Introduction and Basic

Concepts
MEC151: Thermodynamics 1

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Thermodynamics

• defines and describes the

properties of energy and its
transformation from one form to
another
• Classical thermodynamics
(macroscopic point of view)

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 System
• SYSTEM - a quantity of matter to be studied
• Types of System
• Closed System
• a fixed quantity of mass (control mass)
• Ex: sealed devices such as tank, piston-cylinder arrangement

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 System
• SYSTEM - a quantity of matter to be studied
• Types of System
• Open System
• a fixed volume to be studied (control volume)
• Ex: devices which involves flow like pump, turbine,
compressor, heat exchanger

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 System
• All systems have a BOUNDARY
• A boundary is an interface between the system and what is outside the system
• The outside of the boundary is the surroundings or environment
• where the system ends and the surrounding begins
• Ex: wall of a tank, wall of a pump, edge of the piston and cylinder
device
• Note: There will be transfers of heat, work, and mass at the boundary

Energy Transfers

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 System
Closed System Open System
Solid Line
(Boundary)
W (work)

Dashed Line
(Boundary)

Q (heat)

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 System
• SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE SYSTEMS
• Neglect external forces such as electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion forces, surface tension (mostly
negligible)
• All our systems are like this

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Energy

• ENERGY
• Ability to produce work or exchange heat
• It can be stored internally to our system, or it can be
transferred as heat or work

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Properties
• Any substance will have a collection of PROPERTIES
• Properties are an identified, observed characteristics
• Some are measurable (such as temperature) while some are
not (such as internal energy)

• A substance’s set of properties is called its STATE.

• The state of a simple compressible system can be
determined by knowing any two independent intensive
properties.

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Properties
• Intensive Property
• Does not depend on the size of the system
• Ex: temperature (𝑇), density (𝜌), pressure (𝑃)
• Extensive Property
• Does depend on the size of the system
• Ex: volume (𝕍), internal energy (𝑈)
• Specific Property
• Extensive property per unit mass
• Also an intensive property
• Ex: specific volume 𝑣 = 𝕍 , specific internal energy 𝑢 = 𝑈
𝑚 𝑚

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Properties
• If the intensive properties do not change over time, the system is in
EQUILIBRUM
• Types of Equilibrium
• Mechanical Equilibrium
• There are no unbalanced forces
• Thermal Equilibrium
• There are no temperature differences
• If we have both mechanical and thermal equilibrium, we have
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Note: We’re going to ignore other forms of equilibrium (electric,
chemical equilibrium, etc.) due to the assumption of simple
compressible system

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Process
• If a property and thus, the state changes, then a PROCESS has
occurred.
• In this class, the process occurs very slowly such that we are
always in equilibrium –called a quasi-equilibrium process.
• If a property remains constant during a process, the we use the
prefix “iso”
• Isothermal (T) – constant temperature
• Isochoric (𝕍) – constant volume
• Isobaric (P) – constant pressure

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Process
• CYCLE – a process that begins and ends at the same state

• STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
• A process that does not change over time
• Applicable to open systems

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Units
Units British SI
Mass lbm (pound mass) kg
Length ft m
Time s s
Force lbf (pound force) N (Newton)
correction: newton
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
1𝑁 =1
𝑠2
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ≠ 1
𝑠2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 1
𝑠2
Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Units
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑔 = 32.174 𝑓𝑡 = 9.807 𝑚
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑚 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒, 𝑁 =
𝑀 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties

• 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜌 1 𝑓𝑡3 𝑚3
𝑣= ,
• 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑣 𝜌 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑘𝑔

𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
• 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑣ҧ 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑣ҧ
𝑣=
𝑀

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = , 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚2

1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 103 𝑃𝑎; 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 106 𝑃𝑎

𝑙𝑏𝑓
2
= 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏𝑓
2
= 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑖𝑛
Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties
• Absolute Pressure

𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

• Standard Atmospheric Pressure

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties
• Temperature (T)
• T ≠ heat transfer
• Temperature is a measure of the vibrational energy of a
substance
• 0th (Zeroth) Law of Thermodynamics
• Two bodies each in thermal equilibrium with a third
body are in equilibrium with each other
• Application: thermometers allow us to find
temperature

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties
• Temperature Scales
Rankine
Scale

671.67

491.67

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Some Properties
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are arbitrary.

𝑇 𝑅 = 𝑇 ℉ + 459.67
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 ℃ + 273.15

Rankine and Kelvin are absolute scales

∆𝑇 = 1℃ = 1𝐾
∆𝑇 = 1℉ = 1𝑅

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Sources
Borgnakke C, Sonntag R. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. 7th ed. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2009. 1026 p.

Moran MJ, Shapiro HN, Boettner DD, Bailey MB. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 7th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2011.

Cengel YA, Boles MA. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill; 2015. 1115 p.

UWMC Engineering, “Thermodynamics,” 2017. [Online]. Available:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmjeuPDHP7zAgkbNhvk8l9udV5Uu9Uxas

R. Rangel, “Intro to Thermodynamics,” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqOZ6FD_RQ7lRjgvvbv9t92I-

P0_i_9Dj

D. Miller, “Thermodynamics 1,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZOZfX_TaWAH3zDurz4ds7jMFzhxhfKZV

Engineering Deciphered, “Thermodynamics,” 2021. [Online]. Available:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOBajja3EcWKh2FzR0KiGQCKkpjN9FpLV

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022
 Image Attributes
• https://images2.alphacoders.com/441/441897.jpg

• https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/rotor-of-a-steam-turbine-picture-
id181803397

Subject: MEC151: Thermodynamics 1 Semester/Academic Year: 1st SemesterAY 2022 –2023

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: September 14, 2022