DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SET-1 UNIT-1

1 a) List the different natural disasters and mention sub components of

any one briefly.

Here are some different natural disasters:

1. Earthquakes
2. Floods
3. Hurricanes/Cyclones
4. Tornadoes
5. Tsunamis
6. Volcanic Eruptions
7. Landslides
8. Droughts
9. Wildfires
10. Avalanches

Here are the key subcomponents of wildfires:

1. Fuel: Vegetation, dead leaves, twigs, and other organic materials that can catch fire.
2. Weather Conditions: Factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction
that influence fire behavior.
3. Ignition Source: The cause of the wildfire, which can be natural (e.g., lightning) or
human-made (e.g., campfires, arson).
4. Topography: The landscape's physical features, including slopes and valleys, which
affect how the fire spreads.
5. Fire Behavior: Characteristics such as flame length, intensity, and the speed at which
the fire spreads.
6. Fire Suppression Efforts: Methods and resources used to control and extinguish
wildfires, including firefighters, equipment, and strategies.
7. Smoke: The particles and gases produced by burning materials, which can impact air
quality and visibility.
8. Fire Perimeter: The boundary around the area affected by the wildfire.
9. Spotting: The phenomenon where burning embers are carried by the wind and ignite
new fires ahead of the main fire front.
10. Recovery and Regeneration: The processes by which the ecosystem recovers after a
wildfire, including plant regrowth and soil stabilization.
1. b) Explain about interdisciplinary nature of the subject in disaster
management.

Disaster management is inherently interdisciplinary because it requires the integration of

knowledge and skills from various fields to effectively prepare for, respond to, and recover from
disasters. Here’s a breakdown of how different disciplines contribute to disaster management:

1. Environmental Science and Geography

 Hazard Assessment: Understanding natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and

hurricanes.
 Climate Change: Studying the impacts of climate change on disaster frequency and
severity.
 GIS and Remote Sensing: Utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) and remote
sensing for mapping and monitoring disasters.

2. Engineering

 Structural Engineering: Designing buildings and infrastructure to withstand disasters.

 Transportation Engineering: Ensuring safe and efficient evacuation routes.
 Water Resources Engineering: Managing flood risks through dams, levees, and drainage
systems.

3. Social Sciences

 Sociology: Studying the social dynamics and impacts of disasters on communities.

 Psychology: Addressing mental health and trauma resulting from disasters.
 Public Administration: Developing policies and coordinating governmental response
efforts.

4. Health Sciences

 Public Health: Managing medical response and disease prevention in disaster scenarios.
 Emergency Medicine: Providing immediate care and managing mass casualty events.
 Epidemiology: Tracking and controlling disease outbreaks post-disaster.

5. Economics

 Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluating the economic impacts of disasters and investments in

mitigation.
 Insurance: Managing risk and providing financial support for recovery.
 Development Economics: Assessing the long-term economic effects on affected regions.

6. Information Technology
  Data Management: Collecting and analyzing data for informed decision-making.
 Communication Systems: Ensuring reliable communication networks during disasters.
 Cybersecurity: Protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats during crises.

7. Law and Ethics

 Legal Frameworks: Developing and enforcing laws and regulations for disaster
management.
 Human Rights: Ensuring the protection of vulnerable populations and ethical
considerations in disaster response.
 Risk Governance: Creating structures for accountability and decision-making in disaster
scenarios.

8. Natural Resource Management

 Forestry: Managing forests to reduce wildfire risks.

 Agriculture: Protecting food supply chains and agricultural resources.
 Water Management: Ensuring sustainable water use and availability.

Case Study Example:

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

 Environmental Science: Studied the impact of storm surges and climate change on
hurricane intensity.
 Engineering: Evaluated the failure of levees and flood protection systems.
 Social Sciences: Analyzed the social inequities in evacuation and recovery efforts.
 Health Sciences: Managed public health crises and provided medical care to affected
populations.
 Economics: Assessed the economic damage and the costs of rebuilding.
 Information Technology: Used GIS and remote sensing for damage assessment and
recovery planning.
 Law and Ethics: Addressed legal and human rights issues, including the response to
displaced populations.
2 a) What are flash floods? Explain about one recent flash flood that
affected large population of a region in India.
Flash floods are sudden, rapid floods that can occur with little warning, often as a result of
heavy rainfall, dam or levee failures, or ice jams. They can happen within minutes or hours, and
are particularly dangerous because of their speed and unpredictability.

Recent Flash Flood in Assam (June 2024)

Overview: In June 2024, the state of Assam in northeastern India experienced severe flash
floods due to continuous heavy monsoon rains. The floods primarily affected the districts of
Karimganj, Darrang, and Tamulpur, among others.

Causes:

1. Heavy Monsoon Rains: Prolonged and intense rainfall overwhelmed the rivers and
drainage systems.
2. River Overflow: The Kopili, Barak, and Kushiyara rivers, along with their tributaries,
swelled beyond capacity.
3. Topography: Assam's landscape, with its numerous rivers and low-lying areas, is prone
to flooding.

Impact:

1. Human Casualties: The flash floods resulted in at least 109 deaths and numerous
injuries.
2. Displacement: Around 14,000 people were displaced from their homes, seeking refuge
in relief camps.
3. Affected Population: Approximately 400,000 individuals were impacted, facing loss of
livelihood, shelter, and access to basic services.
4. Infrastructure Damage: The floods damaged houses, roads, bridges, and other critical
infrastructure, disrupting transportation and communication.
5. Agricultural Loss: Large areas of farmland were submerged, leading to significant crop
loss and affecting the livelihood of farmers.

Response and Recovery:

1. Rescue Operations: The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and local authorities
conducted extensive rescue operations, evacuating people from affected areas.
2. Relief Camps: Temporary shelters were set up to provide food, water, and medical aid
to displaced individuals.
3. Rehabilitation Efforts: Efforts were made to restore infrastructure and provide financial
assistance to affected families for rebuilding their homes and livelihoods.
Lessons Learned:

1. Improved Early Warning Systems: The need for enhanced weather forecasting and early
warning systems to alert communities about impending floods.
2. Infrastructure Resilience: Strengthening infrastructure to withstand extreme weather
events and ensuring proper maintenance of drainage systems.
3. Community Preparedness: Enhancing community awareness and preparedness through
training and disaster drills.
4. Environmental Management: Sustainable land use planning and river basin
management to reduce the risk of future floods.

2. b) Define earthquake and explain in detail about the types, causes and
preventive measures of earthquake.

An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy in
the Earth's crust, creating seismic waves. This energy release is often due to the movement of
tectonic plates.

Types of Earthquakes:

1. Tectonic Earthquakes: Caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults.

2. Volcanic Earthquakes: Triggered by volcanic activity and the movement of magma.
3. Induced Earthquakes: Resulting from human activities such as mining, reservoir-induced
seismicity, or geothermal energy extraction.
4. Collapse Earthquakes: Occurring in areas of extensive underground mining or caused by
cave collapses.

Causes of Earthquakes:

1. Tectonic Plate Movements: The Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that
are constantly moving. Stress builds up at plate boundaries and is released as
earthquakes.
o Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart, causing normal faults.
o Convergent Boundaries: Plates collide, leading to thrust or reverse faults.
o Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other, causing strike-slip faults.
2. Volcanic Activity: Movement of magma beneath the surface can cause rock to fracture
and trigger earthquakes.
3. Human Activities: Activities like mining, reservoir-induced seismicity (due to filling large
reservoirs), and geothermal energy extraction can induce earthquakes.
Preventive Measures:

1. Building Codes and Standards: Implementing and enforcing strict building codes to
ensure structures can withstand seismic activity.
o Seismic Retrofitting: Upgrading existing buildings and infrastructure to be more
resistant to earthquakes.
2. Early Warning Systems: Developing and maintaining early warning systems to provide
alerts before the shaking starts, allowing people to take protective actions.
3. Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public about earthquake preparedness,
including emergency plans, evacuation routes, and safety measures (e.g., “Drop, Cover,
and Hold On” during an earthquake).
4. Land Use Planning: Avoiding construction in high-risk areas such as near fault lines and
ensuring that critical infrastructure is built in safer locations.
5. Research and Monitoring: Continuously monitoring seismic activity through networks of
seismometers and conducting research to better understand earthquake risks and
improve prediction models.
6. Disaster Preparedness Plans: Developing comprehensive disaster response plans at
local, regional, and national levels to ensure quick and effective response to
earthquakes, including search and rescue, medical aid, and supply distribution.
7. Community Drills and Training: Conducting regular earthquake drills and training for
communities, schools, and workplaces to ensure everyone knows how to respond
during and after an earthquake.
SET-2

1 a) Explain about disaster management cycle.

The disaster management cycle is a continuous process aimed at reducing or avoiding the
potential losses from hazards, assuring prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of
disaster, and achieving rapid and effective recovery. It consists of four main phases:

1. Mitigation

Purpose: To reduce or eliminate the risk of disasters. Activities:

 Risk Assessment: Identifying hazards and vulnerabilities.

 Structural Measures: Building dams, levees, and earthquake-resistant buildings.
 Non-Structural Measures: Enforcing land use planning and building codes.
  Public Education: Raising awareness about disaster risks and safety measures.

2. Preparedness

Purpose: To ensure effective response in case of a disaster. Activities:

 Emergency Planning: Developing plans for evacuation, communication, and resource

allocation.
 Training and Drills: Conducting regular drills and training for emergency responders and
the public.
 Early Warning Systems: Installing and maintaining systems to detect and warn of
impending disasters.
 Resource Stockpiling: Ensuring availability of emergency supplies such as food, water,
medicine, and equipment.

3. Response

Purpose: To provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health, and support the
morale of the affected population. Activities:

 Search and Rescue: Locating and saving people trapped or injured.

 Emergency Medical Services: Providing medical care to the injured.
 Sheltering: Providing temporary shelters and basic needs.
 Communication: Ensuring efficient and clear communication among responders and
with the public.
 Damage Assessment: Evaluating the extent of the damage to prioritize response efforts.

4. Recovery

Purpose: To restore the affected area to its previous state or better. Activities:

 Reconstruction: Repairing and rebuilding infrastructure and homes.

 Rehabilitation: Providing long-term support to help communities regain normalcy.
 Economic Recovery: Assisting businesses and individuals to recover financially.
 Mental Health Support: Offering psychological support to disaster victims.
 Evaluation: Analyzing response and recovery efforts to improve future disaster
management practices.
1. b) What are the causes for the Tsunami 2004 which inflicted heavy
loss to life and property along the coast of Tamil Nadu? Specify its
epicenter and magnitude.

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami:

Epicenter and Magnitude:

 Epicenter: Off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.

 Magnitude: 9.1 to 9.3 on the Richter scale.

Causes:

1. Tectonic Plate Movement: The tsunami was caused by a megathrust earthquake

resulting from the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Burma Plate.
2. Vertical Displacement: The earthquake caused a significant vertical displacement of the
ocean floor, approximately 15 to 20 meters, leading to the formation of massive
tsunami waves.

Impact on Tamil Nadu:

1. Loss of Life: The tsunami resulted in the deaths of over 12,000 people in Tamil Nadu.
2. Property Damage: Thousands of homes, buildings, and infrastructure along the coast
were destroyed or severely damaged.
3. Economic Loss: Fishing boats, equipment, and coastal businesses were heavily affected,
leading to substantial economic losses for the local population.
4. Environmental Damage: Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves and coral reefs, were
damaged or destroyed.

Preventive Measures:

1. Early Warning Systems: Developing and maintaining tsunami early warning systems to
provide timely alerts to coastal communities.
2. Public Education: Educating the public about tsunami risks and safety measures,
including evacuation routes and procedures.
3. Structural Mitigation: Building and reinforcing structures to withstand the impacts of
tsunamis.
4. Land Use Planning: Avoiding construction in high-risk coastal areas and ensuring critical
infrastructure is built in safer locations.
5. Regular Drills and Training: Conducting regular tsunami drills and training for
emergency responders and the public to ensure preparedness.
2 a) Explain the types of drought and drought preparedness with
Mitigation.

Types of Drought:

1. Meteorological Drought:
o Definition: Occurs when there is a prolonged period of below-average
precipitation.
o Indicators: Low rainfall, extended dry spells.
2. Agricultural Drought:
o Definition: Happens when soil moisture levels are insufficient to support healthy
crop growth.
o Indicators: Reduced soil moisture, crop stress, and failure.
3. Hydrological Drought:
o Definition: Occurs when there are deficiencies in surface and subsurface water
supplies.
o Indicators: Low stream flow, reduced reservoir and lake levels, decreased
groundwater levels.
4. Socioeconomic Drought:
o Definition: Arises when water shortages start to affect people and the economy.
o Indicators: Increased water demand, higher food prices, economic loss.

Drought Preparedness and Mitigation:

Preparedness:

1. Early Warning Systems:

o Developing and implementing systems to monitor weather patterns and provide
timely warnings of potential drought conditions.
o Examples: Satellite monitoring, weather forecasting models.
2. Water Management Plans:
o Creating plans for sustainable water use and conservation during periods of
normal and low rainfall.
o Examples: Drip irrigation systems, rainwater harvesting, efficient water storage.
3. Public Awareness and Education:
o Educating communities about the importance of water conservation and the
potential impacts of drought.
o Examples: Public campaigns, school programs, community workshops.
4. Emergency Response Plans:
o Developing strategies for distributing water and other resources during a
drought.
o Examples: Mobile water distribution units, stockpiling emergency supplies.
Mitigation:

1. Sustainable Agriculture Practices:

o Promoting practices that enhance soil moisture retention and reduce water use.
o Examples: Crop rotation, mulching, drought-resistant crops.
2. Water Conservation Policies:
o Enforcing regulations and incentives to encourage water conservation.
o Examples: Water pricing, restrictions on non-essential water use, subsidies for
water-saving technologies.
3. Infrastructure Improvement:
o Investing in infrastructure to enhance water storage, distribution, and efficiency.
o Examples: Building reservoirs, improving irrigation systems, repairing leaks in
water supply networks.
4. Afforestation and Reforestation:
o Planting trees to improve soil moisture retention and reduce evaporation rates.
o Examples: Tree planting programs, protecting existing forests.
5. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM):
o Coordinating the development and management of water, land, and related
resources to maximize economic and social welfare.
o Examples: Basin-wide management plans, stakeholder involvement in water
management decisions.

2 b) How cyclones are formed? Explain in detail about Hudh-Hudh

cyclone as case study.

Formation of Cyclones:

Cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on their location, are large-scale air
masses that rotate around a strong low-pressure center. Here's how they form:

1. Warm Ocean Water: Cyclones typically form over warm ocean waters (at least 26.5°C or
80°F) where the heat and moisture from the water rise into the atmosphere.
2. Low-Pressure Area: As the warm, moist air rises, it creates a low-pressure area beneath
it.
3. Coriolis Effect: The Earth's rotation causes the rising air to spin, creating a cyclone. This
effect is stronger at higher latitudes and weaker near the equator3.
4. Condensation: As the air rises, it cools and condenses into clouds, releasing heat which
powers the cyclone and causes it to grow stronger.
5. Sustained Winds: When wind speeds reach 119 km/h (74 mph), the system is classified
as a cyclone.
Case Study: Cyclone Hudhud (2014):

Overview:

 Date: October 12, 2014

 Location: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
 Category: Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm

Formation:

 Origin: Formed from a low-pressure system in the Andaman Sea on October 6, 2014.
 Development: Intensified into a cyclonic storm on October 8 and a severe cyclonic
storm on October 9.
 Peak Strength: Reached peak strength with wind speeds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a
minimum central pressure of 960 mbar (28.35 inHg) before making landfall near
Visakhapatnam.
Impact:

 Casualties: At least 124 deaths, with the majority in Andhra Pradesh and Nepal.
 Damage: Estimated damages of $3.58 billion (₹219 billion).
 Infrastructure: Extensive damage to buildings, roads, and power lines in Visakhapatnam
and surrounding areas.
 Evacuations: Over 400,000 people were evacuated from vulnerable coastal areas.

Response:

 Emergency Services: Immediate deployment of rescue and relief operations.

 Recovery Efforts: Reconstruction of damaged infrastructure and homes.
 International Aid: Assistance from various international organizations and neighboring
states.
SET-3

1 a) Write case study on Bhuj Earthquake.

Case Study: Bhuj Earthquake (2001)

Overview: The Bhuj earthquake, also known as the Gujarat earthquake, occurred on January
26, 2001, at 8:46 AM IST. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale and its
epicenter was located near the town of Bhuj in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India.

Causes: The earthquake was caused by the movement of the Indian plate beneath the
Eurasian plate at a convergent boundary. The stress accumulated along the Kachchh Mainland
Fault was released, resulting in a powerful earthquake.

Impact:

1. Casualties: The earthquake resulted in over 20,000 deaths and 166,951 injuries. The
towns of Bhuj and Bhachau suffered the most damage, with over 90% of buildings
destroyed in Bhuj.
2. Infrastructure Damage: Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, roads, bridges, power,
and water systems were severely damaged.
3. Displacement: Approximately 300,000 families were left homeless.
4. Economic Loss: The earthquake caused significant economic losses due to the
destruction of homes, businesses, and agricultural land.

Response and Recovery:

1. Immediate Response: The Indian government, along with NGOs and international aid
organizations, launched massive relief and rescue operations. Emergency shelters, food,
water, and medical aid were provided to the affected population.
2. Reconstruction: Efforts were made to rebuild damaged infrastructure and homes. The
government implemented various schemes to support the reconstruction process.
3. Long-term Recovery: Programs were initiated to restore livelihoods and provide
psychological support to the affected individuals.
Lessons Learned:

1. Building Codes: The earthquake highlighted the need for stricter building codes and
enforcement to ensure structures are earthquake-resistant.
2. Public Awareness: Increased public awareness and education about earthquake
preparedness and safety measures.
3. Early Warning Systems: Development of early warning systems to provide timely alerts
to communities in earthquake-prone areas.

1. b) Explain about five priorities of plan in disaster management.

1. Prevention and Mitigation:

Objective: To reduce the potential impact of disasters by implementing measures to prevent or

mitigate their effects. Activities:

 Conducting risk assessments and hazard mapping.

 Enforcing building codes and land-use planning.
 Implementing structural measures like dams, levees, and earthquake-resistant buildings.
 Promoting non-structural measures like public awareness campaigns and environmental
management.

2. Preparedness:

Objective: To ensure that communities, organizations, and individuals are ready to respond
effectively to disasters. Activities:

 Developing and regularly updating disaster response plans.

 Conducting drills and simulations to test response capabilities.
 Establishing early warning systems to provide timely alerts.
 Training emergency response personnel and volunteers.

3. Response:

Objective: To provide immediate assistance to save lives, reduce health impacts, and meet the
basic needs of affected populations. Activities:

 Activating emergency operations centers and command structures.

 Coordinating search and rescue operations.
 Providing emergency medical care and psychosocial support.
 Distributing food, water, shelter, and other essential supplies.
 Ensuring effective communication among response agencies and with the public.
4. Recovery:

Objective: To restore normalcy, rebuild infrastructure, and support long-term recovery and
rehabilitation of affected communities. Activities:

 Assessing damage and needs to prioritize recovery efforts.

 Rebuilding homes, schools, hospitals, and critical infrastructure.
 Providing financial assistance and support for economic recovery.
 Implementing programs for mental health and community resilience.
 Monitoring and evaluating the recovery process to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

5. Risk Reduction:

Objective: To learn from past disasters and implement measures to reduce future risks.
Activities:

 Analyzing disaster response and recovery efforts to identify strengths and weaknesses.
 Incorporating lessons learned into future disaster management plans.
 Strengthening policies and regulations to address emerging risks.
 Enhancing community participation and stakeholder engagement in disaster risk
reduction.

2 a) Write a case study on Vegetal Cover floods.

Case Study: Impact of Vegetal Cover on Floods

Overview: This case study examines the role of vegetal cover in mitigating the impact of floods,
focusing on the region of Himachal Pradesh, India, known for its varied topography and
significant vegetal cover.

Causes of Flooding:

1. Heavy Rainfall: Persistent and intense rainfall during the monsoon season.
2. Deforestation: Removal of trees for agriculture and urbanization reduces soil stability
and water absorption capacity.
3. Soil Erosion: Without vegetation, topsoil is easily eroded, increasing runoff and
sedimentation in rivers.
4. Improper Land Use: Converting natural landscapes into impermeable surfaces like roads
and buildings.

Impact:
 1. Areas with Vegetal Cover:
o Reduced Soil Erosion: Vegetation helps bind the soil, reducing erosion and
preventing sedimentation.
o Increased Water Infiltration: Vegetal cover enhances the soil’s ability to absorb
water, decreasing surface runoff.
o Stabilized Soil: Plant roots stabilize soil and reduce the likelihood of landslides
during heavy rains.
2. Deforested Areas:
o Increased Runoff: Lack of vegetation leads to higher surface runoff, increasing
flood risks.
o Soil Degradation: Accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation in rivers and
reservoirs.
o Frequent Landslides: Unstable soil in deforested areas is more prone to
landslides.

Preparedness:

1. Early Warning Systems: Implementing systems to monitor weather patterns and

provide timely flood warnings.
2. Community Education: Educating communities about the importance of vegetal cover
in flood prevention and safety measures.
3. Emergency Planning: Developing evacuation plans and conducting regular drills to
ensure community readiness.

Mitigation Measures:

1. Reforestation and Afforestation:

o Planting trees in deforested areas to restore the natural balance.
o Implementing community-based afforestation programs.
2. Sustainable Agriculture:
o Promoting agroforestry and sustainable farming practices that incorporate tree
planting and soil conservation.
3. Water Management:
o Constructing check dams, terraces, and other structures to manage runoff and
prevent soil erosion.
4. Public Awareness:
o Conducting workshops and campaigns to promote conservation practices.
5. Policy and Regulation:
o Enforcing laws and regulations to prevent illegal deforestation and promote
sustainable land use.
o Implementing land-use planning to maintain and enhance vegetal cover.

Response:
 1. Rescue Operations: Conducting search and rescue operations to evacuate people from
flood-affected areas.
2. Emergency Relief: Providing immediate relief in the form of food, water, medical aid,
and temporary shelters.
3. Coordination: Ensuring effective communication and coordination among local
authorities, NGOs, and community groups for a swift response.

Recovery:

1. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitating displaced populations by providing long-term housing

solutions and restoring livelihoods.
2. Infrastructure Repair: Reconstructing damaged infrastructure, including roads, bridges,
and public facilities.
3. Economic Support: Providing financial assistance and support for rebuilding homes and
businesses.
4. Environmental Restoration: Implementing programs to restore affected ecosystems
and prevent future flooding.

2. b) Write any two post tsunami hazards along the coast line?

Two Post-Tsunami Hazards Along the Coastline:

1. Waterborne Diseases:

 Description: After a tsunami, the influx of seawater can contaminate freshwater

supplies and sanitation systems. This leads to the outbreak of waterborne diseases such
as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
 Causes: Contamination of drinking water sources with sewage and debris, lack of access
to clean water, and overcrowded living conditions in temporary shelters.
 Impact: These diseases can cause severe illness and death, particularly in vulnerable
populations, and hinder recovery efforts by overwhelming healthcare systems.

2. Structural Damage and Debris:

 Description: Tsunami waves cause significant structural damage to buildings,

infrastructure, and natural landscapes, resulting in large amounts of debris, including
wood, metal, vehicles, and hazardous materials.
 Causes: The force of the tsunami waves demolishes buildings, uproots trees, and
scatters debris over a wide area.
 Impact: Debris obstructs rescue and relief efforts, poses physical hazards to survivors,
and delays the rebuilding process. Additionally, hazardous materials like chemicals and
oil spills can contaminate the environment and pose long-term health risks.
SET-4

1 a) Write a case study on land slider and control measures of it?

Case Study: Landslides in Kullu Valley, India

Introduction: Landslides are a significant natural hazard in the Kullu Valley, located in the
Himalayan region of India. The valley is highly susceptible to landslides due to its steep slopes,
heavy rainfall, and seismic activity. This case study examines the causes, impacts, and control
measures for landslides in the Kullu Valley, focusing on preparedness, mitigation, response, and
recovery.

Causes:

1. Heavy Rainfall: The monsoon season brings intense rainfall, saturating the soil and
increasing the risk of landslides.
2. Seismic Activity: The region is prone to earthquakes, which can trigger landslides by
destabilizing slopes.
3. Deforestation: Removal of trees for agriculture and urbanization reduces soil stability
and increases erosion.
4. Anthropogenic Factors: Large-scale construction projects, mining activities, and road
expansions contribute to slope instability.

Impact:

1. Loss of Life and Property: Landslides have caused significant loss of life and damage to
infrastructure, including homes, roads, and communication networks.
2. Economic Losses: The destruction of agricultural land and infrastructure leads to
substantial economic losses for the local community.
3. Environmental Degradation: Landslides result in soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and
contamination of water sources.

Preparedness:

1. Early Warning Systems: Implementing systems to monitor weather patterns and

provide timely warnings to residents.
2. Community Education: Educating communities about landslide risks and safety
measures.
3. Emergency Planning: Developing evacuation plans and conducting regular drills to
ensure community readiness.
Mitigation Measures:

1. Reforestation and Afforestation:

o Planting trees in deforested areas to restore the natural balance.
o Implementing community-based afforestation programs.
2. Sustainable Agriculture:
o Promoting agroforestry and sustainable farming practices that incorporate tree
planting and soil conservation.
3. Water Management:
o Constructing check dams, terraces, and other structures to manage runoff and
prevent soil erosion.
4. Engineering Solutions:
o Building retaining walls, drainage systems, and other structures to stabilize
slopes.
5. Policy and Regulation:
o Enforcing laws and regulations to prevent illegal deforestation and promote
sustainable land use.
o Implementing land-use planning to maintain and enhance vegetal cover.

Response:

1. Rescue Operations: Conducting search and rescue operations to evacuate people from
landslide-affected areas.
2. Emergency Relief: Providing immediate relief in the form of food, water, medical aid,
and temporary shelters.
3. Coordination: Ensuring effective communication and coordination among local
authorities, NGOs, and community groups for a swift response.

Recovery:

1. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitating displaced populations by providing long-term housing

solutions and restoring livelihoods.
2. Infrastructure Repair: Reconstructing damaged infrastructure, including roads, bridges,
and public facilities.
3. Economic Support: Providing financial assistance and support for rebuilding homes and
businesses.
4. Environmental Restoration: Implementing programs to restore affected ecosystems
and prevent future landslides.
1. b) Define natural Hazards? Explain about any two natural Hazards in
briefly.

Definition of Natural Hazards:

Natural hazards are severe and extreme weather and environmental events that occur naturally.
These hazards can cause significant damage to life, property, and the environment. They include
a wide range of events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and
more. Natural hazards become disasters when they intersect with vulnerable human populations
and infrastructure.

1. Earthquakes:

Description: Earthquakes are sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and
shifting of rocks beneath the Earth's surface. This movement releases stored energy in the form
of seismic waves. Causes:

 Tectonic Plate Movements: The most common cause, where plates collide, diverge, or
slide past each other.
 Volcanic Activity: Movement of magma beneath the Earth's surface can cause
earthquakes.
 Human Activities: Activities like mining, reservoir-induced seismicity, and geothermal
energy extraction can induce earthquakes. Impact:
 Human Casualties: Loss of life and injuries.
 Infrastructure Damage: Destruction of buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities.
 Economic Loss: Significant financial impact due to damage and rebuilding costs.

Example: Bhuj Earthquake (2001)

 Location: Bhuj, Gujarat, India.

 Magnitude: 7.7 on the Richter scale.
 Impact: Over 20,000 deaths, extensive infrastructure damage, and significant economic
losses.

2. Floods:

Description: Floods are overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. They can
occur due to various reasons including excessive rainfall, river overflow, storm surges, and dam
failures. Causes:

 Heavy Rainfall: Prolonged or intense rainfall overwhelms drainage systems.

 River Overflow: Rivers exceed their capacity due to upstream rains or snowmelt.
 Storm Surges: Coastal areas can flood due to storm surges associated with cyclones or
hurricanes.
  Dam Failures: Structural failure of dams can lead to sudden and catastrophic flooding.
Impact:
 Loss of Life and Property: Destruction of homes, businesses, and infrastructure.
 Displacement: Thousands of people can be displaced from their homes.
 Health Risks: Increased risk of waterborne diseases and disruption of clean water
supplies.

Example: Kedarnath Floods (2013)

Location: Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India.

Impact:

 Over 6,000 deaths, including pilgrims and tourists.

 Extensive damage to homes, roads, bridges, and infrastructure.
 Significant economic losses estimated around $285 million.
 Environmental degradation, including soil erosion and loss of vegetation.

2 a) What are landslides? List out five major causes of

landslides in India.
Landslides:

Landslides are the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope due to gravity. They can
occur suddenly and can be triggered by natural or human activities. Landslides often cause
significant damage to infrastructure, property, and can result in loss of life.

Five Major Causes of Landslides in India:

1. Heavy Rainfall:
o Intense and prolonged rainfall can saturate the soil, reducing its stability and
leading to landslides. The monsoon season in India often triggers landslides in
hilly regions.
2. Seismic Activity:
o Earthquakes and tremors can destabilize slopes and trigger landslides. Regions
prone to seismic activity, such as the Himalayas, are particularly susceptible.
3. Deforestation:
o Removal of vegetation for agriculture, urbanization, and logging reduces the
stability of slopes. Tree roots help bind the soil, and their removal can lead to
increased erosion and landslides.
4. Unplanned Construction:
 oInfrastructure projects such as roads, buildings, and dams that do not account
for slope stability can destabilize the ground and lead to landslides. Improper
construction practices and lack of planning exacerbate the risk.
5. Water Management Practices:
o Poor water management, including inadequate drainage systems and irrigation
practices, can lead to water accumulation and increased soil saturation. This
weakens the soil structure and can trigger landslides.

2. b) State the various causes and effects of Cyclone.

Causes of Cyclones:

1. Warm Ocean Water:

o Cyclones typically form over warm ocean waters (at least 26.5°C or 80°F). The
heat and moisture from the water rise into the atmosphere, providing the
energy needed for cyclone formation.
2. Low-Pressure Area:
o As warm, moist air rises, it creates a low-pressure area beneath it. This low
pressure encourages more air to move into the area, increasing the cyclone's
strength.
3. Coriolis Effect:
o The Earth's rotation causes the rising air to spin, creating a rotating system. This
effect is stronger at higher latitudes and weaker near the equator.
4. Atmospheric Instability:
o Unstable atmospheric conditions, where warm air is rising and cool air is
descending, contribute to the development and intensification of cyclones.
5. Moisture in the Atmosphere:
o High levels of humidity in the mid-troposphere (3 to 5 kilometers above the
Earth's surface) are necessary for the development of the towering clouds that
form a cyclone.

Effects of Cyclones:

1. Strong Winds:
o Cyclones can produce very strong winds, which can cause extensive damage to
buildings, trees, and infrastructure. Wind speeds can reach up to 300 km/h (186
mph) in severe cyclones.
2. Heavy Rainfall:
o Cyclones bring intense rainfall, which can lead to severe flooding, landslides, and
soil erosion. The heavy rains can damage crops, homes, and infrastructure.
3. Storm Surges:
o Cyclones can cause storm surges, which are sudden rises in sea level caused by
high winds pushing seawater toward the shore. Storm surges can inundate
coastal areas, causing significant damage and loss of life.
4. Coastal Erosion:
o The powerful waves and storm surges associated with cyclones can erode
coastlines, damaging natural habitats, and human settlements along the coast.
5. Displacement and Loss of Life:
o Cyclones often result in the displacement of large populations as homes and
infrastructure are destroyed. They can also cause significant loss of life due to
drowning, injuries, and secondary effects like disease outbreaks.
 R19 – REG DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SET-1 UNIT-1

1. a) What are flash floods? Explain about one recent flash flood that
affected large population of a region in India.

SET – 1  2 a)

1. b) Explain the types of drought and drought preparedness with

Mitigation.

SET – 2  2 a)

2. a) What are the causes for the Tsunami 2004 which inflicted heavy
loss to life and property along the coast of Tamil Nadu? Specify its
epicenter and magnitude.

SET – 2  1 b)

2. b) Define earthquake and explain in detail about the types, causes and
preventive measures of earthquake.

SET – 1  2 b)
 R19 – SUP DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SET-1 UNIT-1

1. a) What is to be done during and after the earthquake?

During an Earthquake:

1. Stay Calm:
o Remain calm and composed.
2. Drop, Cover, and Hold On:
o Drop: Get down to your hands and knees to avoid being knocked over.
o Cover: Protect your head and neck with your arms and seek shelter under a
sturdy piece of furniture, such as a table or desk. If no shelter is available, crouch
near an interior wall away from windows.
o Hold On: Hold on to your shelter until the shaking stops. If you are not under
shelter, cover your head and neck with your arms.
3. Stay Indoors:
o If you are inside, stay inside. Do not run outside as there may be hazards such as
falling debris.
o Stay away from windows, glass, outside doors, and walls.
o If you are in bed, stay there and cover your head with a pillow.
4. If Outdoors:
o Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires.
o Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops.
5. If Driving:
o Stop as quickly and safely as possible and stay in the vehicle.
o Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.

After an Earthquake:

1. Check for Injuries:

o Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid as needed and seek
medical help for serious injuries.
2. Inspect for Damage:
o Check your home for structural damage. Be careful of broken glass and debris.
o If you suspect damage to the building structure or utilities, evacuate the
building.
3. Be Prepared for Aftershocks:
 o Aftershocks can occur after the initial earthquake. Be ready to drop, cover, and
hold on again if needed.
4. Communicate:
o Use text messages or social media to let family and friends know you are safe.
Avoid making phone calls unless it is an emergency to keep the lines open for
emergency services.
5. Follow Local Authorities:
o Listen to emergency broadcasts and follow the instructions of local authorities.
o Be prepared to evacuate if instructed to do so.
6. Avoid Hazardous Areas:
o Stay away from damaged areas, buildings, and roads until they have been
declared safe by authorities.
o Be cautious of potential hazards such as downed power lines, gas leaks, and
unstable structures.

1. b) Draw the disaster management cycle and explain every stage in it.

SET – 2  1 a)

2. a) Explain in detail about the global trends in disasters.

Global Trends in Disasters:

Understanding global trends in disasters is essential for comprehensive disaster management

and preparedness. This analysis explores how the frequency, intensity, and impact of natural
disasters are evolving due to various factors such as climate change, urbanization, and socio-
economic developments.

1. Increasing Frequency and Intensity:

 Climate Change Impact: There is a noticeable increase in the frequency and severity of
weather-related disasters, such as hurricanes, cyclones, floods, and droughts. Climate
change is a primary driver, leading to more extreme and unpredictable weather
patterns.
 Example: The increasing number of severe cyclones in the Indian Ocean, such as
Cyclone Fani in 2019, which caused extensive damage in India and Bangladesh.

2. Climate Change:

 Global Warming: Rising global temperatures contribute to melting ice caps and glaciers,
resulting in higher sea levels. This exacerbates the risk of coastal flooding and increases
the frequency of extreme weather events.
  Example: The melting of Arctic ice, contributing to global sea-level rise and increasing
the vulnerability of coastal cities.

3. Urbanization:

 Population Density: Rapid urbanization, particularly in developing countries, has led to

higher population densities in disaster-prone areas. Inadequate infrastructure and poor
urban planning make cities more susceptible to disasters.
 Example: The urban sprawl in cities like Mumbai, which faces frequent flooding during
monsoon seasons due to poor drainage systems.

4. Economic Losses:

 Increased Financial Impact: The economic cost of disasters is rising as more assets and
infrastructure are concentrated in vulnerable areas. This trend underscores the need for
investment in disaster risk reduction and resilience.
 Example: The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan caused massive economic
losses, affecting both local and global economies.

5. Humanitarian Impact:

 Displacement and Casualties: Disasters continue to cause significant human suffering,

including loss of life, displacement, and long-term socio-economic challenges.
Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected.
 Example: The displacement of millions of people during the 2010 Haiti earthquake,
resulting in long-term humanitarian needs.

6. Technological and Scientific Advances:

 Improved Forecasting: Advances in technology have enhanced our ability to predict and
respond to disasters. Early warning systems, satellite imagery, and data analytics have
improved disaster monitoring and forecasting.
 Example: The use of satellite data to monitor and predict the path of hurricanes,
enabling timely evacuations and preparation.

7. Global Coordination and Response:

 International Collaboration: There is an increasing emphasis on global coordination in

disaster response. International organizations, governments, and NGOs collaborate to
provide relief and support during disasters.
 Example: The global response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which saw
coordinated efforts from numerous countries and organizations to provide aid and
support to affected regions.
2. b) What are the different types of natural disasters? Explain in detail.

Different Types of Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are severe and extreme weather and environmental events that occur
naturally. They can cause significant damage to life, property, and the environment. Below are
some of the major types of natural disasters, explained in detail:

1. Earthquakes:

 Description: Sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of
tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface.
 Causes: Tectonic plate movements, volcanic activity, and human activities such as
mining and reservoir-induced seismicity.
 Impact: Destruction of buildings and infrastructure, loss of life, and triggering of
secondary disasters like tsunamis and landslides.
 Example: The 2010 Haiti earthquake, which caused massive devastation and significant
loss of life.

2. Volcanic Eruptions:

 Description: The explosion or ejection of magma, ash, and gases from a volcano.
 Causes: Movement of tectonic plates and the buildup of pressure from molten rock
beneath the Earth's surface.
 Impact: Lava flows, ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, and damage to nearby communities
and infrastructure.
 Example: The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the United States, which caused
significant environmental and economic impact.

3. Tsunamis:

 Description: Large ocean waves generated by underwater earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, or landslides.
 Causes: Displacement of a large volume of water due to seismic activity or other
underwater disturbances.
 Impact: Coastal flooding, destruction of buildings, and significant loss of life and
property.
 Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affected several countries and caused
extensive damage and loss of life.

4. Floods:

 Description: Overflow of water that submerges land, which is usually dry.

 Causes: Heavy rainfall, river overflow, storm surges, and dam failures.
  Impact: Damage to homes and infrastructure, displacement of populations, and loss of
life.
 Example: The 2019 floods in Assam, India, which caused significant displacement and
damage.

5. Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons:

 Description: Intense tropical storms characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and
storm surges.
 Causes: Warm ocean water, low-pressure systems, and atmospheric instability.
 Impact: Destruction of coastal communities, flooding, and significant economic losses.
 Example: Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which caused widespread devastation in the Gulf
Coast of the United States.

6. Droughts:

 Description: Prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water shortages.

 Causes: Climate variability, deforestation, and human activities such as overuse of water
resources.
 Impact: Crop failure, water scarcity, economic losses, and food insecurity.
 Example: The 2011 East Africa drought, which led to severe famine and affected millions
of people.

7. Landslides:

 Description: The movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope due to gravity.
 Causes: Heavy rainfall, seismic activity, deforestation, and human activities such as
mining.
 Impact: Destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, and disruption of transportation.
 Example: The 2014 Malin landslide in India, which buried an entire village and caused
significant loss of life.

8. Wildfires:

 Description: Uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly across vegetation and forested areas.
 Causes: Natural causes like lightning and human activities such as arson, unattended
campfires, and deforestation.
 Impact: Destruction of forests, wildlife habitats, homes, and infrastructure.
 Example: The 2020 Australian bushfires, which caused extensive environmental and
economic damage.

9. Tornadoes:
  Description: Violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the
ground.
 Causes: Severe thunderstorms with wind shear, atmospheric instability, and moisture.
 Impact: Destruction of buildings, infrastructure, and significant loss of life.
 Example: The 2011 Joplin tornado in the United States, which caused severe damage
and numerous fatalities.

10. Avalanches:

 Description: Rapid descent of snow and ice down a mountain slope.

 Causes: Heavy snowfall, rapid temperature changes, and human activities such as skiing.
 Impact: Burial of structures, loss of life, and disruption of transportation.
 Example: The 2015 Nepal avalanche, which caused significant casualties and damage.