Equation Purpose/Result
n ( ∑ xy ) −( ∑ x )( ∑ y ) Slope of regression line Calculates the slope of the best-fit line in linear
b= 2 regression
n ( ∑ x ) −( ∑ x )
2
a=
∑ y −b ∑ x Intercept of regression line Calculates the y-intercept of the best-fit line
n n
'
y =a+ bx Predict from Predicts the value of based on
n ( ∑ xy ) −( ∑ x )( ∑ y )
Correlation coefficient Measures the strength and direction of the linear
[ n (∑ x )−(∑ x ) ][ n (∑ y )−(∑ y ) ]
2 2 2 2 relationship between ? and ?. weak,moderate,strong
σ Confidence interval (known ) Estimates a population parameter with a known
x± z
√n level of confidence.
s Confidence interval (unknown ) Similar to the above, but uses the sample
x±t
√n standard deviation and the t-distribution, using n-1 (df) and confidence level.
FPC=
√N−n
N−1
σ
Finite population correction Adjusts standard error for small population sizes.
N=total n=sample
Margin of error Determines the range of error around a point estimate.
E=z
√n
( )
2
zσ Required sample size Calculates required sample size to achieve a specific
n= margin of error
E
σ
σ x= Standard error of the mean Describes the variability of the sample mean
√n
x−μ
z= Z-score for sample mean Finds the probability that a sample mean falls within
σ a given region
√n
x−μ Z-score for individual data point Standardizes individual values for probability
z= calculations.
σ
Σx
μ= Population mean Calculate central tendency
N
w 1 x 1+ w2 x 2+ w3 x3 + …+w n x n
x w= Weighted mean , adjusting for weights
w1 +w 2+ w3 +…+ wn
(∑ x )
2
∑x −2
n
Sample variance Compute the sum of squares and subtract the squared sum of
the data points divided by n, all divided by the df. Square root to find sample
s2= standard deviation
n−1
N
−f c
2 median Finds the middle value of a data set
Median=L+ (i)
f
standard deviation grouped – find midpoint for each group, multiply by
frequency to get fx and fx^2, find mean and/or variance, then take the square
√
root
( ∑ fx )
2
∑fx − 2
n Population standard deviation Calculate the population variance, then take
s= the square root
n−1
σ=
√ ∑ ( x−μ )2
N
Arithmetic mean of grouped data – sum of f times x divided by number of total
x=
∑ fx observations
n Population variance Subtract the mean from each data point to get the
deviation, square each deviation, sum them up, and divide by the total number of
σ
2
=
∑ ( x −μ )2 data points
Empirical probability Number of times event occurred in past/Total number of
N observations
P ( A∨B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B )−P ( A∧B ) addition
P ( A∧B ) =P ( A ) P ( B ) multiplication
P ( A∧B ) =P ( A ) P ( B| A )
