Take Notes

What is RAM?

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that stores data temporarily
while a computer is running. It provides fast, volatile storage, meaning it loses its contents when
the computer is turned off or restarted.

Purpose of RAM

The primary purpose of RAM is to provide quick read and write access to data that the CPU
(Central Processing Unit) needs to access quickly. It acts as a bridge between the CPU and
slower storage devices like hard drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs).

Functions of RAM:
1. Temporary Storage: Stores the operating system, applications, and
data currently in use so they can be quickly accessed by the CPU.
2. Multitasking: Allows multiple programs to run simultaneously by
keeping their data readily available.
3. Buffering and Caching: Used for temporary storage of data during
tasks like video streaming, gaming, and rendering, ensuring smooth
performance.

Benefits of RAM

1. Faster Data Access: RAM is much faster than hard drives or SSDs,
which helps the CPU access data quickly and improves overall system
performance.
 2. Improved Multitasking: With more RAM, your system can handle
multiple applications running simultaneously without slowing down.
3. Enhanced System Performance: More RAM can speed up tasks like
video editing, gaming, and large file processing.
4. Energy Efficiency: RAM is designed to be energy-efficient, reducing
power consumption compared to using a hard disk for similar tasks.
5. Reduced Load Times: Frequently used data and applications load
faster from RAM than from storage drives.

Characteristics of RAM
Feature Description
RAM is volatile memory, meaning it loses its data when powered
Volatility
off.
Speed RAM has high read/write speeds compared to storage devices.
Measured in gigabytes (GB), and higher capacity means more data
Capacity
can be stored.
Common types include DDR4, DDR5, and LPDDR (for mobile
Types
devices).
Installed in DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) slots on the
Slots
motherboard.

How RAM Works in a Computer

1. Loading Programs: When you open a program, it is loaded from the
storage drive into RAM so the CPU can access it quickly.
2. Running Applications: While running, the program's data is
continuously read from and written to RAM, allowing the CPU to
execute tasks efficiently.

2
 3. Closing Programs: Once you close a program, its data is cleared from
RAM, freeing up space for other applications.

Analogy:

Think of RAM as your computer's short-term memory. Just like your brain remembers a phone
number for a few seconds, RAM temporarily holds data needed for immediate tasks. In contrast,
your hard drive is like long-term memory, storing information permanently.

Example:
 4 GB RAM might be sufficient for basic tasks like web browsing or
document editing.
 8-16 GB RAM is better for multitasking or light gaming.
 32 GB or more is recommended for professional tasks like video
editing, 3D rendering, or high-end gaming.

What is ROM?

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other
electronic devices. Unlike RAM, the data stored in ROM remains intact even when the computer
is powered off.

Purpose of ROM

The primary purpose of ROM is to store permanent instructions and data that are essential for
the computer's basic functions. It typically contains firmware, which is a specialized type of
software that manages hardware operations.

3
Functions of ROM:
1. Booting the System: Stores the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface), which initializes the
hardware when the computer starts.
2. Firmware Storage: Holds the firmware that controls embedded
systems and electronic devices like microwaves, printers, and
calculators.
3. Read-Only Data: Contains data and instructions that rarely or never
need to be modified, ensuring stability and security.

Benefits of ROM

1. Non-Volatility: Retains its data even when the power is turned off,
making it ideal for storing critical information.
2. Reliability: Data in ROM is less susceptible to corruption compared to
volatile memory like RAM.
3. Security: Since ROM is read-only or difficult to modify, it provides a
secure environment for essential system instructions.
4. Low Power Consumption: Consumes less power compared to RAM,
contributing to energy efficiency in devices.
5. Permanent Storage: Suitable for storing firmware and other data that
must be preserved across power cycles.

Characteristics of ROM
Feature Description
Non-
ROM retains its data even when the power is turned off.
Volatility
Data in ROM is typically read-only, though some types can be
Read-Only
modified.

4
 Feature Description
Slower read speeds compared to RAM but faster than hard
Speed
drives for certain tasks.
Generally smaller capacity than RAM, sufficient for firmware
Capacity
storage.
Different types include PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash
Types
ROM.

Types of ROM

1. PROM (Programmable ROM):

o Can be written once by the user but cannot be modified
afterward.
o Used in applications where data must be set permanently.
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM):
o Can be erased and reprogrammed using UV light.
o Commonly used in development environments.
3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):
o Can be erased and rewritten electrically.
o Used in modern devices like microcontrollers.
4. Flash ROM:
o A type of EEPROM that allows block-level erasing and rewriting.
o Used in USB drives, SSDs, and modern BIOS systems.

How ROM Works in a Computer

1. System Startup:

5
 oWhen you turn on your computer, the ROM loads the
BIOS/UEFI, which initializes hardware components and starts the
operating system.
2. Hardware Control:
o Firmware stored in ROM controls how hardware components
like the keyboard, display, and storage devices interact with the
operating system.
3. Device Operations:
o In embedded systems, ROM stores the instructions that control
the device's operation, such as in a washing machine or a car's
ECU (Engine Control Unit).

Analogy:

Think of ROM as your computer's permanent memory. It’s like a recipe book with instructions
that you rarely change, but you always refer to for cooking. In contrast, RAM is like a notebook
where you jot down temporary notes while cooking.

Example:
 BIOS/UEFI stored in ROM helps your computer boot up.
 Firmware in ROM ensures that a printer or microwave functions
correctly.
 Flash ROM in a USB drive allows you to store and retrieve data
repeatedly.

Key Differences Between RAM and ROM

Feature RAM ROM
Volatile (data lost when powered
Volatility Non-volatile (data retained)
off)

6
 Feature RAM ROM
Data Access Read and write Mostly read-only
Speed Faster Slower
Capacity Larger capacity Smaller capacity
Permanent storage of
Purpose Temporary data storage
firmware
4o