corrected CHEMISTRY PROJECT ANUSHK SHARMA

2023
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
Anushk Sharma
Harnett English Medium School
8/1/2023
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Anushk Sharma, student of class 11 , roll
no. 08
has successfully completed the research on the topic to
investigate foaming of different types of soap under the
guidance of Mr. Jhantu Bhadra. During the year 2023-2024
as per the guidance issued by CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION.
Teacher’s Signature
Signature Of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher Mr

Jhantu Bhadra, Who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on topic FOAMING OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF SOAP Secondly i would like to thank my parents
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.I would also like to extend my gratitude to
the Principal Sir Mr Bikash Chandra Paul for providing me
with all the facility
That was required.
Student’s Signature
INTRODUCTION
SOAP:
Soap is an anionic surfactant used is conjunction with water for
washing in the form and of cleaning which historically comes of

sodium either or in solid potassium bars or
salts of fatty acids viscous and liquid. is obtained Soap consists

by reacting common oils, fats with
a very strong alkali process known as saponification. The fats are
hydrolysed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids(crude

soap)and glycerol.
GENERAL OVERALL HYDROLYSIS REACTION:

Fat + NaOH --> Glycerol + sodium salt of
CH₂(CH2)16COOH+ CH₂OHCHOHCH₂OH+
CH3(CH3)16COONaSoaps are useful for cleaning
because soap molecules have both a hydrophobic end
which is able to dissolve non polar grease and
hydrophilic end which dissolve in water.
Applied to a solid surface, soapy water effectively holds
particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off
with clean water. The hydrophilic portion dissolves dirt,
and oiled while the ionic end dissolves in water. The
resultant forms a round structure called micelle.
Therefore, it allows water to remove normally insoluble
matter by emulsification. When different form of ashes of
timber (used to create potash), they became known as
"soda ash". It is synthetically produced in large
quantities from salt sodium chloride (Nacl) and limestone
by a method known as the Solvay process.
In domestic use, it is used as water softener in
laundering. It compares with the magnesium and
calcium ions in hard water and prevents them from
bonding with the detergent being used. Sodium
carbonates also used as a descaling agent in boilers such
as those found in coffee pots and espresso machines.
In dyeing with fibre-reactive dyes, sodium carbonate
(often under a name such as soda ash fixative or soda
ash activator) is used to ensure proper chemical bonding
of the dye with cellulose (plant) fibres, typically before
dyeing (for tie dyes), mixed with the dye(for dye painting),
or after dyeing (for immersion dyeing).
EXPERIMENT: 1
OBJECTIVE:
To compare foaming capacity of various sample of soaps
THEORY:
The soap and its concentration may be compared by shaking

equal volumes of solutions of different samples having the same
concentration with the same force for the same amount of time.
The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced
during shaking disappearance of the foam for the capacity of the
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing
action.
REQUIREMENTS:
Five 100ml conical flasks, five test tubes, 100ml measuring
cylinders, test tube stand, weighing machine, stop watch.
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS:
Five different soaps samples, distilled water, tap water.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Five 100ml conical flasks are taken and are numbered as
1,2,3,4 and 5. 16ml of water and 8gm of soap are added to each
of them.
2. The contents are warmed to get a solution.
3. Five test tube are taken; and 1ml of soap solution is added to
3ml of water. The process for each soap solution in different test
tube is repeated.
4. The mouth of the test tube being closed is shaken vigorously

for a minute. The process is repeated for each test tube with
same force. 5. The timer is started immediately and the rate of
disappearance of the foam is noticed.
OBSERVATION:
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the

experiment:
Serial Sample Volume of Volume Time Taken for

No. No. Soap of Water disappearance
Solution. added. of the foam
1. Dove 8ml 16ml 5 min 42 seconds.

2. Lux 8ml 16ml 50 seconds.
3. Cinthol 8ml 16ml 3 min 19 seconds.
4. Dettol 8ml 16ml 11 min 10seconds.
5. Santoor 8ml 16ml 6 min 3 seconds.
RESULT:
The cleaning capacity if the soaps taken is in order:
Dettol > Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Lux
CONCLUSION:
Form this experiment, we can infer that Dettol has the
highest foaming capacity or in other words highest
cleaning capacity. On the other hand, Lux is found to
have taken the least amount of time for the
disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be
having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.
EXPERIMENT:2
OBJECTIVE:
Study of the effect of addition of Sodium Carbonate
(Washing Soda) on the foaming capacity of soap.\
THEORY:
Calcium and Magnesium ions present in the tap water
interfere in the foaming capacity of soap. The ions
combine with the soap and form insoluble Calcium and
magnesium salts which gets precipitated.
2C12H5OONa +Ca₂->(CH3COO)2Ca+2Na
Therefore, the presence of these ions effect the foaming
capacity of soap and hence their cleaning capacity. When
Na2CO3
Ca₂+ Na2CO3- CaCO₂+2Na Mg2+ Na2CO> MgCO3 + 2Na₂
Foaming capacity of water increases. In order to
determine the effect if Na₂CO3 on the foaming capacity of
the sample of soap it is first shaken with the distilled
water there with tap water and finally with the tap water
containing equal volume of M/10 Na2CO3 solution and
then the time taken for siroppealance of foam be noted
REQUIREMENTS:
Conical flasks, test tube, 100ml measuring cylinder, test
tubes stands, weighing machine, stop watch.
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS:
Soap sample, Sodium Carbonate, tap water and distilled
water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weighed out 0.1gm of the given sample and dissolved
it in 50ml of distilled water in the conical flask.
2. Three 20ml test tubes are taken and labelled as 1, 2
and 3. 10ml of distilled water is added to the test tube 1,
10ml of tap water to the test tube 2 and 5ml of tap water
and 5ml of 0.1MNa CO, solution to the test tube 3.
3. 1ml of soap solution is added to each test tube.
4. Test Tube 1 is corked tighten and is shaken vigorously
for 1 minute till foam.
5. The test tube containing foam is placed on the test
tube stand
and the stop watch is started immediately. The time for
disappearance of soap is taken.
6. The same procedure is repeated for the other two test
tubes.
OBSERVESION TABLE:
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the
experiment:
Sample No. Volume of Volume of Time taken
Water added. soap solution for
added(in ml). disappearance
of foam.
1. 10 ml of 1ml 11 min 10 sec
distilled water
2. 10 ml of tap 1ml 8 min 19 sec
water.
3. 5 ml of tap 1ml 10 min 50 sec
water +5ml of
0.1 M Na₂CO3
CONCLUSION:
1. Foaming capacity of soap is maximum is distilled

water.
2. Foaming capacity of tap water increases with the
addition of Na2CO3 solution.
PREPARATION OF SOAP:
INTRO:
In cold process and hot process of soap making, heat
may be required for saponification. Cold process of soap
making takes place at sufficient temperature to ensure
the liquedifaction of fast being used. Unlike cold process,
hot processed soap can be used right away because the
alkali and fat saponify more quickly at higher
temperature used in hot process soap making was used
when the purity of alkali was unreliable.
Cold process soap making requires exact measuring of
alkali and fat amounts and comparing their ratio, using
saponification charts to ensure that the finished
products are mild and skin friendly.
SODIUM CARBONATE:
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) also known as washing
soda, Soda Ash and Soda Crystals are a sodium salt of
Carbonic acid (soluble in H₂o).
It commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which

readily effloresces to form a white powder, the
monohydrate pure sodium carbonate is a white,
odourless powder that is hygroscopic, has an alkaline
taste, and forms a strongly alkaline water solution.
sodium carbonate is well known domestically for its
everyday use as water softner.it can be extracted from
the ashes of many plants growing in sodium rich soils,
such as vegetation.
COLD PROCESS:
A cold process soap maker first looks up the
saponification value of the fats being used on a
saponification chart, which is then used to calculate the
appropriate amount of alkali. Excess unreacted alkali in
the soap will result in a very high pH and can bur or
irritate skin. not enough alkali and the soap are greasy.
HOT PROCESS:
In the hot process method, alkali and fatare boiled

together at 80-100 c until saponification occurs, which
the soap maker can determine by taste or by eye.
After saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes
precipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the
excess liquid drained off. The hot soft is then spooned
into a mold.
CONCLUSION
The Topic FOAMING OF
DIFFERENTTYPES OF SOAP has taught
me a lot about different types of
Chemicals present in soap. I would like to
thank my subject teacher Mr. Jhantu
Bhadra for providing me with this
wonderful topic.
NAME: ANUSHK SHARMA
CLASS:XII
BOARD ROLL NO.:
TOPIC NAME: FOAMING OF
DIFFERENT SOAPS.
SUBJECT TEACHER: JHANTU
BHADRA.
SESSION: 2023-2024

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2023

Signature Of External Examiner

I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher Mr

washing in the form and of cleaning which historically comes of

salts of fatty acids viscous and liquid. is obtained Soap consists

a very strong alkali process known as saponification. The fats are

hydrolysed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids(crude

GENERAL OVERALL HYDROLYSIS REACTION:

To compare foaming capacity of various sample of soaps

The soap and its concentration may be compared by shaking

2. The contents are warmed to get a solution.

4. The mouth of the test tube being closed is shaken vigorously

The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the

Serial Sample Volume of Volume Time Taken for

1. Dove 8ml 16ml 5 min 42 seconds.

1. Foaming capacity of soap is maximum is distilled

It commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which

In the hot process method, alkali and fatare boiled

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