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Chap-5.-Intro-to-Logic-1 (Shortened)

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17 views15 pages

Chap-5.-Intro-to-Logic-1 (Shortened)

Uploaded by

dfebeliza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SECTION 1.

THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS


Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Core Idea
Mathematics has its own symbols,
syntax, and rules
Learning Outcomes

üAnalyze information and the


relationship between statements
üConstruct the truth table to
evaluate whether a given statement
is a tautology or not.
LOGIC
- science of correct thinking
and reasoning
- an interdisciplinary field which
studies truth and reasoning
Uses of Logic
§ Lawyers and judges – communicate
effectively, construct valid arguments,
analyze legal contracts, make
decisions
§ Programmers – design computer
software
§ Electrical engineers – design circuits
for smart phones
§ Mathematicians – solve problems,
prove theorems
Historical Background

üPythagoras (584 – 495BC


Greek philosopher and
mathematician –\
“All is number” and Math led to the
elevation of the soul”
üSocrates (400 BC, Greece)-
- Philosopher and father of critical
thinking
Historical Background
üGottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716)
– German mathematician -
- Combining logic and math can
create symbolic language that can
solve scientific problems
üAugustus de Morgan (1806-1871)
- British logician and mathematician.
- Viewed math as an abstract study of
symbols
Historical Background
ü George Boole (1815-1864)
- English mathematician
– Father of symbolic logic
ü Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898)
- English writer and “mathematician”
– known as Lewis Carroll
- wrote nonsensical classics
Alice Adventures in Wonderland;
Through the Looking Glass;
Game of Logic and Symbolic Logic
Everyday Language
üDo we have a test today? – Question
üClose the door – Command
üMath is a useful subject – Opinion
üCPU is an educational institution –
Statement
§ Statement – declarative sentence
that is either true or false, but not
both.
§ Determine whether each sentence
is a declarative statement or not
a. Boracay Island is in the province of
Iloilo.
b. How are you?
c. 2 is a prime number.
d. x+1 =5 when x = 4.
Simple Statement and
Compound Statement
§ Simple statement – a statement that
conveys a single idea.
Examples
Two is an even number.
Two is a prime number.
§ Compound Statement – combination of
2 or more simple statements
Examples
Two is an even prime number.
I will study my lesson in GE Math or I will fail
in this subject.
LET p and q be two simple statements
Connectiv Symbol Compound Symbolic Type of
e/ statement form of the compound
Operation compound statement
statement

or p or q pq Disjunction

and p and q Conjunction
 pq
If…then If p, then q pq Conditional

If and p if and only Biconditional
 pq
only if if q
not not p Negation
 not q
p
q
§ Let p = Hacksaw Ridge depicts a
true story.
q = Hacksaw Ridge is a
beautiful movie.
Write the following compound statements .
a.
b
c.
d.
e. p
f. q
Practice Exercises
Consider the following statements
p: It is raining
q: The streets are flooded.
r: There is heavy traffic.
Translate the following in symbolic form.
a. It is raining and the streets are flooded.
b. The streets are flooded or there is heavy
traffic.
c. If it is not raining, then there is no heavy
traffic.
Consider the following simple statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r : I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
 Write the following compound statements in
symbolic form.
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going
to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball
game.
end

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