R programming lab

PART A:
1.Write a R program for different types of data structures in R
print("Vectors")
X = c(1, 3, 5, 7, 8)
print(X)
print("List")
empId = c(1, 2, 3, 4)
empName = c("Debi", "Sandeep", "Subham", "Shiba")
numberOfEmp = 4
empList = list(empId, empName, numberOfEmp)
print(empList)
print("DataFrames")
Name = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish")
Language = c("R", "Python", "Java")
Age = c(22, 25, 45)
df = data.frame(Name, Language, Age)
print(df)
print("Matrix")
A = matrix( c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
nrow = 3, ncol = 3,
byrow = TRUE)
print(A)
print("Array")
A = array(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8),
dim = c(2, 2, 2) )
print(A)
print("factors")
fac = factor(c("Male", "Female", "Male",
"Male", "Female", "Male", "Female"))
print(fac)

BIHE Davangere Page 1

 R programming lab

Output:
"Vectors"

[1] 1 3 5 7 8

"List"
[[1]]
[1] 1 2 3 4

[[2]]
[1] "Debi" "Sandeep" "Subham" "Shiba"

[[3]]
[1] 4

"DataFrames"

Name Language Age

1 Amiya R 22
2 Raj Python 25
3 Asish Java 45

"Matrix"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 4 5 6
[3,] 7 8 9

"Array"
,,1

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 3
[2,] 2 4

,,2

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 5 7
[2,] 6 8

"factors"
[1] Male Female Male Male Female Male Female
Levels: Female Male

BIHE Davangere Page 2

 R programming lab

2.Write a R program that include variables, constants, data types

a = TRUE
print(a)
print(class(a))

A = 14L
print(A)
print(class(A))

x = 13.4
print(x)
print(class(x))

alphabet = "a"
print(alphabet)
print(class(alphabet))

message = "Welcome to Programiz!"

print(message)
print(class(message))

Output:
[1] TRUE
[1] "logical"
[1] 14
[1] "integer"
[1] 13.4
[1] "numeric"
[1] "a"
[1] "character"
[1] "Welcome to Programiz!"
[1] "character"

3.Write a R program that include different operators, control structures, default values for
arguments, returning complex objects
a. operators
vec1 <- c(0, 2)
vec2 <- c(2, 3)

cat ("Addition of vectors :", vec1 + vec2, "\n")

cat ("Subtraction of vectors :", vec1 - vec2, "\n")
cat ("Multiplication of vectors :", vec1 * vec2, "\n")
cat ("Division of vectors :", vec1 / vec2, "\n")
cat ("Modulo of vectors :", vec1 %% vec2, "\n")
cat ("Power operator :", vec1 ^ vec2)
Output:

BIHE Davangere Page 3

 R programming lab

Addition of vectors : 2 5
Subtraction of vectors : -2 -1
Multiplication of vectors : 0 6
Division of vectors : 0 0.6666667
Modulo of vectors : 0 2
Power operator : 0 8

b. control structures
x <-5

if(x > 10){

print(paste(x, "is greater than 10"))
}else{
print(paste(x, "is less than 10"))
}

Output:
"5 is less than 10"
c.default values for arguments
divisible <- function(a, b = 3){
if(a %% b == 0)
{
return(paste(a, "is divisible by", b))
}
else
{
return(paste(a, "is not divisible by", b))
}
}
print(divisible(10, 5))
print(divisible(12))

Output:
[1] "10 is divisible by 5"
[1] "12 is divisible by 3"

BIHE Davangere Page 4

 R programming lab

d. returning complex objects:

multi_return<- function() {
my_list<- list("color" = "red", "size" = 20, "shape" = "round")
return(my_list)
}
a <- multi_return()
print(a$color)
print(a$size)
print(a$shape)

Output:
[1] "red"
[1] 20
[1] "round"

4.Write a R program for quick sort implementation, binary search tree.

a.Quick Sort
quickSort<- function(arr) {

random_index<- sample(seq_along(arr), 1);

pivot <- arr[random_index]
arr<- arr[-random_index]

left <- c()

right <- c()

left<-arr[which(arr<= pivot)]
right<-arr[which(arr> pivot)]

if (length(left) > 1)
{
left <- quickSort(left)
}
if (length(right) > 1)
{
right <- quickSort(right)
}

return(c(left, pivot, right))

}

arr<- sample(1:100, 10)

print("before sorting")
print(arr)
result <- quickSort(arr)
print("after sorting")
print(result)

BIHE Davangere Page 5

 R programming lab

Output:
"before sorting"
[1] 48 49 8 26 67 19 38 99 92 34
[1] "after sorting"
[1] 8 19 26 34 38 48 49 67 92 99

b. Binary search tree:

library(R6)

Node <- R6Class(

classname = 'Node',
public = list(

val = NULL,
left = NULL,
right = NULL,

initialize = function(val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL){

self$val <- val

self$left <- left
self$right <- right

}
)
)

BST <- R6Class(

classname = 'BST',

public = list(

root = NULL,
# node = NULL,
node=NULL,

insert = function(data){

if(is.null(self$root)){
self$node <- Node$new(data)
}else{
self$insert_recur(data, self$root)
}

},

insert_recur = function(data, cur_node){

BIHE Davangere Page 6

 R programming lab

if(data < cur_node$val){

if(is.null(cur_node$self)){
cur_node$left <- Node$new(data)
}else{
insert_recur(data, cur_node$left)
}
}else if(data > cur_node$val){
if(is.null(cur_node$self)){
cur_node$right <- Node$new(data)
}else{
insert_recur(data, cur_node$right)
}
}else{
print('value already in tree')
}

},

get_height = function(cur_node){

if(is.null(cur_node$val)){
return(-1)
}else{
return(max(self$get_height(cur_node$left),self$get_height(cur_node$right))+1)
}
}

print(bst <- BST$new())

print(bst$insert(3))
print(bst$insert(2))
print(bst$insert(1))
print(bst$insert(5))
print(bst$insert(6))

print(bst$get_height(bst$root))
print(bst$get_height(bst$root$right))
print(bst$root)
print(bst$root$left)
print(bst$root$right)
print(bst$root$left$left)
print(bst$root$left$right)

BIHE Davangere Page 7

 R programming lab

Output:
<BST>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
get_height: function (cur_node)
insert: function (data)
insert_recur: function (data, cur_node)
node: NULL
root: NULL
<Node>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
initialize: function (val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL)
left: NULL
right: NULL
val: 3
<Node>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
initialize: function (val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL)
left: NULL
right: NULL
val: 2
<Node>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
initialize: function (val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL)
left: NULL
right: NULL
val: 3
<Node>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
initialize: function (val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL)
left: NULL
right: NULL
val: 5
<Node>
Public:
clone: function (deep = FALSE)
initialize: function (val = NULL, left = NULL, right = NULL)
left: NULL
right: NULL
val: 6
[1] -1
[1] -1
NULL
NULL
NULL

BIHE Davangere Page 8

 R programming lab

5.Write a R program for calculating cumulative sums, and products minima maxima and
calculus.
x1 <- c(2, 4, 5, 7)
x2 <- c(2.4, 5.6, 3.4)

print(cumsum(x1))
print(cumsum(x2))

x1 <- c(2, 4, 5, 7)
x2 <- c(2.4, 5.6, 3.4)

print(cumprod(x1))
print(cumprod(x2))

x1 <- c(3, 6, 4, 2, 6, 7)
x2 <- c(-4, 6, 3)

print(cummin(x1))
print(cummin(x2))

x1 <- c(3, 6, 4, 2, 6, 7)
x2 <- c(-4, 6, 3)

print(cummax(x1))
print(cummax(x2))

Output:

BIHE Davangere Page 9

 R programming lab

6.Write a R program for finding stationary distribution of markanov chains.

a. Gary’s mood
P=t(matrix(c(c(0.5,0.4,0.1),c(0.3,0.4,0.3),c(0.2,0.3,0.5)),nrow=3))
r<-apply(P,1,sum)
print(r)

Output:
[1] 1 1 1

7.Write a R program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and matrices
a =matrix(
c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
nrow =3,
ncol =3,
byrow =TRUE
)
cat("The 3x3matrix:\n")
print(a)

cat("Adding 1to every element:\n")

print(a +1)

cat("Subtracting 3fromeach element:\n")

print(a-3)

cat("Multiplying each element by 10:\n")

print(a *10)

cat("Squaring each element:\n")

print(a ^ 2)

cat("Doubled each element of original matrix:\n")

print(a *2)

Output:
The 3x3 matrix:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 4 5 6
[3,] 7 8 9
Adding 1 to every element:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 3 4
[2,] 5 6 7
[3,] 8 9 10
Subtracting 3 from each element:
[,1] [,2] [,3]

BIHE Davangere Page 10

 R programming lab

[1,] -2 -1 0
[2,] 1 2 3
[3,] 4 5 6
Multiplying each element by 10:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 10 20 30
[2,] 40 50 60
[3,] 70 80 90
Squaring each element:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 4 9
[2,] 16 25 36
[3,] 49 64 81
Doubled each element of original matrix:
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 4 6
[2,] 8 10 12
[3,] 14 16 18

8.Write a R program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs using
graphic functions: Plot(),Hist(),Linechart(),Pie(),Boxplot(),Scatterplots().

A. Plot:
barplot(airquality$Ozone,
main = 'Ozone Concenteration in air',
xlab = 'ozone levels', horiz = TRUE)

Output:

B.Histogram:
data(airquality)

hist(airquality$Temp, main ="La Guardia Airport's\

Maximum Temperature(Daily)",
xlab ="Temperature(Fahrenheit)",
xlim = c(50, 125), col ="yellow",
freq = TRUE)

BIHE Davangere Page 11

 R programming lab

Output:

C.Linechart:
v <- c(17, 25, 38, 23, 41)
plot(v, type = "o")
Output:

D. piechart:
geeks<- c(23, 56, 20, 63)
labels <- c("Mumbai", "Pune", "Chennai", "Bangalore")

pie(geeks, labels)

Output:

BIHE Davangere Page 12

 R programming lab

E.BoxPlot:
data(mtcars)
boxplot(disp ~ gear, data = mtcars,
main = "Displacement by Gear",
xlab = "Gear",
ylab = "Displacement")
Output:

F.scatterplot:
input <- mtcars[, c('wt', 'mpg')]

plot(x = input$wt, y = input$mpg,

xlab = "Weight",
ylab = "Milage",
xlim = c(1.5, 4),
ylim = c(10, 25),
main = "Weight vs Milage"
)

Output:

BIHE Davangere Page 13

 R programming lab

9.Write a R program for with any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and
sub setting data frames, and employ manipulating and analysing data.
stats <- data.frame(employe=c('A', 'B', 'C', 'D'),
salary=c(100, 200, 408, 23),
bonuspoint=c(17, 20, 3, 5))
print("stats Dataframe")
print(stats)
print(subset(x=stats, subset=bonuspoint>5, select=c(employe,bonuspoint)))

Output:
"stats Dataframe"

employe salary bonuspoint

1 A 100 17
2 B 200 20
3 C 408 3
4 D 23 5

employebonuspoint
1 A 17
2 B 20

BIHE Davangere Page 14

 R programming lab

10. Write a R program to create an any application of Linear Regression in multivariate

context for predictive purpose.
x <- c(153, 169, 140, 186, 128,
136, 178, 163, 152, 133)

y <- c(64, 81, 58, 91, 47, 57,

75, 72, 62, 49)

model <- lm(y~x)

print(model)

df<- data.frame(x = 182)

res <- predict(model, df)
cat("\nPredicted value of a person
with height = 182")
print(res)

png(file = "linearRegGFG.png")

plot(x, y, main = "Height vs Weight

Regression model")
abline(lm(y~x))

dev.off()

Output:
lm(formula = y ~ x)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
-39.7137 0.6847

Predicted value of a person with height = 1821 84.9098

BIHE Davangere Page 15

 R programming lab

BIHE Davangere Page 16

 R programming lab

PART B:
1.write a R program to find the factorial of a number
fact<-function(num){
answer=1
for(i in 1:num){
answer=answer*i
}
print("factorial of a number is")
print(answer)

}
value <- readline(prompt="Enter value: ")
fact(value)

Output:
Enter value: 3
[1] "factorial of a number is"
[1] 6

2. write a program to convert Decimal to Binary using recursion in R

convert_to_binary <- function(decnum) {
if(decnum > 1) {
convert_to_binary(as.integer(decnum/2))
}
cat(decnum %% 2)
}
num = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a number: "))
print(convert_to_binary(num))
Output:
Enter a number: 5
101

3. write a R program to check Armstrong number

num = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a number: "))

sum = 0
temp = num
while(temp > 0) {
digit = temp %% 10
sum = sum + (digit ^ 3)
temp = floor(temp / 10)
}
if(num == sum) {
print(paste(num, "is an Armstrong number"))
} else {
print(paste(num, "is not an Armstrong number"))

BIHE Davangere Page 17

 R programming lab

}
Output:
Enter a number: 10
[1] "10 is not an Armstrong number"

4.write a R program to Add Two Vectors

fv <- 1:4
cat("The first vector is: ", fv, "\n")
sv <- 5:8
cat("The second vector is: ", sv, "\n")

add <- fv + sv
cat("The final vector is: ", add)

Output:
The first vector is: 1 2 3 4
The second vector is: 5 6 7 8
The final vector is: 6 8 10 12

5.Write a Fibonacci Sequence Using Recursion in R

recurse_fibonacci <- function(n) {
if (n <= 1){
return(n)
} else {

return(recurse_fibonacci(n-1) + recurse_fibonacci(n-2))
}
}

nterms = as.integer(readline(prompt="How many terms? "))

if(nterms <= 0) {
print("please enter a positive integer")
} else {
print("Fibonacci Sequence: ")
for(i in 0:(nterms - 1)){
print(recurse_fibonacci(i))
}
}
Output:
How many terms? 5
[1] "Fibonacci Sequence: "
[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3

BIHE Davangere Page 18

 R programming lab

6.Write a R Program to Find H.C.F or G.C.D

hcf <- function(x, y) {
while(y) {
temp = y
y = x %% y
x = temp
}
return(x)
}
num1 = as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter first number: "))
num2 = as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter second number: "))
print(paste("The H.C.F. of", num1,"and", num2,"is", hcf(num1, num2)))

Output:
Enter first number: 72
Enter second number: 124
[1] "The H.C.F. of 72 and 124 is 4"

7.Write a R Program to Check for Leap Year

year = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a year: "))

if((year %% 4) == 0) {
if((year %% 100) == 0) {
if((year %% 400) == 0) {
print(paste(year,"is a leap year"))
} else {
print(paste(year,"is not a leap year"))
}
} else {
print(paste(year,"is a leap year"))
}
} else {
print(paste(year,"is not a leap year"))
}
Output:
Enter a year: 2000
[1] "2000 is a leap year"
Enter a year: 2023
[1] "2023 is not a leap year"

BIHE Davangere Page 19

 R programming lab

8.Write a R Program to Find 3rd Minimum and 3rd Maximum of Numbers.

arr <- c(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,10,11)
arr1<-sort(arr)
print("sorted array is")
print(arr1)
l<-length(arr1)
print("3rd mininum element")
print(arr1[3])
print("3rd maximum element")
print(arr1[l-2])

Output:
[1] "sorted array is"
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
[1] "3rd mininum element"
[1] 3
[1] "3rd maximum element"
[1] 9

9.Write a R Program for Multiplication Table

num = as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter a number: "))
for(i in 1:10) {
print(paste(num,'x', i, '=', num*i))
}
Output:
Enter a number: 10
[1] "10 x 1 = 10"
[1] "10 x 2 = 20"
[1] "10 x 3 = 30"
[1] "10 x 4 = 40"
[1] "10 x 5 = 50"
[1] "10 x 6 = 60"
[1] "10 x 7 = 70"
[1] "10 x 8 = 80"
[1] "10 x 9 = 90"
[1] "10 x 10 = 100"

BIHE Davangere Page 20

 R programming lab

10.Write a R program to Check Prime Number

num = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a number: "))
flag = 0
if(num > 1) {
for(i in 2:(num-1)) {
if ((num %% i) == 0) {
flag = 1
break
}
}
}

if(flag == 0) {
print(paste(num,"is a prime number"))
} else {
print(paste(num,"is not a prime number"))
}
Output:
Enter a number: 3
[1] "3 is a prime number"
Enter a number: 9
[1] "9 is not a prime number"

BIHE Davangere Page 21