Chapter 1

Functions and Models

1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function

Functions

Definition
A function함수 f from a set X to a set Y is a rule that assigns to each element x in X
exactly one element, called f (x), in Y . The set X is called the domain정의역 of f , and the
set Y is called the codomain공역 of f . The notation f : X → Y indicates that the domain
of f is X and the codomain of f is Y . The set {f (x) : x ∈ X} is called the range치역 of f .

We denote set of f (x) for all x ∈ A by

f (A) = {f (x) : ∀x ∈ A} .

So f (X) is the range of f . The symbol ∀ means “for all” or “for every”. The set of real numbers
is denoted by R (R in blackboard bold).

Why do we distinguish between the codomain and the range?

For example, the range of the sine function is [−1, 1], but it is a very simple case. However consider
the function
x
Z3
√ 1
f (x) = sin(ln x) + dx.
7t + t2
1

Finding the range of f is not easy and it is not necessary to find the range of f to define f .

1.5 Inverse Functions and Logarithms

Inverse Functions

Definition
For a function f , if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) implies that x1 = x2 , then f is called a one-to-
one일대일, 단사 function.

contrapositive대우 :

A function f is called a one-to-one such that x1 ̸= x2 =⇒ f (x1 ) ̸= f (x2 )

1
2 CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

In other words, f is one-to-one if different elements in the domain of f are assigned to different
elements in the range of f .

Definition
Let f : X → Y be a one-to-one function. Then its inverse function역함수 f −1 : f (X) → X
is defined by
f −1 (y) = x such that f (x) = y ∈ f (X).

By definition, we have
f −1 (f (x)) = x for all x ∈ X

f (f −1 (y)) = y for all y ∈ f (X)

domain of f −1 = range of f

range of f −1 = domain of f

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
For positive b ̸= 1, the exponential function f (x) = bx is a one-to-one function, so it
has an inverse function called the logarithmic function로그 함수 with base b, denoted by
f −1 (x) = logb x.

So, by definition of the inverse function, we have

logb x = y ⇔ by = x

The notation loga x means the power to which a must be raised to get x. For example,
log10 100 = 2 because 102 = 100.

logb (bx ) = x ∀x ∈ R
logb x
b =x ∀x > 0

Theorem: Properties of Logarithms

1. logb (xy) = logb x + logb y

 
2. logb xy = logb x − logb y

3. logb xr = r logb x

proof of 1: Let bn = x and bm = y. Then

logb (xy) = logb (bn bm )

= logb (bn+m )
=n+m
= logb x + logb y
1.5. INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMS 3

proof of 3: Let x = bn . So we have n = logb x and

logb xr = logb (bnr ) = nr = r logb x

Natural Logarithms

Definition
The logarithm with base e is called the natural logarithm자연로그 and is denoted by ln x.

ln x = loge x

ln x = y ⇐⇒ ey = x

ln(ex ) = x ∀x ∈ R

eln x = x ∀x > 0

ln e = 1
r
xr = eln x = er ln x ∀x > 0

Theorem: Change of Base Formula

For a > 0, b > 0, and b ̸= 1,
ln x
logb x =
ln b

logb x
ln x =
logb e

Proof: Let y = logb x. Then by = x. Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we get
ln x = ln by
= y ln b
= logb x ln b
ln e 1
Since logb e = = , we have
ln b ln b
logb x
ln x =
logb e

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition
The inverse sine function on [−π/2, π/2] is denoted by sin−1 x or arcsin x and is called the
inverse sine function or the arcsine function아크사인 함수 .
π π
sin−1 x = y ⇐⇒ sin y = x − ≤y≤
2 2
4 CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

Definition
The inverse cosine function on [0, π] is denoted by cos−1 x or arccos x and is called the
inverse cosine function or the arccosine function아크코사인 함수 .

cos−1 x = y ⇐⇒ cos y = x 0≤y≤π

Definition
The inverse tangent function on [−π/2, π/2] is denoted by tan−1 x or arctan x and is called
the inverse tangent function or the arctangent function아크탄젠트 함수 .
π π
tan−1 x = y ⇐⇒ tan y = x − <y<
2 2