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Rotating Vectors

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20 views10 pages

Rotating Vectors

Uploaded by

faydekibaatt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analysis of reciprocating engine

unbalance by rotating vectors


Dr. Pranay Vinayak Likhar
Inertia Force Piston

2
𝑟 2
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝑚𝑟𝜔 cos(2𝜃𝑖 )
𝑙
Connecting rod

Primary Inertia force Secondary Inertia force

Crank 𝜃
𝜔
Consider a vector with magnitude 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 rotating at angular velocity 𝜔.

The projection of this vector on vertical axis is 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

This projection is the primary inertia force.

𝜔
** If the sum of resultant inertia forces in the vertical axis is zero, then primary 𝜃
𝑚𝑟𝜔2
inertia forces are balanced
𝑟
Simmilarly, Consider a vector with magnitude 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 𝑙 rotating at angular velocity 2𝜔.

𝑟
The projection of this vector on vertical axis is 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 cos 2𝜃 .
𝑙

This projection is the secondary inertia force.

2𝜔
2𝜃
𝑟
** If the sum of resultant inertia forces in the vertical axis is zero, then secondary 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 𝑙
inertia forces are balanced

Similarly, we need to see the balance of moments also!!!


Analyze the inline engines for the given configuration of different cranks.

Problem 1: Crank angles: 𝜙𝑖 = 0°, 90°, 270°, 180°


Analyse using rotating vectors.
Analyse the inline engines for the given configuration of different cranks.

Problem 2: Crank angles: 𝜙𝑖 = 0°, 180°, 180°, 0° Analyse using rotating vectors.
Firing order, Turning moment and Balancing
• In selecting the crank arrangement for an engine, balance is not the
sole criterion.
• It is important that the power impulses be applied at equal time
intervals in order to provide smooth torque output from the
crankshaft.
• The sequence in which firing takes place in the cylinders is known as
firing order.
Power stroke
4 stroke engine
Single cylinder engine:
Piston
0
P
180 P = power stroke
Connecting rod E E = Exhaust stroke
360 I = Intake/Suction stroke
I C = Compression stroke
Crank 𝜃 540
C
𝜔 720

During power stroke, the connecting rod will deliver torque to the crankshaft.

Power = Torque X Angular velocity

We want to know how this power output changes with the rotation of the crank.

Also, we want to minimize the fluctuation of power delivered and hence in the torque output.

**Use multiple engines to get uniform power at all point of time.


Primary unbalanced moment (non-zero)

• We see that in the two-stroke-cycle engine, power is


applied evenly.

• While for the four stroke-cycle engine, the power strokes


Let 𝑀𝑝 + 𝑀𝑝′ = 𝑚
for cylinders 4 and 2 overlap for 90° and there is a 90° lapse
between the power strokes of pistons 3 and 1 Therefore 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑅𝜔2 (−3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 )
Conventional four-cylinder automobile engine:
Lanchester balancer

The balancer consists of two helical gears with eccentric


balancing masses as shown.

The pitch point for these gears is located on the line of


action of the shaking force Fs so that their resulting
inertia force Fb balances the shaking force.

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