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    Topic 8

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    of 24

    Ghada El-Zakhem Naous

    Chemistry Preparatory course


    Acids and Bases

    Topic 8
    Strong acids - 100% dissociation

    Strong Acids are strong electrolytes

    HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

    HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

    HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)

    H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)


    Strong bases - 100% dissociation

    H 2O
    NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

    H 2O
    KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

    H 2O
    Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
    Weak Acids are weak electrolytes

    HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)


    HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
    HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
    H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
    Weak Bases are weak electrolytes
    F- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq)
    NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
    A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
    A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

    base acid acid base


    conjugate conjugate
    base acid
    acid base
    Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction between
    ammonia and hydrofluoric acid in aqueous solution

    NH3(aq) + HF(aq) ƒ NH+4(aq) + F-(aq)


    Acid-Base Properties of Water

    autoionization of water

    conjugate
    base acid
    H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
    conjugate
    acid base
    The Ion Product of Water

    Kw = [H+][OH-]
    We could express [H+] or [H3O+] (same)
    The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar
    concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.
    Solution Is
    [H+] = [OH-] neutral
    At 250C [H+] > [OH-] acidic
    + -
    Kw = [H ][OH ] = 1.0 x 10 - 14
    [H+] < [OH-] basic
    pH – a Measure of Acidity

    pH = -log [H+]

    Solution Is At 250C
    neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 pH = 7
    acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 pH < 7
    basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 pH > 7

    pH [H+]
    Other important relationships
    pOH = -log [OH-]

    [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

    -log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00

    pH + pOH = 14.00

    pH Meter
    Application

    The concentration of H+ ions in a bottle of table wine


    was 3.2 x 10-4 M right after the cork was removed.
    Only half of the wine was consumed. The other half,
    after it had been standing open to the air for a month,
    was found to have a hydrogen ion concentration
    equal to 1.0 x 10-3 M.
    Calculate the pH of the wine on these two occasions.
    Solution

    pH = -log [H+].

    When the bottle was first opened, [H+] = 3.2 x 10-4 M


    pH = -log [H+]= -log (3.2 x 10-4) = 3.49

    On the second occasion, [H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M, so that

    pH = -log (1.0 x 10-3 ) = 3.00


    Application

    Calculate the pH of a

    (a) 1.0 x 10-3 M HCl solution

    The ionization of HCl is

    HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


    The concentrations of all the species (HCl, H+, and Cl-)
    before and after ionization can be represented as follows:

    HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


    Initial (M): 1.0 x 10-3 0.0 0.0
    Change (M): -1.0 x 10-3 +1.0 x 10-3 +1.0 x 10-3
    Final (M): 0.0 1.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-3

    A positive (+) change represents an increase and a negative


    (-) change indicates a decrease in concentration. Thus,

    [H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M


    pH = -log (1.0 x 10-3)
    = 3.00
    Weak Acids (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants

    HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

    [H3O+][A-]
    Ka =
    [HA]

    Ka is the acid ionization constant

    weak acid
    Ka
    strength
    pH of a weak acid calculation

    Calculate the pH of 0.036M of HNO2 given


    ka = 4.5 x 10-4
    HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
    [H + ][NO-2 ]
    Ka =
    [HNO 2 ]
    -4x2
    4.5 × 10 =
    0.036-x

    x 2 + 4.5 × 10-4 x - 1.62 × 10-5 = 0

    ( )
    2
    -4 -4
    -4.5 × 10 ± 4.5 × 10 - 4(1)(-1.62 × 10-5 )
    x=
    2(1)
    = 3.8 × 10-3 M or -4.3 × 10-3 M
    The second solution is physically impossible, because the
    concentration of ions produced as a result of ionization cannot
    be negative. Therefore, the solution is given by the positive
    root, x = 3.8 x 10-3 M.

    [H+] = 3.8 x 10-3 M


    pH = -log (3.8 x 10-3 )= 2.42
    Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants

    NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

    [NH4+][OH-]
    Kb =
    [NH3]

    Kb is the base ionization constant

    weak base
    Kb
    strength

    Solve weak base problems like weak acids except solve


    for [OH-] instead of [H+].
    In a NaOH solution [OH-] is 2.9 x 10-4 M. Calculate the pH of
    the solution.

    pOH = -log [OH-]


    = -log (2.9 x 10-4)
    = 3.54

    pH + pOH = 14.00
    pH = 14.00 - pOH
    = 14.00 - 3.54 = 10.46
    pH of a weak base calculation

    Calculate the pH of a 1 M solution of methylamine (kb = 4.38 x 10-4 )

    CH3NH2 + H2 O ⇌ CH3NH3+ + OH-


    Initial 1 0 0
    Change -x x x
    Equilibrium 1-x x x

    𝑋2
    kb= 4.38 x 10-4 = 1−𝑋

    x = 2.1 x 10- 2
    [OH- ] = x = 2.1 x 10- 2 M and pOH = 1.68
    pH + pOH = 14 thus pH = 14 – 1.68 = 12.32
    Thank You

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