An introduction on time history analysis

1.INTRODUCTION
Time history analysis is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each
increment of time, when its base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history.
Time history analysis is performed to obtain the response of structures for a specified
time history. The time history analysis is applicable for both elastic and inelastic ranges
of response. The various method of seismic analysis of structure are :-

Chart 1 :- Various Methods of Sesmic Analysis

Time-history analysis is a step-by-step analysis of the dynamical response of a structure

to a specified loading that may vary with time. The analysis may be linear or nonlinear.
2.Objectives:-
The objective of this study are as follow:-
• To compare and discuss the analysis results from Etab and Newmark integration
schemes.
• To know about the time history analysis.
• To compare and discuss the analysis results of Time history analysis and
Equivalent static method.

3.Literature Review:-
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History Method or by the
Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the design base shear (VB)
shall be compared with a base shear (ṼB) calculated using a fundamental period Tn
where Tn, is as per Is Code 1839:2002 clause 7.6. Where VB is less than ṼB, all the
response quantities (for example member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey
shears and base reactions) shall be multiplied by (ṼB / VB).

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An introduction on time history analysis

Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its
distribution to different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral
load resisting elements, for the following
buildings:
a) Regular buildings — Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V and those
greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III.

b) Irregular buildings: All framed buildings higher than 12 m in Zones IV and V and
those greater than 40m in height in Zones IIand III.

Time- history analysis is used to determine the dynamic response of a structure to

arbitrary loading. The dynamic equilibrium equations to be solved are given by:

K u(t) +C ů(t) + M ü(t) = r(t)

where K is the stiffness matrix; C is the damping matrix; M is the diagonal mass matrix;
u, ů, and ü are the displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the structure; and r is
the applied load. If the load includes ground acceleration, the displacements, velocities,
and accelerations are relative to this ground motion. Any number of time- history Load
Cases can be defined. Each time-history case can differ in the load applied and in the
type of analysis to be performed.

3.1Loading
The load, r(t), applied in a given time-history case may be an arbitrary function of space
and time. It can be written as a finite sum of spatial load vectors, pi , multiplied by time
functions, f i(t), as:

𝑟(𝑡 )1 = ∑𝑛𝑖 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡 ) 𝑃𝑖 …….(1)

Load Patterns and/or Acceleration Loads to represent the spatial load vectors. The time
functions can be arbitrary functions of time or periodic functions such as those produced
by wind or sea wave loading.
If Acceleration Loads are used, the displacements, velocities, and accelerations are all
measured relative to the ground. The time functions associated with the Acceleration
Loads mx, my, and mz are the corresponding components of uniform ground
acceleration, ügx, ügy, and ügz.

Fig 1:- Time History Record of Bhuj Earthquake(2001)

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An introduction on time history analysis

3.2 Spatial Load Vectors

To define the spatial load vector, pi, for a single term of the loading sum of Equation1,
you may specify either:
• The label of a Load Pattern using the parameter load, or
• An Acceleration Load using the parameters sys, ang, and acc, where:
– csys is a fixed co-ordinate system (the default is zero, indicating the global Co-
ordinate system)
– ang is a co-ordinate angle (the default is zero)
– acc is the Acceleration Load (U1, U2, or U3) in the acceleration local co-ordinate
system as defined below.
Each Acceleration Load in the loading sum may have its own acceleration local co -
ordinate system with local axes denoted 1, 2, and 3. The local 3 axis is always the same
as the Z axis of coordinate system csys. The local 1 and 2 axes coincide with the X and
Y axes of csys if angle ang is zero. Otherwise, ang is the angle from the X axis to the
local 1 axis, measured counter clock wise when the +Z axis is pointing toward you.
The response- spectrum local axes are always referred to as 1, 2, and 3. The global
Acceleration Loads mx, my, and mz are trans formed to the local co-ordinate system
for loading. It is generally recommended, but not required, that the same co-ordinate
system be used for all Acceleration Loads applied in a given time-history case. Load
Patterns and Acceleration Loads may be mixed in the loading sum.

Fig2:- Definition of History Acceleration Local Coordinate System

3.3 Response Analysis for Structure:-
The responses of a structure for specified time histories of ground motions can be
obtained by:
• Integration of the equation of motion in the time domain (time history analysis).

Time history analysis is time domain analysis of structures under earthquake excitation.
The method of analysis can provide responses for both linear and non-linear structures.
In particular, the method is adopted for finding the seismic response of structures in the
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An introduction on time history analysis

inelastic range. In this method, numerical techniques (time marching schemes) for the
integration of the equation of motion are employed for finding the responses at discrete
time intervals. For linear systems, two such schemes are presented here:
• The Duhamel integration
• The Newmark integration schemes.

Both numerical integration schemes are popular in earthquake engineering. Here I am

going to elaborate about the Newmark integration scheme.

4. Methodology
For this case study a six story building with four columns per story at a grid size of 3m
x3m having 4m height of columns is subjected to horizontal translational ground motion
at base. The size of columns is 400mm x 400mm and floor is with slab thickness
of125mm. The direction of analysis is fixed in one axis only.

Fig 3:- Model Building Structure Fig 4:- Mathmatical modelling of structure

In this study ETAB is used as a computer aided software. The theoretical time history
is done by Newmark integration schemes. The results of time history analysis is
compared with results of same building analysis done by Equivalent static method.
• Time History Analysis
1.By the help of computer aided software (ETAB)
2.By the manual calculation using Newmark integration schemes.
• Equivalent Static Analysis

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An introduction on time history analysis

4.1 Steps for the Analysis of structure by time history analysis:-

• In this method, the mathematical model of the building is subjected to
accelerations from earthquake records that represent the expected earthquake at
the base of the structure.
• To perform such an analysis, a representative earthquake time history data is
required for a structure being evaluated. The data is digitized as a series of small
time intervals of about 1/40 to 1/25 of a second.
• A mathematical model of the building is set up, usually consisting of a lumped
mass at each floor. Damping is considered proportional to the velocity in the
computer formulation.
• The digitized record is applied to the model as accelerations at the base of the
structure.

• The equations of motions are then investigated with the help of software
program.
• Starting the non-linear analysis.
• Determine the Shear force, modal time, acceleration, velocity, and displacement
of each lumped mass at each interval.

4.2 The Newmark integration schemes: -

Analysis of a six story shear building subjected to base ground motion excitation is
shown in this study. The time history records of ground motion for Bhuj earthquake is
used for understanding the response of the structural system. Modal analysis is
performed using transformation of coordinates so that the MDOF system is analyzed
like SDOF system. The dynamic equilibrium system of modal coordinates became an
Eigen value problem and solved for characteristic equation. Newmark’s Linear
Acceleration Method is used as theoretical time stepping method for obtaining response
of the MDOF system under base ground motion excitation.
The stability condition was checked and observed that the Newmark’s method can be
satisfactorily used for this study. Step by step procedure of Newmark’s β Method is
also elaborated showing equations that were used in the study to prepare computer
algorithms.
In this method, the equation of motion at the n+1th time is solved using the known
displacement, velocity, and acceleration at time n and the excitation Fn+1 at n+1th time.
For this, the following relationships are used:

Initial Calculation:-

………..(1)

It is the calculation of initial acceleration. For constant average acceleration between

two time stations, the values of algorithm parameters γ and β are selected as 1\2 and
1\6 respectively and additional system properties considered are k̂ and Δp̂ .

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An introduction on time history analysis

………..(2)

…………… (3)

…………(4)

Calculation is done for each time for n number of steps

……………….(5)

…………..(6)

………(7)

……………..…….(8)

……….(9)

………(10)

……………..(11)

….…………….(12)
………………(13)

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An introduction on time history analysis

The result of entire time stepping operation further provides the peak deformation Di
to identify the peak pseudo acceleration Ai for each mode. The corresponding values
of equivalent lateral forces Fji for each story are obtained using respective values of
lateral force vector Sji.
Maximum response of each story in terms of displacement is recorded along with the
time instance of peak response.
Similarly building is analysed by using the ETABS. ETABS is the software tool used
in this study for analysis of building system. The direction of analysis is restricted to
X-Direction only.
The six story building model prepared in ETABS is shown in fig. 2. The material and
dimensions of the model are similar to the sizes considered for theoretical analysis.
The time history loading is applied to model as shown in fig. 3

Fig5:-Six Story Shear Building Model in ETABS Fig:6 Time History Function applied in ETABS

5.Result and Discussion :-

The building analyzed by theoretical method is compared with ETABS model analysis
thus discussed in this section of the study.

Fig7:- Modal Time Period

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An introduction on time history analysis

Fig-8: Story Shear Force by Time History Analysis Fig-9: Story Shear Force by Equivalent Static Method

Fig-10: Max Top storey displacement by Fig-11: Max Top storey displacement by time history analysis
equivalent static method

• Story Shear forces obtained by linear modal time history analysis of the six story
shear building performed using Newmark’s Linear Acceleration Method is
compared with ETABS results as shown in fig.8. The story shear forces due to
applied ground excitation by theoretical and ETABS time history analysis vary
by 2%. For the time history method maximum value of storey shear force is
89.25 KN and for equilavent static method the maximum value is 38.7 KN.

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An introduction on time history analysis

• Maximum story displacement of the six story shear building subjected to ground
excitation is shown in fig. 11. The variation in the results of the top floor
displacement response is 1 to 3%. For the time history method maximum value
of top storey displacement is 10.04mm and for equivalent static method the
maximum value is 5.1mm.

5. Conclusion:-
• The value of responses of structure ( Force, displacement..) are almost same for
equivalent static method done by theoretical and ETAB.
• The value of responses of structure ( Force, displacement..) are almost same for
time history analysis method done by theoretical and ETAB.
• Time history method have greater values of displacement and shear storey force
compare to equivalent static method.
• The modal time periods and vibrations mode shapes shown by ETABS software
are almost same as obtained by theoretical calculations.
• Time history analysis give real figure of structural response than the equivalent
static method.

6. References:-
a. K. Chopra, Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake
Engineering. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

b. “ETABS Lateral Loads Manual.” Computers & Structures, 2016.

c. BIS, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,” Bureau of Indian

Standards, India, IS1893 Part 1, 2016.

d. Chetan & Punkaj, “ Sesmic Time History Analysis Of Building, ” International

Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, India, 2018.