SECOND TERM LEARNING NOTES

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES CLASS: SS 1

WEEK 1 DATE: …………………………..
OUTPUT DEVICES
CONTENTS
i. Definition of output devices
ii. Features and uses of output devices
iii. Monitor – Structure, types and functions
Duration: 45 minutes
Date:
Age: 13 - 14 years
Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Know the meaning of Output Devices
 Know the features and uses of output devices
 Know the Structure and types of the monitor
Rationale: Students will be able to understand the parts of the computer and their uses
Previous Knowledge: the students should have fundamental knowledge on food
Set Induction: The teacher begins by asking the students questions on the previous lesson
Instructional Method: Explanation and Discussion and Illustration
Instructional Materials: whiteboard, marker, handout
Presentation:
Step I
Teacher's Activity: teacher begins the lesson by reviewing previous lesson and stating the usefulness of the
concepts being taught
Students' Activity: the students engage in a discussion with the teacher about what they've learnt.
Step 2
Teacher's Activity: the teacher introduces the topic and begins to define and explain key words
Students' Activity: the students pay keen attention to the teacher
Step 3
Teacher's Activity: the teacher makes the class interactive by asking the students questions on what has been
explained
Students' Activity: the students provide answers to the teacher's questions
Step 4
Teacher's Activity: the teacher encourages the students to ask questions
Student's Activity: the students participate in the question and answer session
Step 6
Teacher's Activity: the teacher copies the note of lesson on the board
Students' Activity: the students take down the note.
Summary: the teacher summarizes the topic
Resource Materials: Internet
EVALUATION:
1. Mention the features of output devices
2. Define output devices.

Sub-topic 1
DEFINITION OF OUTPUT DEVICES
This is a device that releases the processed data from the computer to either the user or any of the storage
devices. Or they are peripherals of the computer that transfer information from the computer to the user. There
are many devices that produce data in different form such as audio, visual and hard copy. E,g. Monitor, printer,
plotter, speaker, headphone etc

Features and uses of output devices

Monitor
This is an output device that resembles the television screen. Modern computer monitors can display a wide
variety of information, including text, icons (pictures representing commands), photograph, graphics, video and
animation. It is the most commonly used output device. The monitor is a soft copy (means we can modify
contents of data and data is temporarily on the screen) output device.

Flat Screen Monitor

CTR Monitor (LCD)
(Cathode Ray Tube)

Printers:
Printers are the most commonly used output devices that can be found in almost all computer centers. Printers
are used to get prints of important documents on a paper. The output, which is generated by a printer, is called
hard copy of the data. Printer is also called a hard copy output device.

Projector:
Projector is also an output device.
It is used to show presentations. There two main types of projector.

Speaker
A computer peripheral that converts computer digital sound files into audible sound. File format used to save
sound file determines quality of audio file. They can be built into the system unit or connected with cables.

Plotter
A specialized printer designed to print onto very large pieces of paper. Pen plotters print by moving a pen or
other instrument across the surface of a piece of paper. The bill boards, like the ones we see by the road side,
are printed using plotters.

Plotter

Sub-Topic 2: STRUCTURE OF THE MONITOR

The main features of the monitor are the screen, the cable and the monitor screen size.
The portion of the monitor that displays information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer
screen can show still or moving pictures. The monitor is a soft copy (means we can modify contents of data and
data is temporarily on the screen) output device.
The monitor also has a connecting cable tethered to the system unit. This cable is called VGA (Visual Graphic
Array) cable.
There are two forms of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors.

Types of Monitors
1. Monochrome Monitors
2. Color Monitors
3. Composite Color Monitor

Monochrome Monitor
These monitors display images only in single colour. This colour can be white, green, blue, red or amber. This
monitor can display shades of one colour and the computer industry uses the term gray scales to refer to the
number of shades of a colour that can be shown on a monochrome monitor’s screen.

Colour Monitor
This monitor shows graphics with full colours. These monitors produce images in three mixed colours, which
are red, green and blue that is why these are also called RGB monitors. A typical monitor can display 256 to
65536 colours.
Composite Color Monitor
The composite color screen is similar to a color television set, but it can handle data more quickly and has a
sharper picture (better resolution) and more colors. Each monitor must be paired with an appropriate video
display adapter card. (i.e EGA – Enhanced Video Adapter, VGA – Video Graphic Adapter, CGA – Color
Graphic Adapter, SVGA – Super Video Graphic Adapter)

Uses of Monitor
1. It is used to see data as they are inputed
2. It is used to display output.
3. It is used to display error messages on the screen
4. I display graphical images/text

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Output devices release the processed data from the computer to either the user or any of the storage
devices. Explain?
2. Explain the types of monitor you know.
3. Briefly explain the structure of monitor.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE TEXT:
1. ____ display shades of one colour. (a) Monochrome monitor (b) Color Monitor
(c) Composite Monitor (d) Monitor
2. _____ monitors produce images in three mixed colours, which are red, green and blue that is why these
are also called RGB monitors. . (a) Monochrome monitor (b) Monitor
(c) Composite Monitor (d) Color Monitor
3. ____ is a specialized printer designed to print onto very large pieces of paper. (a) Scanner (b) Printer
(c) Plotter (d) Monitor
4. ____ is a computer peripheral that converts computer digital sound files into audible sound. (a) Printer
(b) Speaker (c) Monitor (d) plotter
5. ____ are used to get prints of important documents on a paper. (a) Scanner (b) Printer (c) Plotter
(d) Monitor
WEEK 2
DATE : …………………………….
OUTPUT DEVICES (Cont’d)
CONTENTS
Printer Type
Comparative study of common printer
Duration: 45 minutes
Date:
Age: 13 - 14 years
Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Know the meaning of Output Devices
 Know the comparative study of common printers
 Know the Structure and types of the printer
Rationale: Students will be able to understand the parts of the computer and their uses
Previous Knowledge: the students should have fundamental knowledge on food
Set Induction: The teacher begins by asking the students questions on the previous lesson
Instructional Method: Explanation and Discussion and Illustration
Instructional Materials: whiteboard, marker, handout
Presentation:
Step I
Teacher's Activity: teacher begins the lesson by reviewing previous lesson and stating the usefulness of the
concepts being taught
Students' Activity: the students engage in a discussion with the teacher about what they've learnt.
Step 2
Teacher's Activity: the teacher introduces the topic and begins to define and explain key words
Students' Activity: the students pay keen attention to the teacher
Step 3
Teacher's Activity: the teacher makes the class interactive by asking the students questions on what has been
explained
Students' Activity: the students provide answers to the teacher's questions
Step 4
Teacher's Activity: the teacher encourages the students to ask questions
Student's Activity: the students participate in the question and answer session
Step 6
Teacher's Activity: the teacher copies the note of lesson on the board
Students' Activity: the students take down the note.
Summary: the teacher summarizes the topic
Resource Materials: Internet
EVALUATION:
1. What is impact printer?
2. What is non-impact printer?

Sub-Topic 1: PRINTER TYPE

There are various types of printers, depending on the technology they use in printing on paper or other material
medium. They can be categorized into two namely: Impact Printers and Non-Impact printers

Impact Printers
This type of printing devices creates an image by using some mechanism to physically press an inked ribbon
against the paper, thereby causing the ink to be deposited on the page in the shape desired. They tend to be
noisy when they are in use.

Examples are:
1. Dot-Matrix Printer: These types of printers form each character as a group of small dots, using group
of wire located in the printing element. They are also known as dot character printers.
2. Line Printers: They print line by line. The disadvantages of line printers are that they cannot print
graphics, the print quality is low, and they are very noisy.
3. Character Printers: Character printers print one character at a time and hence they are slow printers.
4. Daisy-Wheel Printers

Non-Impact Printers
They are the type of printers that do not operate by striking a head against a ribbon. They work by
applying ink on paper. They are the most commonly used types today.

Examples are:
1. Inkjet Printers: They create a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper.
2. Laser Printers: They are electro-photographic printers that use a cylindrical drum that rolls electrically
charged ink onto paper.
3. Thermal Printers: A thermal printer produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermal
paper when the paper passes over the thermal head.

Sub-topic 2
Comparative study of common printers
The most commonly used printers today at home, small offices and large scale businesses are the inkjet and
laser printers. The following table presents their advantages over each other.

S/N Inkjet Printer Laser Printers

1. Less expensive to purchase More expensive to purchase
2. Cost of maintenance is high Cost of maintenance is relatively low
3. It is fragile and can only print a few number It is rugged and can print large number
Of papers per time of papers at a time
4. The ink printed on the paper can become The toner dries up with the paper, and
Smeared when water touches the paper is not affected when water touches the
Printed on. paper printed on.

EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between Inkjet printers and laser printers.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between Impact and Non-impact printers.
2. Explain the structure of laser Printers.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1. Output devices are the peripherals of the computer that transfer information from the computer to the
user. Explain.
2. What type of printer is best for home use?

WEEK 3
TOPIC: COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE
CONTENT:
1. Definition of Software
2. Types of Software
Duration: 45 minutes
Date:
Age: 13 - 14 years
Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Know the meaning of Computer Software
 Know the types of Computer Software
 Know the meaning of system software
Rationale: Students will be able to understand how the computer works internally
Previous Knowledge: the students should have fundamental knowledge on food
Set Induction: The teacher begins by asking the students questions on the previous lesson
Instructional Method: Explanation and Discussion and Illustration
Instructional Materials: whiteboard, marker, handout
Presentation:
Step I
Teacher's Activity: teacher begins the lesson by reviewing previous lesson and stating the usefulness of the
concepts being taught
Students' Activity: the students engage in a discussion with the teacher about what they've learnt.
Step 2
Teacher's Activity: the teacher introduces the topic and begins to define and explain key words
Students' Activity: the students pay keen attention to the teacher
Step 3
Teacher's Activity: the teacher makes the class interactive by asking the students questions on what has been
explained
Students' Activity: the students provide answers to the teacher's questions
Step 4
Teacher's Activity: the teacher encourages the students to ask questions
Student's Activity: the students participate in the question and answer session
Step 6
Teacher's Activity: the teacher copies the note of lesson on the board
Students' Activity: the students take down the note.
Summary: the teacher summarizes the topic
Resource Materials: Internet
EVALUATION:
(i) Define the term ‘Software’
(ii) State the two major divisions of software

SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF SOFTWARE

The Computer Software (or just software) is a general term used to describe a set of instructions usually called a
program, which control the operations of a computer. These instructions are written by people, called
Programmers, and it is used to direct the hardware component on what, when and how to accomplish a given
task. A program is a sequence of instructions (steps) that the computer follows to perform a task.
The software is the intangible part of the computer system, though they come in CDs according to today’s
standard.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Software can be broadly divided into two, namely,
1. System software.
2. Application software

SUB-TOPIC 2: SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

These are programs that direct and control the running of computer’s hardware and other connected devices.
System software helps the computer to manage its internal and external resources such as memory and
processor. It is also referred to as a permanent component of the computer that controls its fundamental
functions; it provides and maintains a platform for running application software.
The basic types of System Software are:
 Operating system
 Utility software
 Language translators
 Device Drivers

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A set of instructions that control the operations of the computer is called ................
(a) Application software (b) Software (c) utility program (d) Back up program
2. The programs that direct and control the operations of the computer is called .............
(a) system software (b) application software (c) controller software (d) antivirus software
3. The name given to a collection of programs is ...................................
4. OS stands for ..................................
5. ............................... software helps the computer to manage its internal and external resources such as
memory and processor

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. List THREE different types of system software
2. Give TWO examples each of the types of system software mentioned above.

WEEK 4
DATE:.............................
TOPIC: COMPUTER SYSTEM SOFTWARE (cont’d)
CONTENT:
1. Examples of Operating Systems
2. Examples of Translators and Utility programs
Duration: 45 minutes
Date:
Age: 13 - 14 years
Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Know the meaning of Operating system
 Know the types of system software
 Know the examples of translators and utility programs
Rationale: Students will be able to understand how the computer works internally
Previous Knowledge: the students should have fundamental knowledge on food
Set Induction: The teacher begins by asking the students questions on the previous lesson
Instructional Method: Explanation and Discussion and Illustration
Instructional Materials: whiteboard, marker, handout
Presentation:
Step I
Teacher's Activity: teacher begins the lesson by reviewing previous lesson and stating the usefulness of the
concepts being taught
Students' Activity: the students engage in a discussion with the teacher about what they've learnt.
Step 2
Teacher's Activity: the teacher introduces the topic and begins to define and explain key words
Students' Activity: the students pay keen attention to the teacher
Step 3
Teacher's Activity: the teacher makes the class interactive by asking the students questions on what has been
explained
Students' Activity: the students provide answers to the teacher's questions
Step 4
Teacher's Activity: the teacher encourages the students to ask questions
Student's Activity: the students participate in the question and answer session
Step 6
Teacher's Activity: the teacher copies the note of lesson on the board
Students' Activity: the students take down the note.
Summary: the teacher summarizes the topic
Resource Materials: Internet
EVALUATION:
(i) Define the term ‘Operating system’
(ii) Highlight the types of Operating system

SUB-TOPIC 1: OPERATING SYSTEM:

Computers require an operating system (OS) to work. The operating system is a group of programs that manage
the computer system resources, including the data in main memory and in auxiliary storage. It is the most
important piece of software in a computer system. A computer's operating system (OS) is the systems software
that allows all the dissimilar hardware and software components to work together. It consists of a set of
programs that manages all the computer's resources, An OS provides services that are needed by applications
and software, such as reading data from a hard disk. Parts of an OS may be permanently stored in a computer's
ROM.
The operating system has three major functions:
(i) It coordinates and manipulates computer hardware, such as computer memory, printers, disks, keyboard,
mouse, and monitor
(ii) it organizes files on a variety of storage media, such as floppy disk, hard drive, compact disc, digital video
disc, and tape; and
(iii) It manages hardware errors and the loss of data.
General examples of operating systems
i. Microsoft Windows: 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, NT, Vista, 7, 8, 10, Windows NT, Windows server 2003
ii. Unix: Linux, Ubuntu,
iii. MS-DOS,
iv. Symbian,
v. XENIX,
vi. Novel Netware, etc

Types of Operating System:

(i) Graphical User Interface
(ii) Command based OS
(iii) Single-user OS
(iv) Multi-user OS
(v) Network OS

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

This is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and
visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text
navigation. The actions in GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.
Besides in computers, GUIs can be found in hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players,
gaming devices, household appliances, office, and industry equipment.
Examples of GUI includes Microsoft Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, NT, Vista, 7, Linux, Ubuntu, etc

COMMAND BASED OS

Command based OS is a text-based interface that is used to operate software and operating systems while
allowing the user to respond to visual prompts by typing single commands into the interface and receiving a
reply in the same way. It is quite different from the graphical user interface (GUI) that is presently being used in
the latest operating systems.

Command based OS allows a user to perform tasks by entering commands. Its working mechanism is very easy,
but it is not user friendly. Users enter the specific command, press “Enter”, and then wait for a response. After
receiving the command, the CLI processes it accordingly and shows the output/result on the same screen;
command line interpreter is used for this purpose.
Examples includes MS-DOS, Unix, etc.

SINGLE-USER OS
This is an operating system that is designed to manage the computer resource and allocates them to one user at a
time. Examples include is MS-DOS, Symbian (used in mobile phones e.g nokia,Samsung, etc. ), etc.

It can be splitted into two;

 Single user, single application OS: As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the
computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. Eg. Palm OS for handheld computers
 Single user, multitasking OS: This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and
laptop computers today. Microsoft Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of
operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time.

MULTI-USER OS
This is an operating system that allows concurrent access by multiple users of a computer. This operating
system allows more than one user at the same time by making sure that the requirements of the various users are
balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem
with one user doesn’t affect the entire community of users.
The process of running more than one program concurrently is known as multiprogramming. Examples
includes UNIX, XENIX, VMS.

NETWORK OS
A network operating system links computers and users together to share resources and communicate with one
another. Common examples of this operating system includes Windows NT, Windows server 2003, Novel
Netware, etc

SUB-TOPIC 2: UTILITY SOFTWARE

They are used for general house-keeping or maintenance functions of the computer. In order words it is a
system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. It is also known as
service programs because it performs tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources. Most
utilities are built in as part of the system software.
Examples of utility programs includes Disk management, Back up, Data recovery, Security (antivirus), scan
disk, Editors, etc.
TYPES OF UTILITIES
1. ANTI-VIRUS: These utilities scan for viruses and remove them.
2. ARCHIEVERS: There output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files.
3. BACKUP SOFTWARES: These softwares make copies of all information stored on a disk and restore either
(e.g. in an event of disk failure) the entire disk or selected files (e.g. in an event of accidental deletion).
4. CLIPBOARD MANAGER: It expands the clipboard functionality of a operating system.
5. CRYPTOGRAPHIC UTILITIES: There encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
6. DATA COMPRESSION UTILITY: It outputs a short stream or smaller file when provided with a stream or
file.
7. DISK CLEANER: It finds a file that is unnecessary to computer operation, or take up a considerable amount
of space.
8. SYSTEM MONITORS: There monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
9. FILE MANAGER: Provides a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery
and management task such as deleting, remaining, moving, merging, etc.
10. DISK DEFRAGMENTER: Detects computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on
the hard disk, and moving the fragment to one location to increase efficiency.

NOTE: Each utility program should be explained in details

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
As the name implies, language translator is a software that converts programs written in a source code, into an
object code that a computer understands. There are three types of language translators:
 Assemblers: converts an assembly program into machine code also known as object code or object
program
 Compilers: translates a high level language into machine code before execution
 Interpreters: translates high-level source code into executable code during execution. However, the
difference between a compiler and an interpreter is that an interpreter translates one line at a time before
execution while a compiler translate the entire source code at once.

EVALUATION
(i) What do you understand by ‘Utility Software’
(ii) Define the term ‘Language Translator’

GENERAL EVALUATION
(i) What are the two main categories of software?
(ii) List and explain the types of operating system
(iii) State FOUR examples of utility programs
(iv) What do you understand by ‘Multiprogramming’?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is an examples of utility software?
(a) back up (b) file sizing (c) virus attack (d) all of the above
2. The operating system for the computer does the following EXCEPT
(a) manages the disks and files (b) manages the computer resources (c) manages the
computer’s memory (d) recover deleted files
3. A back up program ...................................
(a) makes a copy of files selected (b) undoes the last change made (c) returns to
previous program (d) handles CPU operation
4. The category of software that prevents destruction of computer files and data by malicious
software is called .......... (a) Operating system (b) Utility software (c) Translators (d) DBMS
5. An example of utility software program that creates files or makes changes to existing files
is called ............................

ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1. List FIVE types of operating system, with an example each
2. List and explain the types of Language Translators
WEEK: 5
DATE: ………...............
TOPIC: COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE I
CONTENT:
1. Definition of application software
2. Types of application software

SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software is all the computer software that causes a computer to perform useful and specific tasks.
A specific instance of such software is called a software application or app.
The term is used to contrast such software with system software, which manages and integrates a computer's
capabilities but does not directly perform tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application,
which in turn serves the user.
Examples of application software include accounting software, enterprise software, graphics software, media
players, and office suites. Many application programs deal principally with documents.
Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular
purpose. They are developed to perform specific task for the end-user.
Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements
and are thus called, for example, a Geography application for Windows, an Android application for education,
or Linux gaming.
EVALUATION:
1. Define Application Software
SUB-TOPIC 2: TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
There are two types of application software namely;
1. Specialist application software
2. General purpose application software
SPECIALIST APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Specialist application package is a complete suite of programs
with documentation or associated explanation about what it does and how it is to be used. It is a standardized
ready-made program which is specially designed to solve specific problems for a number of organization or
users. They are packages because they include a number of programs along with operating instructions,
documentation, etc. They are used in specialized areas such as medicine, education, military, aviation, media
etc.
Specialist application package is also called user application software.

GENERAL PURPOSE APPLICATION PACKAGE:

General Purpose application package are packages designed and directed at the micro-computer market. It is
usually intended to meet the needs of a wide variety or range of users needs. Examples are word processing
application packages, and other office suites such as excel, power point, access, etc. others are accounting
payroll, sales ledger, sales invoice, shares register etc.
General purpose application package is also called application package.

EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between user application software and application package.
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Give two (2) examples each of application software.
2. What is a user application package?

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read ‘categories of application package’ on page 68 of Handbook on Computer
studies for SS1.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. Which of the following is not an application program?
(a) BIOS set up (b) Lib Soft(c) MS Word(d) Mozilla Firefox
2. Office suite includes the following except-------
(a) Excel (b) Adobe reader (c)Publisher (d) access
3. Number of programs along with operating instructions and documentation are called
(a) Pattern (b) Packages (c) Pavements (d) Programs
4. There are ----- types of computer application software?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 2
5. A user application package is a ----------- package
(a) Specialised package (b) broad package (c) general package (d) none

ESSAY QUESTIONS:
WEEK: 5
DATE: ..............................
TOPIC: COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE II
CONTENT:
1. Categories of application package (i) Word processing(ii) Database
(iii) Spreadsheet (iv) graphics (v) Games
2. Packages for specialized areas (i) Accounting software (ii) Payroll program (iii) Banking software (iv)
Educational management software.

SUB-TOPIC 1: CATEGORIES OF APPLICATION PACKAGES AND THEIR USE

No. Category of Package Purpose of package Example
1. Word Processing For texts, letters, arts, spell checking, Microsoft Word, Word perfect,
layouts, saving and printing of Word star.
document.
2. Desktop Publishing For Journals, magazine and books. MS Publisher, venture publisher
3. Database For creation of membership list, MS Access, Oracle, FoxPro and
student list, grade reports, instructor Dbase
schedule.
4 Graphic packages For drawings, charts, and graph. Corel Draw, lotus 123, instant
artist, paint, quick art.
5. Presentation packages For presentations in seminars, Power point, Adobe reader, Soft
meetings, etc. Workshop, classroom master.
teachings, etc.
6. Web browsers For browsing or surfing on the internet. Internet explorer, Netscape
navigator, Mozilla Firefox,
Google.

EVALUATION:
1. State two categories of application package and give two examples for each.

Sub-topic 2
Packages for Specialized Areas
These application packages are usually developed by companies specializing in software development and
distributed to a variety of businesses and individuals. They perform specific functions, prominent among these
are;
i. Accounting Packages: These packages are used for accounting purposes Examples include; MS
Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro, and Super calc.
ii. Payroll Packages: These are packages that are used for pay rolling workers salary.
iii. Banking Packages: These are packages used by banks for their operations.
iv. Educational Management Package: These are packages used for school management, curriculum
development and expansion, reference aids etc. Example is the web based learning software.
 v. Statistical packages: These are packages used for statistical analysis such as budgets, payrolls,
grade calculations. Example; SPSS (Spreadsheet package for social sciences.
vi. Hospital Management package: These are application packages used for hospital administration
and health care. Examples are hospital information and billing system, computer assisted treatment
or surgery, scanning, and medical records and delivery management.
EVALUATION:
1. State three (3) uses of hospital management software.
2. Define the term ‘application’.

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. State two differences between any two categories of application package.
2. In a tabular form list five categories of application packages stating their purpose and examples.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read ‘Programming language’ in page 72 of Handbook on Computer studies for
SS1.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. --------- is not an application used for statistical analysis
(a) Lotus 1-2-3, (b) Quattro and Super calc (c) MS Excel (d) Adobe PageMaker
2. ----------- is not a characteristic of application package
(a) Stability (b) Reliability (c) Accuracy (d) Piracy
3. ----------- is not an example of Word Processing package
(a) Professional write (b) Word Perfect (c) WordPro (d) Word command
4. Adobe PageMaker is an application package used for ----------
(a) Ventura (b) Desktop Publisher (c) MultiMate (d) WordStar
5. Which of these is not a category of application package
(a) Payroll (b) Statistics (c) Word Processing (d)Jumbo Pack

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

WEEK 6.
DATE:...................................
TOPIC: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
CONTENT:

1. Definition of programming language

2. Levels of programming language: Machine Language (ML), Low Level Language (LLL) & High
Level Language (HLL).

Sub-Topic 1: DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. Sometimes the instruction it has to perform
depends on what happened when it performed a previous instruction.
A Programming Language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine,
particularly to a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of
a machine and/or to express algorithm precisely.

LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

There are three major levels of programming language:
1. Machine Language (ML),
2. Low Level Language (LLL) &
3. High Level Language (HLL).
1. Machine Language (ML)
The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine code. It is the only language a
microprocessor can process directly without a previous transformation.
Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central
processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or
an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a CPU is
made up of a series of such instructions.
Numerical machine code (i.e. not assembly code) may be regarded as the lowest-level representation of
a compiled and/or assembled computer program or as a primitive and hardware-dependent programming
language. While it is possible to write programs directly in numerical machine code, it is tedious and error
prone to manage individual bits and calculate numerical addresses and constants manually. It is therefore rarely
done today, except for situations that require rather extreme optimization or debugging.

Low Level Language (LLL)

Low-level languages have the advantage that they can be written to take advantage of any peculiarities in the
architecture of the central processing unit (CPU) which is the "brain" of any computer. Thus, a program written
in a low-level language can be extremely efficient, making optimum use of both computer memory and
processing time. However, to write a low-level program takes a substantial amount of time, as well as a clear
understanding of the inner workings of the processor itself. Therefore, low-level programming is typically used
only for very small programs, or for segments of code that are highly critical and must run as efficiently as
possible.
Low level languages are divided into two categories: Machine and Assembly languages.

Assembly language is nothing more than a symbolic representation of machine code, which also allows
symbolic designation of memory locations. Thus, an instruction to add the contents of a memory location to
an internal CPU register called the accumulator might be add a number instead of a string of binary digits
(bits).
No matter how close assembly language is to machine code, the computer still cannot understand it. The
assembly-language program must be translated into machine code by a separate program called an assembler.
The assembler program recognizes the character strings that make up the symbolic names of the various
machine operations, and substitutes the required machine code for each instruction. At the same time, it also
calculates the required address in memory for each symbolic name of a memory location, and substitutes
those addresses for the names. The final result is a machine-language program that can run on its own at any
time; the assembler and the assembly-language program are no longer needed. To help distinguish between
the "before" and "after" versions of the program, the original assembly-language program is also known as
the source code, while the final machine-language program is designated the object code.
If an assembly-language program needs to be changed or corrected, it is necessary to make the changes to the
source code and then re-assemble it to create a new object program.
Machine language is described above.

Sub-topic 2: HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (HLL)

A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of
the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be
easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory
management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable relative to a
lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is.
Examples of high-level programming languages include FOCUS, Lisp, Perl, Python, and SAS.

Types of high level language

There are five types of high level language. They are:
1. Scientific language
2. Multi-purpose language
3. Commercial language
4. Command language for operating system
5. Special purpose programming language.

1. Scientific Language
This is the language that is used for scientific and engineering purposes. Examples include FORTRAN –
Formula Translator, BASIC – Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Codes. It combines the features of the
extensive arithmetic computational ability and the ability to handle mathematical expression.
2. Multi-Purpose
This type of high level programming language can cope with a number of different types of application areas.
Examples of multi-purpose language are Visual BASIC, PL/I, C++, Java etc.
3. Commercial Language
This type of program was first developed by the American Government Defensive Department to create a
common administrative language for internal and external use. The prominent language is COBOL (Common
Business Oriented Language).
4. Command for Operating System
This programming language is used to control the operating system. An example is DOS Commands (Disk
Operating System commands.)
5. Special Purpose Language
This programming language is designed for a specific assignment. It is tailored towards a particular problem.
E.g. Structured Query Language.

EVALUATION
1. Define programming language.
2. Mention two major classes of programming language.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read the features of each level of programming language and highlight two features each.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE TEST:
1. Which of the following represents machine language? (a) 11102 (b) 112345 (c) 111011 (d) 11108
 2. Categories of programming language include all these except (a) Middle-level (b) low level language (c)
high level language (d) machine language
3. The programming language that is good for web pages associated internet is____ (a) COBOL (b) PRO
(c) BASIC (d) XML
4. All these are network software except____ (a) JAVA (b) SQL (c) XML (d) HTML
5. Low level programming language can be categorized into two main parts (a) Assemly and compiler
languages (b) Assembly and Machine languages (c) Machine and High level languages (d) Interpreter
and High level language.
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between the HLL, LLL, and ML.
2. List four types of programming language known to you.
WEEK 8.
DATE:...................................
TOPIC: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
CONTENT:
1. Features of each level
2. Examples of programming languages
3. Comparison of levels of programming languages.
4. Meaning of BASIC
5. BASIC Character Set
6. BASIC Statements

Sub-Topic 1: FEATURES OF MACHINE LANGUAGE

1. It is the machine language or machine dependent
2. Consumes less space by computer memory unlike high level language
3. It is written in 0’s and 1’s.
4. It is very difficult to write and modify.

FEATURES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

1. Machine dependent.
2. Synthetic code is used e.g. HLT for HALT
3. Mnemonic codes are used in place of actual machine.

FEATURES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

1. It is machine independent
2. It consists of series of instruction codes.
3. You must adhere to some rules while writing the high-level languages.
4. It is easy to read and understand.
5. They are problem oriented.

Examples Of Programming Languages

BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C++, JAVA, ORACLE, JAVA etc.
Sub-Topic 2: COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

S/N MACHINE LANG. LOW LEVEL LANG. HIGH LEVEL LANG.

1. Machine dependent Machine dependent Machine independent
2. It is written in 0’s & 1’s Mnemonic code is used. It consist series of instruction
code.
3. Difficult to write and Less difficult to write and Easy to write, read and
modify. modify. modify.
4. Consumes much memory Consumes less memory space Does not consume memory
space. compared with machine space.
language.

EVALUATION
1. State two features of Low level language.
2. List two advantages of high level language.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read BASIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE and summarize it in one page.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objectives
1. _______ is not machine dependent. (a) Machine language (b) Low level language (c) Assembly
language (d) High level language.
2. ________ Language uses Mnemonics. (a) Machine language (b) Low level language (c) Assembly
language (d) High level language.
3. ________ Language is easy to write read and modify. (a) Machine language (b) Low level language (c)
Assembly language (d) High level language.
4. The language that consumes much memory space is ________ (a) Machine language (b) Low level
language (c) Assembly language (d) High level language.
5. Which of the programming languages below is problem oriented? (a) Machine language (b) Low level
language (c) Assembly language (d) High level language.

Essay
1. State two disadvantages of high level language.
2. Give three disadvantages of machine language.

Sub-Topic 4: MEANING OF BASIC

BASIC stands for Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is not only simple but also a very
powerful high level programming language. It consists of statements written in English words and mathematical
notation. It is written in a human understandable form. Its syntax is close to the natural way of solving some
human problems.

The two professors, John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz developed the language in 1964 at Dartmouth College,
USA, as means of teaching students a simple language for programming a computer.
There are so many versions of BASIC,
i. QBASIC ii. T.BASIC iii. V.BASIC iv. GWBASIC v. Apple Soft BASIC vi. BASICA
– (BASIC ADVANCE)

Rules for BASIC Programming

1. All expressions must be written in capital letters.
2. First character must be alphabet
3. BASIC statement or keyword must start with a line number.
4. Each line must contain only one BASIC program statement.
5. There must not be full stop at the end of a statement.
6. The start/begin statement must be the first entry in a program.
7. End/Stop statement must be the last entry in a program.

Sub-Topic 5
BASIC Character Set
BASIC has the character set consisting of the following elements”

i. Alphabets: A, B, C, -----, Z and lower case letters (a-z) of the English alphabet.
ii. Digits: 0, 1, 2, ---- 9
iii. BASIC recognizes the following special characters.
# = Number (or pound) sign(suffix for double-precision data type)
$ = Dollar sign (suffix for string data type)
% = Per cent (suffix for string data type)
& = Ampersand
’ = Single quotation mark (apostrophe)
() = Left and right parenthesis
* = Asterisk or multiplication symbol
+ = Plus sign
, = Comma
- = Minus sign
. = Period or decimal
/ = Slash or division
: = Colon
; = Semi-colon
= = Equal sign or assignment symbol
< = Less than
> = Greater than
? = Question mark
@ = At symbol
\ = Backslash or integer division symbol
^ = Up arrow or exponentiation symbol

EVALUATION:
1. List out five rules for BASIC Programming
2. List out the Character set of BASIC Programming

Sub-Topic 6
BASIC Statements

LET Statement
The LET statement permits the programmer to assign numbers and formulas to a variable name.

Example: 10 LET AREA = ½ (b*h)

20 LET JS=How do you do”
30 LET ANN=50

DATA Statement
The statement (Read and Data) goes hand in hand. Data statement is used to enter data into a program before
running the program or before program execution occurs. The data to be entered into the program is read from
DATA statement.
E.g. 10 READ A, B, C, D
20 DATA 3, 5, 10, 15
INPUT Statement
This allows you to type in data from the keyboard while the program is running. This program will be able to
produce the required result with given data. The input statements have the general format.
10 INPUT A
20 INPUT B
30 INPUT C

Example: 10 INPUT “YOUR NAME” =$

10 INPUT “YOURSURNAME”, =$

PROGRAM TERMINATOR (END, STOP)

END Statement: this always indicates the end of a BASIC program. When the computer comes across the end
statement in a program, the computer automatically ends. End should always be the last statement in the
program to indicate the physical end of the program.
STOP indicates when the logical executions of a program should cease.
Example: 40 STOP
40 END

OUTPUT or PRINT Statement

The result of the processed data is displayed by output statement. The PRINT statement: brings out the
processed data. The print statement has the general format.
Example: 20 PRINT D, E, C OR
20 PRINT A, $, C

IF …THEN … ELSE:
Used to perform comparisons or make decision.

FOR …TO... NEXT:

Repeat a section of code a given number of times. A variable that acts as a counter is available within the loop.

DO…LOOP {WHILE} OR {UNTIL}: Repeat a section of code Forever or while/Until the specified condition
is true.

GOTO: Jumps to a numbered or labeled line in the program.

GOSUB: Temporarily jumps to a numbered or labeled line, returning to the following line after encountering
the RETURN command. This is used to implement subroutines.

BEEP Statement: The BEEP statement sounds the ASCII bell character.

CLS Statement: This program when executed will clear the screen.

REM Statement (Remark)

REM statements stand for remark. The statement allows you to add comment and explanatory notes to your
program. This may as well include date and what the program is all about. Computer does not execute REM; it
is just a remark that aids the programmer to remember certain thing about the program.
Examples: REM PROGRAMM TO SAY HELLO
 REM TO CALCULATE AREA OF A TRIANGLE

LINE numbers
In BASIC we need a line number for each basic statement. Numbers are positive whole numbers from 1 to
99,999. A line number is always in integer form and this are done to give room for correction when necessary.
It is presented in the format below:
10 ……………………..
20 ……………………..
30 ……………………..
40 …………………….. etc.

EVALUATION
1. List and explain five BASIC Statement

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Write short note on program terminator.
2. Explain the following: Character set, PRINT Statement, OUTPUT Statement
3. Make comparisons between LET and DATA Statement

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read the following week topic and summarize it.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. _____ this always indicates the end of a BASIC program. (a) Start statement (b) Constant (c) End
statement (d) Line statement
2. _____ statement is used to enter data into a program before running the program or before program
execution occurs. (a) Data statement (b) Line statement (c) End statement (d) Let statement
3. ____allows you to type in data from the keyboard while the program is running. (a) Let statement
(b) Data statement (c) Input statement
(d) Output statement
4. ____allows you to add comment and explanatory notes to your program.
(a) Input statement (b) Data statement (c) Rem Statement (d) Output statement
5. ____ consists of statements written in English words and mathematical notation. (a) BASIC (b)
FORTRAN (c) Programming (d) Constants

ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1. State the full meaning of BASIC

WEEK 9
DATE:………………………..
TOPIC: BASIC PROGRAMMING (Cont’d)

CONTENTS
1. BASIC Arithmetic Operators
2. BASIC Arithmetic Expressions
3. Evaluation of expressions
4. Simple BASIC Program

Sub-topic 1
BASIC Arithmetic Operators

They are expressed in terms of a hierarchy of operators in which operations of high priority are performed first.

Examples:
Operator Symbol Operation
^ Exponential
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Substraction

BASIC Arithmetic Expressions

These arithmetic Expressions are not formed according to the same rules of Algebra and Mathematics. The
following symbols are used to denote arithmetic operations.

Operators Meaning BASIC EXPRESSION Math Equivalent

+ Addition A= A + B A=A+B
- Subtraction Sum = Sum – 10 Sum = Sum – 10
* Multiplication J=J*4 J = 4J
/ Division PI = 22/7 PI= 22/7
^ Exponentiation J = J + 2^2 J = J + 2²

Basic Relational Operators

Operator Relation Tested Expression
= Equality X=Y
<> Inequality X <> Y
< Less than X<Y
> Greater than X>Y
<= Less than or equal to X <= Y
>= greater than or equal to X >= Y

Evaluation
1. What do you understand by BASIC Arithmetic Operators?
2. List examples of BASIC Arithmetic operators

Sub-topic 2
Rules for forming Arithmetic Expressions
1. The hierarchy of arithmetic operations are followed except when grouped by parentheses.
2. It is illegal for two arithmetic operators to be close to each other unless separated by parentheses
3. Expressions are evaluated from left to right.

Simple BASIC Program

Example 1: Write a BASIC program to find the average of three numbers.
Solution:
5 REM FIND AVERAGE
10 READ A
15 READ B
20 READ C
25 SUM=A+B+C
30 AVE=SUM/3
35 PRINT AVE
40 DATA 5, 10, 15
45 END

Example 2: Write a BASIC program to calculate the volume of a box.

Solution:
10 REM FIND THE VOLUME OF A BOX
20 READ L,B,H
30 READ V=L*B*H
40 DATA 3,5,10
50 PRINT VOLUME
60 END

Example 3
Write a basic program to calculate and print the sum of two numbers.

10 REM PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AND PRINT THE SUM OF TWO NUMBERS

20 REM FIRST NUMBER = F1
30 REM SECOND NUMBER = F2
40 REM ADDITION OF ALL NUMBERS=SUM
50 CLS
60 INPUT “ENTER FIRST NUMBER” F1
70 INPUT “ENTER SECOND NUMBER” F2
80 SUM = F1+F2
90 PRINT “ANSWER =”,SUM
100 END

EVALUATION
1. List out the rules for forming arithmetic expression.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between BASIC Arithmetic Operators and BASIC Arithmetic Expression.
2. Write a BASIC program to find the area of a rectangle.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. This always indicates the end of a BASIC program. (a) Start statement (b) Constant (c) End
statement (d) Line statement
2. _____ statement is used to enter data into a program before running the program or before program
execution occurs. (a) Data statement (b) Line statement (c) End statement (d) Let statement
3. ____allows you to type in data from the keyboard while the program is running. (a) Let statement
(b) Data statement (c) Input statement
(d) Output statement
4. ____allows you to add comment and explanatory notes to your program.
(a) Input statement (b) Data statement (c) Rem Statement (d) Output statement
5. ____ consists of statements written in English words and mathematical notation. (a) BASIC (b)
FORTRAN (c) Programming (d) Constants

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. List three basic character set
2. Write three Arithmetic Expressions in BASIC