Grand Assignment

Student ID: (24k-0965)

Q4
Ans=
To convert a fractional binary number like 110.101 to its decimal equivalent, you
start by separating the number into its whole and fractional parts. The whole part,
110, can be converted by multiplying each digit by 222 raised to the power of its
position, beginning from 000 on the far right. For example, in 110, you calculate
1⋅221 \cdot 2^21⋅22, 1⋅211 \cdot 2^11⋅21, and 0⋅200 \cdot 2^00⋅20, which gives
you 4+2+0=64 + 2 + 0 = 64+2+0=6. Next, for the fractional part, 101, you
multiply each digit by 222 raised to the power of its negative position, starting from
−1-1−1 on the left. This means you calculate 1⋅2−11 \cdot 2^ {-1}1⋅2−1, 0⋅2−20 \
cdot 2^{-2}0⋅2−2, and 1⋅2−31 \cdot 2^{-3}1⋅2−3, resulting in
0.5+0+0.125=0.6250.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.6250.5+0+0.125=0.625. Finally, you
combine both results by adding the whole part 666 and the fractional part
0.6250.6250.625, giving you a final decimal equivalent of 6.625 for the binary
number 110.101.

Real World Application of Number System

Computers operate on a fundamental level using binary code, a system of
representing data using only two digits: 0 and 1. While humans are more
accustomed to the decimal system, which uses ten digits, computers find binary
code more efficient for various reasons. Additionally, octal and hexadecimal number
systems are often used in computing as more concise representations of binary
data. This report will delve into the applications of these number systems, exploring
their unique roles and advantages in the realm of computer science.
Binary Number System
The binary number system is the cornerstone of computer operations. It is the most
basic way to represent data within a computer, as electronic circuits can easily
interpret the presence or absence of an electrical signal as a 1 or a 0. This simplicity
makes binary code ideal for machine-level programming, where instructions are
directly translated into binary sequences to be executed by the computer's
processor.
For example, in assembly language programming, which is a low-level language
that closely resembles machine code, instructions are often written in hexadecimal
format for readability. However, before the computer can execute these instructions,
they must be converted into binary. This conversion process involves breaking down
the hexadecimal value into its individual digits and then translating each digit into
its corresponding binary equivalent.
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal, a base-16 number system, is frequently used in computing due to its
compact representation of binary data. Since 16 is a power of 2 (2^4 = 16), each
hexadecimal digit can represent four binary digits (bits). This makes it a convenient
way to represent larger binary values in a more readable format.
One of the primary applications of hexadecimal is in memory addressing.
Computers store data in memory locations, which are identified by unique
addresses. These addresses are typically represented in hexadecimal format for
easier human comprehension. For instance, a memory address might be written as
"0x12345678," where "0x" indicates a hexadecimal value.
Octal Number System
Octal, a base-8 number system, is less commonly used in modern computing
compared to binary and hexadecimal. However, it was historically employed in
some computer systems due to its compatibility with early hardware architectures.
Octal is a base-2^3 system, meaning each octal digit represents three binary digits.
While octal has seen a decline in usage, it can still be found in certain niche
applications. For example, some older programming languages or hardware devices
might use octal notation for specific purposes. Additionally, octal can be a useful
tool for understanding and debugging binary data, as it provides a slightly more
compact representation than binary while still being relatively easy to convert
between the two.

Number System Base Advantages Limitations

Binary 2 Fundamental for Can be
computer cumbersome to
operations, simple read and write for
to implement in humans, especially
hardware for large values
Hexadecimal 16 Compact Requires
representation of familiarity with
binary data, easier hexadecimal digits
to read and write
than binary
Octal 8 Historically used in Less commonly
some computer used today, might
systems, it can be not be as familiar
useful for to many
debugging programmers
Each number system has its own strengths and weaknesses, and their suitability
depends on the specific context. Binary is the foundation of computer operations,
while hexadecimal is often used for memory addressing and data representation.
Octal, though less common, can still be valuable in certain situations. By
understanding the characteristics and applications of these number systems,
computer professionals can make informed decisions about their usage in various
computing tasks.