energy and are active. Even when not visibly
changing (such as cold water in a vessel), the particles within units are still energized
and in motion. This energy keeps them active and engaged in various interactions.
• Space (Energy in Equilibrium): Space does not possess active energy but is seen as
constant energy or energy in equilibrium. Space is a stable field where all units exist and
interact. It is the source of potential energy for all units but remains in a balanced,
inactive state.
4. Recognition and Relationship:
• Units (Recognizing and Fulfilling): Units recognize their relationship with one another
and fulfill this recognition by interacting in specific ways. For instance, water interacts
with soil, fulfilling its role in nature. This is true for all units in nature, including plants
and animals. They interact according to their natural properties and relationships.
• Space (Reflecting and Transparent): Space reflects the relationships between units,
making all units related to each other. This reflection happens because space is
transparent and non-obstructive, allowing units to recognize each other and interact
freely.
5. Self-organized and Self-organization Available:
• Units (Self-organized): Each unit is inherently organized. Atoms form molecules, cells
form organs, and planets form solar systems—all without external interference. This
self-organization applies to everything in nature, from inanimate objects like stones to
living beings like animals.
• Humans (Self-organization at the level of the body): Human bodies are self-organized,
but at the level of consciousness (the "I"), humans are not inherently self-organized.
However, self-organization is available to humans through space, leading them to seek
harmony and happiness.
11.Draw the chart showing in detail, the different categories of units of nature
in co-existence in space. What is your role in Existence?
12.Where is the scope of development in nature? How have we come to
wrongly place our developmental programs?

1. Understanding the Scope of Development in Nature:

• Nature consists of four orders: material, plant, animal, and human.

• Each of these orders has its own natural characteristics, and development should be
aligned with these inherent traits. For instance:

o Material Order (stones, metals, etc.) is characterized by composition and

decomposition. It doesn’t grow; it merely exists in various forms and can be
accumulated.

o Plant/Pranic Order is characterized by growth. Plants naturally grow without

any external intervention from us.

• True development happens when we respect and work with the natural characteristics
of these orders.

2. The Misplacement of Our Developmental Programs:

 • We are currently focusing too much on the material order (accumulating wealth,
building more infrastructure, producing more goods) in our pursuit of development.

• However, the material order does not grow; it only undergoes cycles of composition
and decomposition. Therefore, focusing on it as a means of growth is a
misunderstanding.

• On the other hand, we are stifling the natural growth of the plant order, by
overexploiting natural resources, deforestation, and urbanization. This leads to an
imbalance in nature.

3. Accumulation vs. Growth:

• Accumulation in the material order (like money, buildings, or manufactured goods) is

not true growth. It merely increases the quantity of things without leading to any lasting
improvement.

• Growth, in contrast, refers to a process where something increases or improves over

time in alignment with its natural characteristics (e.g., plants growing or humans
developing intellectually and emotionally).

• Material accumulation cannot satisfy the deeper needs of humans, which are related
to knowledge, relationships, and harmony.
 MODULE -1

1. Interpret the guidelines for value education.

The Basic Guidelines for Value Education focus on creating an effective, universal, and holistic
approach to imparting values. The key points are:

1. Universal: Value education should be applicable to all human beings, transcending

divisions like sect, creed, gender, or nationality. It should reflect values that are relevant
to everyone, at any time or place.
2. Rational: The values taught should be logical and open to reasoning, rather than based
on dogmas, blind beliefs, or rigid rules. They must be thoughtfully considered rather than
merely imposed.
3. Natural and Verifiable: The values must be natural to human beings, meaning they
resonate with human nature and lead to personal and collective fulfillment. These
values should also be verifiable through personal experience, not just assumed because
they are written or taught.
4. All Encompassing: Value education should impact all aspects of life—our thoughts,
behaviors, work, and overall understanding. It should apply to individuals, families,
societies, and the natural environment, encompassing various levels of human
interaction.
5. Leading to Harmony: The ultimate goal of value education is to cultivate harmony within
ourselves, with other people, and with nature. By practicing these values, individuals can
achieve inner peace and promote harmony in their relationships and environment.
2. Explain the process of self-exploration.
The Process of Self-Exploration involves a systematic and personal approach to
understanding oneself and the values we live by. Here are the key steps and principles of this
process:

1. "Whatever is stated is a proposal": The first step in self-exploration is to treat every

concept or idea as a proposal. Don't start by assuming it is true or false. Avoid adding to
your pre-existing set of assumptions or beliefs. Instead, approach each idea with
openness.

2. "Verify it on your own right": Each individual must rigorously verify the proposals for
themselves. This is a personal investigation that cannot be outsourced or based on the
conclusions of others. Self-verification means you should not accept or reject ideas
based on:

o Scriptures: Don't compare new ideas to what is written in books or sacred texts.

o Instruments: Don't rely on conclusions drawn from physical experiments or

instruments.

o Others: Don't simply accept the words of great personalities or authorities.

3. Verify based on "natural acceptance": Every proposal should be tested against your
inner faculty of "natural acceptance." This is an inherent ability within every human being
to discern what feels naturally right or wrong. For example, questions like “Is trust
naturally acceptable in relationships?” or “Do I want to live in harmony with others?” can
be answered spontaneously from within, without external sources.

4. Self-verification through natural acceptance: If a proposal aligns with your natural

acceptance—meaning it feels naturally true for you—then it is true for you. If not, you
can reject it. This ensures you only accept what resonates with your own internal sense
of truth.

5. Experiential validation: Once a proposal passes the natural acceptance test, the next
step is to live according to the proposal in the real world to validate it through
experience. This involves:

o Behaviour with other humans: Acting in alignment with the proposal should
lead to mutual fulfillment in relationships.

o Work with nature: Working in harmony with nature should result in mutual
prosperity.

Through this two-step process—first, passing ideas through natural acceptance, and second,
validating them through lived experience—you arrive at a deep understanding of what is true
and fulfilling for yourself.
3. With a neat flow chart explain the self-evaluation and self-exploration.
Self-Evaluation and Self-Exploration are both processes of understanding ourselves better,
but they have different focuses:

1. Self-Evaluation:

• What it is: It's the process of reflecting on your own thoughts, actions, and behaviors.
You assess how well you're living up to your own values and goals.

• Purpose: To measure your progress, identify strengths and weaknesses, and find areas
for improvement.

• How it works: You ask yourself questions like:

o "Am I living according to my values?"

o "Am I treating others the way I want to?"

o "What could I improve in my behavior or mindset?"

• Goal: The goal is to be more self-aware and improve your actions or attitudes to align
with your principles.

2. Self-Exploration:

• What it is: It's the deeper process of discovering what your values, beliefs, and desires
truly are. You explore who you are and what’s naturally acceptable to you, without relying
on external sources.

• Purpose: To find out what truly resonates with you from within, rather than accepting
values from society, books, or other people.

• How it works: You ask yourself questions like:

o "What do I truly want in life?"

o "Is trust or mistrust more natural to me in relationships?"

o "Do I want peace and happiness, or do I prefer conflict?"

• Goal: The goal is to discover your true self and live according to values that feel naturally
right to you, validated by your experiences.

Key Differences:

• Self-Evaluation is about reflecting on how well you’re doing based on already known
values and goals.

• Self-Exploration is about discovering those values and goals by exploring your inner
self.
4. Appraise the role of education/Sanskar to enable transformation.

5. Explain the concept of human being living with human consciousness.

6. Illustrate the development holistic perspect.
7. Illustrate the purpose of self-exploration.
8. How can we verify proposals on the basis of our natural acceptance.
Understanding Natural Acceptance

Natural Acceptance refers to the inherent, universal values and principles that are
fundamentally agreeable to all humans, regardless of external influences such as beliefs,
location, or conditioning. It reflects an intrinsic understanding of what is right and wrong, and
what promotes genuine happiness and well-being.

Steps to Verify Proposals Using Natural Acceptance

1. Check for Invariance Over Time:

o Observation: Ask yourself whether the proposal aligns with values that have
been consistently acceptable to you throughout your life.

o Example: Consider if the proposal respects the fundamental value of trust.

Regardless of your age or life experiences, the importance of trust remains
constant.

2. Assess Independence from Place:

o Observation: Evaluate whether the proposal holds true regardless of your

geographical location or cultural background.

o Example: Whether you are in New Delhi or New York, values like respect and
honesty should still be universally acceptable. If the proposal aligns with these
values, it is likely based on natural acceptance.

3. Ignore Beliefs and Conditioning:

o Observation: Determine if the proposal stands up even when considering

personal beliefs or societal conditioning that might be contrary.

o Example: If you have been conditioned to distrust people from certain groups
but recognize that trust is naturally acceptable, the proposal should align with
this natural acceptance.

4. Look for Internal Consistency:

o Observation: Notice if there is a sense of internal conflict or discomfort when

thinking about the proposal.

o Example: If the proposal involves deceit or exploitation, you might feel an

internal contradiction or unhappiness, indicating that such actions conflict with
your natural acceptance.

5. Verify Universal Applicability:

o Observation: Ensure that the proposal is in line with values that are universally
shared among all people.

o Example: Fundamental values such as respect, trust, and happiness are

common to all humans. If the proposal upholds these values, it is likely based
on natural acceptance.
9. With a neat diagram distinguish between human consciousness and
animal consciousness.

1. Animal Consciousness:

o Physical Facilities: Animals primarily focus on acquiring physical resources

necessary for survival, such as food, water, and shelter.

o Necessary but Not Complete: Physical facilities are essential for survival but do
not encompass the full range of human needs or aspirations.

o Survival-Based Living: Animals live primarily to satisfy their immediate physical

needs. Their consciousness is limited to survival and physical comfort.

2. Human Consciousness:

o Right Understanding: Humans possess the capacity for deeper cognitive

processes, including understanding complex concepts, ethics, and the nature of
existence. This is fundamental to distinguishing human consciousness from
animal consciousness.

o Relationship with Humans: Humans value and seek to fulfill meaningful

relationships with others, which involves empathy, trust, and cooperation.

o Physical Facilities: While physical resources are necessary for human well-
being, they are only part of the equation. Humans use these resources in
conjunction with right understanding and relationships.

o Living with All Three: Human consciousness integrates right understanding,

relationships, and physical facilities. This holistic approach leads to mutual
happiness and prosperity.
Summary:

• Animal Consciousness is characterized by a focus on survival and physical needs, with

a limited scope of consciousness primarily concerned with immediate physical
comfort.

• Human Consciousness encompasses a broader range of awareness, including right

understanding, meaningful relationships, and the use of physical resources. It leads to
a more comprehensive fulfillment of both personal and collective needs.

10. Define value education. Explain need of value education.

Value Education refers to the process of teaching and learning about the values that guide
human behavior and decision-making. It aims to help individuals understand, evaluate, and
integrate values that promote personal growth, ethical behavior, and harmonious relationships
with others and the environment.

Need for Value Education

1. Correct Identification of Aspirations:

o Purpose: Helps individuals clarify and align their personal and professional
goals with their fundamental aspirations.

o Importance: Ensures that efforts and plans are directed towards fulfilling true
desires and achieving meaningful outcomes.

2. Understanding Universal Human Values:

o Purpose: Provides a framework for making ethical decisions and achieving

aspirations in a way that is sustainable and fulfilling.
 o Importance: Values are the foundation for assessing whether actions are right
or wrong and for ensuring long-term happiness and success.

3. Complementarity of Values and Skills:

o Purpose: Combines understanding of values with practical skills to achieve

goals effectively.

o Importance: Ensures that both the ethical and practical aspects of goals are
addressed, leading to more comprehensive success.

4. Evaluation of Beliefs:

o Purpose: Helps individuals critically assess and refine their personal beliefs and
values.

o Importance: Moves beyond fluctuating and conflicting beliefs to establish a

stable, value-based approach to life.

5. Technology and Human Values:

o Purpose: Ensures that technological advancements are used in ways that align
with human values and societal needs.

o Importance: Guides the ethical application of technology to enhance human

welfare and environmental sustainability.

MODULE -2
1. Interpret the concept of holistic development.
2. Discuss the basic requirement for fulfillment of human aspirations.
1. Physical Facilities:

Physical facilities refer to the material needs required for the body's survival and comfort, such
as food, shelter, clothing, and other amenities like vehicles, gadgets, and money. These facilities
are necessary to meet the basic physical needs of humans. However, the text emphasizes that
while physical facilities are necessary, they are not sufficient to fulfill all human aspirations.
Unlike animals, whose needs are complete with just physical facilities, humans have
aspirations beyond the material world. Therefore, humans require more than just physical
goods to achieve lasting happiness and prosperity.

For example, having a big car or house may provide temporary satisfaction, but humans also
seek something deeper—like peace, respect, and love—that cannot be fulfilled by physical
possessions alone.

2. Relationships:

In addition to physical facilities, humans need fulfilling relationships with others, including
family, friends, and society. A major human aspiration is to have mutually fulfilling relationships,
where both parties feel valued, respected, and understood. Problems in relationships, such as
conflicts with friends or family, can cause distress and unhappiness, regardless of one's
material wealth. Therefore, good relationships are necessary for emotional well-being.

The text emphasizes that humans naturally aspire to have relationships based on trust, care,
and respect. Without mutual fulfillment in relationships, individuals experience discomfort and
discontent, no matter how many physical facilities they possess.

3. Distinguish between needs of the body and the self.

1. Nature of Needs

Needs of the Body:

• Physical in Nature: These are related to physical survival and comfort.

• Examples: Food, water, clothing, shelter, and instruments (e.g., a vehicle for travel).

Needs of the Self (‘I’):

• Non-Physical (Qualitative): These pertain to psychological and emotional well-being.

• Examples: Trust, respect, happiness, acceptance.

2. Duration of Needs

Needs of the Body:

• Temporary: These needs arise periodically and are satisfied temporarily.

 • Examples:

o Food: Needed when hungry and satisfied once consumed. Overeating leads to
discomfort.

o Clothing: Needed according to weather changes.

o Shelter: Needed to protect from the elements but not continuously occupied.

Needs of the Self (‘I’):

• Continuous: These needs are ongoing and must be consistently met for lasting well-
being.

• Examples:

o Happiness: Desired all the time, not just intermittently.

o Respect: Needed continuously to maintain healthy relationships.

3. Quantity vs. Quality

Needs of the Body:

• Quantitative: These can be measured in terms of quantity (e.g., how much food, how
many clothes).

• Examples:

o Food: Specific quantities are needed.

o Clothing: Can be counted and measured.

Needs of the Self (‘I’):

• Qualitative: These cannot be measured in quantities; they are qualitative experiences.

• Examples:

o Trust: Either present or absent, not measurable in units.

o Respect: Felt as a quality, not as a quantity.

4. Fulfillment

Needs of the Body:

• Fulfilled by Physical Facilities: Satisfied through tangible, physical means.

• Examples:

o Food and Water: Consumed to fulfill the body’s needs.

o Shelter: Provides protection from environmental factors.

Needs of the Self (‘I’):

• Fulfilled by Right Understanding and Feelings: Satisfied through emotional and

cognitive means.

• Examples:

o Happiness: Achieved through mental clarity and positive emotions.

o Respect: Ensured through mutual understanding and positive relationships.

5. Impact of Over-Consumption

Needs of the Body:

• Over-Consumption Leads to Negative Effects: Excessive consumption of physical

facilities can lead to problems.

• Examples:

o Food: Overeating can cause discomfort or health issues.

o Clothing and Shelter: Excess can be cumbersome or impractical.

Needs of the Self (‘I’):

• Not Quantifiable: Over-consumption does not apply, as these needs are qualitative.

• Examples:

o Happiness and Respect: Cannot be “over-consumed” in a traditional sense but

can be disrupted if not properly managed.

Summary

1. Body Needs: Physical, temporary, quantitative, fulfilled by physical means.

2. Self Needs: Non-physical, continuous, qualitative, fulfilled by right understanding and

feelings.
4. Explain the four different levels of human livings.
5. Explain pre-conditioning and its effects at individual level.
6. Explain the activities of imaging, analyzing and selecting/ tasting with a
diagram. With the help of an example, show how are they related. What do
you mean by ‘power’ and ‘activity’ of self.
7. What are the programs to take care of the body? Explain.
8. Discuss the programme for happiness.
9. Explore the harmony in self with the body.
Exploring harmony in the self with the body involves understanding the deep connection
between one's inner being and physical existence. This harmony comes from aligning mental,
emotional, and spiritual well-being with bodily health and actions. Here's how you might
approach it:

1. Awareness of the Body: Begin by cultivating mindfulness of how your body feels,
moves, and responds. Practices like yoga, meditation, or even simple breathing
exercises help you tune into the sensations and rhythms of your body.

2. Nourishment: Caring for the body through proper nutrition and hydration is essential for
this harmony. What you eat and drink fuels both your physical body and mental state,
affecting your mood and energy levels.

3. Physical Activity: Engaging in regular physical activity keeps the body healthy and
creates a sense of vitality. Exercise is a form of respect toward the body, helping to
release stress and build a positive connection with how your body functions.

4. Rest and Recovery: The body needs rest to recover and heal. Ensuring proper sleep and
downtime balances your energy and prevents burnout, fostering a healthy relationship
with yourself.

5. Emotional Balance: A harmonious relationship with the body also includes managing
emotions and stress. By listening to the signals your body sends—like tension, fatigue,
or pain—you can take action to address emotional well-being, creating a more balanced
inner state.

6. Body Acceptance: Learning to accept and love your body as it is, with all its strengths
and limitations, is key to achieving harmony. Let go of societal expectations and focus
on what makes you feel comfortable and confident in your own skin.

7. Purposeful Living: Aligning your actions, lifestyle, and habits with your deeper values
brings a sense of unity between your inner self and your physical body. Living with
intention—whether through purposeful movement, conscious eating, or mindful self-
care—enhances the connection.

10. Differentiate the deluded self and pure self

Deluded Self:

The deluded self is characterized by:

1. Attachment to Externalities: The individual is driven by material desires, bodily

pleasures, and external achievements, leading to temporary satisfaction and long-
term discontent.
 2. Identification with Body and Mind: The person believes their identity is tied to their
body and mind, leading to suffering when physical or emotional discomfort arises.

3. Ego and Self-Centeredness: The deluded self acts from a place of ego, prioritizing
personal gains and desires, which often results in conflict and unhappiness.

4. Ignorance of True Purpose: The person is unaware of their higher purpose and seeks
fulfillment in transient, superficial things.

Pure Self:

In contrast, the pure self represents a state of inner clarity and alignment:

1. Inner Values: The pure self is driven by universal values like truth, love, and peace,
leading to lasting happiness and fulfillment.

2. Self-Exploration and Awareness: Through self-exploration, the individual understands

their true nature, beyond the body and mind, achieving deeper insights into life.

3. Ego-Free Living: Actions come from compassion, humility, and selflessness, fostering
harmony with others and the world.

4. Harmony with Body and Mind: The pure self sees the body and mind as instruments,
not the true self, and maintains inner peace regardless of external circumstances.