LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

| NCM 107 FINAL WARD CLASS

Waste Management and Different Types of Toilets and Water Supply (R.A. 9003)

A. INTRODUCTION

What is RA 9003?
- Otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
“shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public
attitudes”
- First law signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
- Passed by the Philippine Congress on December 20, 2000.
- Approved on January 26, 2001.
- Took effect on February 16, 2001.

Goals of RA 9003

1. Protect public health and the environment

2. Encourage resource conservation and recovery
3. Promote greater public participation
4. Encourage private sector participation
5. Support research on technologies and techniques in SWM; and
6. Promote environmental awareness.

B. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

- Section 4 of the RA 9003 established the NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMMISSION (NSWMC).
- The NSWMC is the major agency tasked to implement RA 9003 and is chaired by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
- The Commission prescribes policies to effectively achieve the objectives of RA 9003.
- It is composed of 17 Commission members, fourteen (14) representatives from
government agencies and (3) three representatives from the private sector.

However, RA 11898 or the Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022 amended this:

- From 17 Commission members, fourteen (14) representatives from government agencies

and (3) three representatives from the private sector now:

13 new members (8 NGA + 5 Private):

- Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

- Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
- Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
- Department of Health (DOH)
- Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
- Department of Agriculture (DA)

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

- Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

- Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines
A. Three (3) representatives from non government organizations (NGOs) with a
track record on solid waste management or waste reduction, recycling and
resource recovery.
B. A representative from the recycling, composting, or resource recovery and
processing industry.
C. representative from the manufacturing industry, packaging industry, or obliged
enterprises;

C. NSWM FRAMEWORK

1. Preferred Options:
○ Avoid: Prevent waste generation entirely.
○ Reduce: Minimize the amount of waste produced.
○ Reuse: Repurpose materials to extend their lifecycle.
○ Recycle: Process materials to create new products.
2. Less Preferred Options:
○ Recover: Extract energy or materials from waste.
○ Treatment: Process waste to reduce its impact.
○ Residuals Management: Safely dispose of waste that cannot be managed by
other methods.

Responsibilities:

● Direct Responsibility: LGUs (Barangays, municipalities, and cities) manage the

segregation, collection, and treatment of waste.
● Influencing Responsibility: Policies, institutions, and partnerships guide and support
waste management practices.

This hierarchy emphasizes environmental sustainability by prioritizing waste avoidance and

reduction over disposal.

D. SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9003

1. Section 10. Role of LGUs in Solid Waste Management

- LGUs are responsible for the management and implementation of solid waste
management programs within their jurisdiction.
2. Section 16. Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans
- Local governments must develop comprehensive solid waste management plans
aligned with RA 9003's objectives.
3. Section 21. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes
- Waste segregation at the source is mandatory, ensuring the proper classification of
biodegradable, recyclable, and residual waste.
4. Section 30. Prohibition on the Use of Non-Environmentally Acceptable Products /
Packaging (NEAP)
- The use of non-environmentally acceptable products and packaging is prohibited
to minimize environmental harm.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

5. Section 32. Establishment of LGU Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

- LGUs must establish Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) to facilitate waste
sorting, recycling, and composting.
6. Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste
- The use of open dumps for waste disposal is strictly prohibited to protect public
health and the environment.
7. Section 41. Criteria for Establishment of Sanitary Landfill
- Sanitary landfills must meet specific criteria to ensure environmentally safe waste
disposal.
8. Section 42. Operating Criteria for Sanitary Landfills
- Sanitary landfills must operate following strict environmental and safety
guidelines.
9. Section 48. Prohibited Acts
- Acts such as littering, open dumping, and the burning of waste are prohibited
under the law.
10. Section 49. Fines and Penalties
- Violators of RA 9003 face fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the offense.
11. Section 57. Business and Industry Role
- Businesses and industries are required to actively participate in reducing waste
and promoting environmentally sound practices.

E. SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

Biodegradable Wastes: These are organic materials, like food scraps and yard waste, that can
decompose naturally into compost.

- Refer to Municipal / Barangay guidelines for schedule.

Recyclable Wastes: These are items, like paper, plastic, glass, and metal, that can be processed
into new materials.

- Set aside for collection by LGU / Barangay

Special Wastes: These are hazardous or regulated items, such as batteries, medical waste, and
chemicals, requiring special handling and disposal.

- Wait for scheduled collection by the LGU / Municipal / City Government. These will be
consolidated in a temporary storage facility (MRF) for final treatment and disposal. Refer
to Municipal / Barangay guidelines for schedule.

Residual Wastes: These are non-recyclable and non-compostable materials, like soiled
packaging and certain plastics, that end up in landfills.

- Wait for the collection by the LGU / Municipal / City Government / Private Hauler for
proper management and disposal. Refer to Municipal / Barangay guidelines for schedule.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

F. PROHIBITED ACTS AND CORRESPONDING FINES AND PENALTIES

VIOLATIONS PENALTIES

Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters A fine of not less than P300 but not more than
in public places such as roads, side-walks, P1,000, or rendering of community service for
canals, esteros and parks, and establishment, not less than one day to no more than 15 days
or causing or permitting the same. to an LGU where such prohibited acts are
committed, or both.

Undertaking activities or operating, collecting A fine of not less than P300 but not more than
or transporting equipment in violation of P1,000 or imprisonment of not less than one
sanitation operation and other requirements or day to no more than 15 days, or both.
permits set forth in or established pursuant to
the Act.

Causing or permitting the collection of A fine of not less than P1,000 but not more
unsegregated or unsorted waste. than P3,000 or imprisonment of not less than
15 days to no more than six months, or both.
Squatting in open dumps and landfills.

Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or

non- biodegradable materials in flood-prone
areas.

Unauthorized removal of recyclable material

intended for collection by authorized persons.

The mixing of source-separated recyclable A fine of P500,000 plus an amount not less
material with other solid waste in any vehicle, than 5% but not more than 10% of his net
box, container or receptacle used in solid annual income during the previous year.
waste collection and disposal.
The additional penalty of imprisonment of a
Establishment or operation of open dumps as minimum period of one year, but not to
enjoined in the Act, or closure of said dumps exceed three years at the discretion of the
in violation of Section 37. court, shall be imposed for the second or
subsequent violations of paragraphs 3 and 4
The manufacture, distribution or use of on the right.
non-environmentally acceptable packaging
materials.

Importation of consumer products packaged

in non- environmentally acceptable materials.

Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as A fine of not less than P10,000 but not more
"recyclable" or "with recyclable content." than P200,000 or imprisonment of not less
than 30 days but not more than three years, or
Transport and dumping in bulk of collected both.
domestic, industrial, commercial and
institutional wastes in areas other than centers
or facilities prescribed under the Act.

Building or operating waste facilities without Fines from ₱100,000 to ₱1,000,000 or

an Environmental Compliance Certificate or imprisonment from 1 to 6 years.
violating LGU land use plans.
For companies, the top officer (e.g., CEO or
Constructing establishments within 200 president) will be held accountable.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

meters of open dumps or sanitary landfills.

Foreign offenders will be deported after
Building waste facilities on aquifers, serving their sentence.
groundwater reservoirs, or watershed areas.

G. NEGATIVE IMPACTS IF IMPROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

● Leachate: is the water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes which in
open dumpsites results in hazardous substances entering surface, ground water or soil.
● Trash Slide: A trash slide occurs when large piles of improperly managed waste
collapse, causing destruction and endangering lives.
● Clogging of Storm Drains Causing Floods: Accumulated garbage blocks storm drains,
preventing water flow and resulting in severe flooding.
● Dangers to Marine Life: Waste, especially plastics, pollutes water bodies, harming
marine animals through ingestion or entanglement.
● Health Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management: Poor waste handling leads to
air and water pollution, spreading diseases like respiratory illnesses and infections.

H. SOLID WASTE BY THE NUMBERS

Percentage Composition from Sources of Solid Waste in the Philippines

● Residential - 57%
● Commercial - 27%
● Institutional - 12%
● Industrial - 4%

Percentage by Weight of Waste Classification in the Philippines

● Biodegradables - 52%
● Recyclables - 28%
● Special / Hazardous - 18%
● Residuals - 2%

I. UPDATES IN THE POLICIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RA 9003

1. DAO 2019-21 - Guidelines Governing Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Facilities for the
Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Wastes

Provides guidelines on the evaluation, establishment, operation and decommissioning of

Waste-to-Energy facilities utilizing municipal solid wastes.

2. Resolution No. 1363, series of 2020 - Resolution directing the DENR to prepare and
implement the banning of the use of unnecessary single-use plastics by National
Government Agencies (NGAs), Local Government Units (LGUS) Offices and other
Government Controlled Offices

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

1. Plastic cups (lower than 0.2 mm in thickness); 2. Plastic drinking straws; 3. Plastic
cofee stirrers; 4. Plastic spoons; 5. Plastic forks; 6. Plastic knives; and 7. Plastic labo and
thin-filmed sando bags

3. Resolution No. 1364, series of 2020 - Adopting the Interim Guidelines on the
Management of COVID-19 Related Health Care Waste

a. All wastes are properly segregated and not mixed with other domestic solid waste

b. Public health and environment are protected

c. Waste workers will not be exposed to environmental and health hazards

4. Resolution No. 1428, series of 2021 - Resolution declaring the plastic soft drink straw
and plastic coffee stirrer as non-environmentally acceptable products.
5. Resolution No. 1429, series of 2021 - Resolution enjoining all National Government
Agencies to Provide Yellow Bins in their Respective Premises for the Proper Storage of
Household Health Care Wastes and to Coordinate with their Respective LGUs for the
collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of such wastes.
6. RA 11898 or Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022 - To adopt and
institutionalize Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanism as an environmental
policy and practical approach to: efficient waste management, focusing on 3R
development of environment - friendly products that advocate the internationally
accepted principles on sustainable consumption and production, circular economy, and

➤ producers' full responsibility throughout the life cycle of their product, especially its
post- consumer or end-of-life stage.

J. CONCLUSION

"RA 9003 declares the policy of the state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological
solid waste management program that ensures the protection of public health and the
environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of
solid waste through the formulation and adoption of best environmental practices."

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

What is Toilet Sanitation and Water Supply?

Toilet sanitation refers to the safe management and disposal of human waste through facilities
designed to prevent exposure to harmful pathogens. Proper sanitation includes access to clean,
functional toilets and systems that ensure waste is hygienically contained, treated, and disposed
of to protect public health and the environment.

Water supply involves the provision of clean, safe, and sufficient water for drinking, cooking,
hygiene, and sanitation. A reliable water supply is essential for maintaining health and
supporting daily life activities, particularly in ensuring the functionality of sanitation facilities.

Statistics on Global and Local Access to Proper Sanitation and Clean Water

• Globally, 2 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation facilities, and around 1.2 billion
practice open defecation (World Health Organization, 2023).

• Approximately 771 million people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water, with
most residing in rural areas of developing countries (UNICEF & WHO, 2023).

• In the Philippines, about 4 million Filipinos lack access to basic sanitation facilities, while
around 12 million lack access to safe water sources (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2022).

• Poor sanitation and unsafe water contribute to an estimated 432,000 deaths globally each year,
mainly among children under five due to diarrheal diseases (WHO, 2023).

These statistics underscore the urgent need for improved access to sanitation and clean water to
protect health and ensure environmental sustainability.

Objectives:

1. To understand the importance of proper toilet and water supply systems in promoting
public health.
2. To identify key laws and regulations governing sanitation and water supply.
3. To recognize the roles of healthcare providers in community sanitation efforts

Importance of Proper Toilet and Water Supply

The importance of proper toilet and water supply is multifaceted, encompassing public
health, environmental sustainability, economic development, and social well-being. These
fundamental elements of sanitation play a crucial role in building healthier, safer, and
more resilient communities. Here are the key reasons:

1. Prevention of Waterborne Diseases

● Proper sanitation systems and access to clean water significantly reduce the
spread of diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and hepatitis A. By Preventing
the transmission of these illnesses, they safeguard the health and well-being of
communities.
2. Reduction of Environmental Contamination
● Safe disposal of human waste helps prevent pollutants and pathogens from
entering water sources, which minimizes environmental pollution. This protection
ensures the preservation of ecosystems and the sustainability of natural resources.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

3. Improvement of Public Health

● Clean water and functional toilets lower the prevalence of sanitation-related
diseases, leading to better health outcomes. These benefits are especially
impactful for children and vulnerable populations who are at greater risk.
4. Enhancement of Hygiene Practices
● The availability of water and toilets promotes personal hygiene practices, such as
regular handwashing. These habits reduce the spread of infections and contribute
to a healthier, more hygienic community.
5. Economic and Social Benefits
● Proper sanitation decreases healthcare costs by reducing illness and increasing
productivity among individuals. It also supports education by enabling children,
especially girls, to attend school consistently and without barriers.
6. Promotion of Dignity and Safety
● Access to toilets provides privacy and security, which is particularly important for
women and girls. These facilities foster a sense of dignity and help uphold
fundamental human rights.

Proper toilets and water supply systems are foundational for improving public health and
ensuring sustainable development. They are vital investments for creating resilient, inclusive,
and thriving communities.

Components of a Safe Toilet and Water Supply System

Types of Toilets:

1. Flush Toilet

A flush toilet uses water to move human waste into a sewer system or septic tank.

2. Pit Latrine

A simple, low-cost toilet with a pit where waste is deposited and stored until it
decomposes. Typically used in rural or informal settings.

3. Composting Toilet

A dry toilet that uses aerobic decomposition to break down human waste into compost,
which can be used for non-food plants.

Key Features of Sanitary Toilet System:

1. Safe Waste Disposal

2. Protection from Contamination
3. Hygiene and Cleanliness
4. Accessibility
5. Environmental Sustainability
6. Durability and Safety

LAWS RELATED TO TOILET AND WATER SUPPLY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Presidential Decree No. 856, or the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (1975),
establishes guidelines to promote public health and sanitation across various sectors. It

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

regulates water supply, food establishments, waste disposal, school and hospital
sanitation, industrial hygiene, and public spaces. The decree also mandates vermin
control, health certificates for certain workers, and sanitation in markets, abattoirs, and
recreational facilities. It aims to ensure a safe and healthy environment for all Filipinos.
2. Republic Act No. 927, or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, aims to protect and
preserve the country’s water resources through pollution control and sustainable water
management. It designates Water Quality Management Areas (WQMA), requires
industries to treat wastewater, and mandates sewerage and septage programs. The law
assigns implementation roles to the DENR, LGUs, and other stakeholders. It provides
funding through the Water Quality Management Fund (WQMF), promotes public
awareness, and imposes penalties for violations to ensure clean water for future
generations.
3. Republic Act No. 9003,or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000,
Establishes a systematic and sustainable approach to solid waste management in the
Philippines. It emphasizes waste reduction, segregation, recycling, and proper disposal.
Aims to protect public health, conserve resources, and reduce environmental pollution
through responsible solid waste management practices.
4. Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) Establishes
a systematic and sustainable approach to solid waste management in the Philippines.It
emphasizes waste reduction, segregation, recycling, and proper disposal. Aims to protect
public health, conserve resources, and reduce environmental pollution through
responsible solid waste management practices.

Impact of Poor Sanitation and Water Supply

Poor sanitation and an inadequate water supply have far-reaching consequences that affect
health, the economy, and the environment.

1. Health Risks:

Poor sanitation and contaminated water create conditions that foster the spread of disease.n
and corcreate conditions that foster the spread of diseases:

● Waterborne diseases - Drinking or using untreated water exposes individuals to bacteria,

viruses, and parasites. These pathogens cause diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid.
For example, diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death in children under five,
responsible for 2.2 million deaths globally each year
● Vector-borne diseases - Stagnant water from poor drainage or waste management become
breeding grounds for mosquitoes, spreading diseases such as dengue, malaria, and Zika
virus. These diseases significantly burden healthcare systems and affect communities,
particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

2. Economic Costs:

Inadequate water and sanitation systems lead to substantial financial losses and increased
healthcare expenses.

● Healthcare Expenses: Family and governments spend billions annually to treat

illnesses caused by poor water and sanitation. This is a heavy financial burden on
low-income communities. For households, this means diverting funds from
essential needs like education and nutrition to pay for medical care. Improved
sanitation and hygiene practices could reduce global healthcare costs by billions
annually.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

● Lost Productivity: In many regions, particularly in developing countries, women

and children are responsible for collecting water. This activity can take hours each
day, limiting time for education, work, or other productive activities. Globally, the
economic loss due to lack of access to clean water and sanitation is estimated at
$260 billion annually.
● Impact on Local Economies: Poor sanitation impacts tourism, agriculture, and
fisheries by polluting water sources, making local industries less competitive and
sustainable.

3. Environmental Effects:

Poor sanitation also impacts ecosystems, harming both human and non-human life:

● Pollution: Improper disposal of human and industrial waste pollutes water

bodies. Rivers and lakes become contaminated with fecal matter, chemicals, and
plastics, this affects drinking water sources and depletes biodiversity which makes
water unsafe for human use. This pollution also enters the food chain, affecting
agriculture and aquaculture.
● Ecosystem Damage: Contaminated water disrupts aquatic ecosystems, killing
fish and other organisms. These effects can ripple through the ecosystem,
reducing biodiversity and weakening food chains
● Poor waste management increases eutrophication, where excess nutrients from
waste lead to algal blooms, depleting oxygen and killing aquatic life. These
effects can be long-term, making restoration costly and complex.

Solutions and Best Practices

• For Toilets:

• Promote construction of sanitary toilets.

- Promoting the construction of sanitary toilets is essential to addressing health and

hygiene challenges in many communities. Poor sanitation, especially in underprivileged
areas, leads to water contamination and disease. Investing in proper toilet facilities
improves public health, environmental safety, and overall quality of life.

• Regular maintenance and cleaning.

- Regular maintenance and cleaning of toilets are crucial for maintaining their safety,
functionality, and cleanliness. If neglected, toilets can become unhygienic or deteriorate,
resulting in unsafe conditions. Routine care helps prevent the accumulation of harmful
bacteria, ensuring a safe and sanitary space for users.

• For Water Supply:

• Implement filtration and purification methods.

- Filtration and purification are crucial for ensuring water is free from harmful
contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. These methods make water safe to drink,
preventing waterborne diseases and protecting public health.

• Ensure proper water distribution systems.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

- Proper water distribution is essential for ensuring consistent access to clean water.
Inefficient systems can cause shortages and unequal access. Maintaining and upgrading
distribution networks ensures that water reaches all communities effectively, which is
crucial for public health and hygiene.

Role of Community Health Nurses

1. Educating Communities
○ Community health nurses teach proper hygiene and sanitation practices to prevent
illnesses.
2. Facilitating Health Programs
○ They implement programs that ensure access to clean water and safe sanitation
facilities.
3. Coordinating Efforts
○ They work with local authorities and organizations to improve community
sanitation systems.

DOH Water and Sanitation Program

The DOH Water and Sanitation Program refers to the initiatives and projects led by the
Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines to improve public health by ensuring safe
water access, proper sanitation, and hygiene practices. The program aims to address
waterborne diseases and enhance the overall health of communities, particularly in rural and
underserved areas.

UN Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by
2030. It focuses on addressing global challenges related to water and sanitation, which are
crucial for improving health, promoting equity, and preserving the environment.

• Provision of Safe Drinking Water - Ensures clean water access in underserved areas
through water systems and regular quality monitoring

• Sanitation Facilities - Promotes the construction of toilets and waste treatment systems to
prevent waterborne diseases.

• Hygiene Education - Educates communities on handwashing, proper waste disposal, and

other hygiene practices.

• Monitoring and Regulations - Ensures compliance with water safety standards and monitors
local water sources.

• Disaster Response - Provides water and sanitation support during emergencies like typhoons
and floods.

• Collaboration - Works with other government agencies and local communities to improve
water and sanitation services.

Barangay Poblacion, Panglao, Bohol Sanitation and Waste Management Program

• INITIATIVE - This barangay focused on improving sanitation through the establishment of

a community waste management system, which includes composting, waste segregation, and
a community-level landfill.

• SUCCESS - The barangay also provided sanitation training for residents and incentivized the
installation of sanitary toilets through small grants.

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 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Paseo del Rio Campus, Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
First Semester, Academic Year 2024-2024

• IMPACT - The program has significantly reduced open defecation, decreased water
pollution, and promoted environmental cleanliness, leading to better health and quality of
life.

Call to Action

1. Encourage Proper Hygiene Practices

○ Motivate the community to adopt daily hygiene habits for better health.
2. Advocate for Sustainable Sanitation
○ Support initiatives for accessible and long-term sanitation facilities.
3. Partner with Stakeholders
○ Collaborate with organizations to enhance water and toilet systems.

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