PRE-CALCULUS

Midterm Reviewer
FORMULA

CIRCLE
Center at origin
I
xz rz 3 General Equation
+
yz =
; r >
* xz +
Byz + DX +
Ey + F = 0

Center at <h 1) where D E 2k

2h
;
-

, = =

4)2 (y k)2 r2 r
hi
+
; > o +2
=
(x -
-
F =
+ k2 -

r > o
since :

~ = O does not graph a circle

~ O is an
empty set ;
no solution

example
Graph :

1x2 + y2 =
g2
7 equation follows
,
&

r 5 r = 25
;
=

diameter : zr -r = 5

= 2(5) c (0 0),

· , I /
⑧ 111 d
=> 10 units
-

circumference :
Zer or it & T

2H(S) units
-

: 10 it
=

&

2
Grea : Tir

... (5)2 25i square units or

25i
5q2
Note : Area is the product of
two dimensions
.

Therefore ,
units will be of
second
degree
.

2 .
x2 +
y2 = 0 & The only value of X
andy that

r2
will satisfy x2 + y = 0 is 10, 0)
since = S

r = 0 This is the degenerate case

There is no circle at all .

of a circle
·

Rewriting the equation :

x2 -
=
(42)
Let x = 1
;
then x
=
= 1 1 = -

(y2)
x2 4
=
y
-

(nz)
then (42)
=
X 2 =
4
=
; multiplying both
-
then
X = 3
;
x2 =
9 9 = -

(y2) sides
by -1
y = ni
imaginary
number
 xz 2
+
yz = 25 7 since r 25
-

.
3
-
-

M - Si

This equation will not yield any solution

to
satisfy x2 +
y2 =
-

25

Transforming standard -

equations of circle to

general equations

(X -

h) +
(y
-

k)2 = ra
- expand

(x2 - 2nX + h2) + (y2 -

2ky + k2) = ra
rewrite
x2 yz 2hx nz + k2 rz = 0
2ky
-

+ -
+
&

Let zn 2k andn2 12 r
D ; E
-
=
5
-

=
+ -
=

-
-- X +
y2 + Dx +
Ey + F =
0

* x2 + Byz bx + Ey = 0
general equation
+ =
+

of a circle

Example

2
I x2 +
y + 4x +
by -
23 = 0 Follows 3

x2 +
4x yz
+ +
6y = 23
completing the
square
x2 + 4x + 4 +
yz +
by
+
a = 23 + 4 +
9

(x + 2)2 +
(y +
3)2 =
36

center : (-2 ,
-3)
radius :
B =
6 units
D
Using en
;
= -

E =
2k ;
-

F = n2 + kz -
r2
4 E
D ; 10 ;
=
2 =
F =
13 .

4 = -
2h 18 = -

2k
Write the general and standard equation. 4 =
-
2h 10 = -

2k
-

2 2
-

2
-
2 -

Ey F
2
X +
yz + Dx + + = 0
n =
-
2 k =
-

X2 4x B 0
+ yz + + 10y + =

# = h2 + k - ra
2
X 4x 13 ( 2)2 + ( 5)2 pa
yz 10y
-

+ + + = -
13 =
-

25 22
4 +
-

- 13 =

X + 4x + 4 + y2 +
10y + 25 =
-

B + 4 + 25
r2 = -
13 + 4 + 25

(x + 2)2 +
(y + 5)2 = 13
r2 = 16

Center (x n)z +
(y
-

k)2 = r2
:
(-2 , -5)
-

(X -

72)) +
(y ( - 5)2 16 =

units
-

radius :
Te = 4
2)2
2
(x + +
(y + 5) = 1
 other examples

3
. Given ((-4 , 6) ; circle tangent to the X-axis

6
&

(Ch
Since k) n 4 ; k = 6
;
=

or?
,

r =
6
S &

2
(x -h) k)2
&

Then : + (y -
= rz
2
4
-
(x
-
( 4)2 + (y -

6) =
6

3
T (x + 4)2 + (y -

6) =
3)
-

&

&

..
S 7 1 I

-
4 -
2 -

4
. #as a diameter whose endpoints
are the points A(-2 , 3) and B (4 , 5)

solution :

Midpoint B is center
of .
radius r
using
Getting
Midpoint formula :
distance formula :

&
y
S
Xi + X2 1
+ 92
F
2
4)
2
Since <(1 ,
;
S)
2 + 4 3 +

S
S

use the two points

- I
2
any of
2
1- 2
, 3) and (4 , 5)
&
(1 , 4)
For this solution (2 3) ,
will
: Center <1 ,
4) be used :
,

Getting the length diameter

A B
&

using distance
of
formula :
r =

/(3)2 ( 22 + (4 -

/(4
=
d = -
(2) + (5 -
372 (3)2 + (1)2

=
(6)2 + (2)2 r =
To

d Fr

Length of diameter is Sto or

a = 2 So
diameter
of radius is
Length 2

r 2To
So
=

with <(1 4) ,
and r = To
(x -
4)2 + (y -
k)2 = r2

(x
-

c 1))2 + (y -

4)2 =
(()2

(x + 1) + (y
-

4)2 =
10
 FORMULA

Parabola
x2
=

Vertex at 10 , 0)
=
4py y =
4pX

principal y-axis X-axis

a Xis X = 0 y =
O

latus rectum vertex (0 , 0 (0 , 0)

14p /
. .

p-units p > o
focus (0 , P) (p , 0)
-
↑

directrix
y =
p X p
-
=
-

directive
latus

M <PM
rectum
illustration . For
endpoints
X2 = 4 PY

I I
(X -
h) 2 =
4p(y k) -
<y-k)2 =
4p(X-h]

principal n k
·
X =
y =

endpoint a Xis

vertex (n , k) (h , 1)
1201
focus (n ,
k -

p) (n -

p , k)

- directrix y = k -

p X = n -

p
FouS

Mn Yn
latus

2p
rectum +
2p k + p) k + 2p)
, +
p
endpoints ,

M2 M2

(n -

2p k+
p) (n +
p
k -

2p)
·
endpoint , ,

illustration to
endpoint endpoint
Latus Rectum
14p/
 point on a parabola : (5 , 2/5) ,
PLo
Axis symmetry is the x-axis
of .

Since Principal axis is at X-axis , then

Graph .

y2 =
4pX substitute (5 ,
255) to equation : P >0

·
p-value
(25)
. 5
4

20

: p
2

=
=

20p
20p
1
4p(5)
· -

Therefore :

SE :
y2 =
4(1)X
length of
y2 =
4X
Laths Rectum :

15
(1 , 07 checking :

qunits
v 10 , 03 Endpoints of yz = 4X
6

D :
X = -

1 Latus Rectum :
(255)2 =
4(5)
- 5
4 = 28

Mine
0
PA :
y =
-
28
20 =

TRUE

point on a parabola : ( 5
, 2/5) ,
PO
Axis symmetry is the x-axis
of .

=
y
=
4px

I
(2()2 =
4p(5)
4
-

4 3 =
20p

pro
3
note

P p
=
1
-

:
2-

S :
y2 = 4(1)X

yz
I
4x
&

= -

#(1 , 0) Y (0 , 03
F ( +
1
,
0) PA :
y = 0
-

I -
⑧
· I' i

I
Y (0 , 0 LR : 4 units - 1-

D : X P 2)
-
=

EUR : Mi ( 1
-

= -

= 1) ,

-2

X = 1 Mz(- 1 ,
2)

7
-
 Directrix at 3/2
y
=
-

Since directrix follow y

=
then
-p ,
:

P-value :
p =
3 [2
· F(0 , 352)
x2
4py
= 4

x2 =

4(352)y 3

SE : X2 12/2
Length
=

y of 2-

Lactus Rectum
F(0 352) ,
1

12 Te units or
v (0 , 0)
14p1 =
14(352)/ v(0 , 0)

D 3/2
->
1212 unils ! iii
:
y = -

+ -

PA : X = 0 Endpoints of
Laths Rectum - -
2

M( 12p , P>

3
-
-

M (G
-
--
4 I

#
-

-- 3

Directrix at X =
-

32

Since directrix follow X =

then
-p ,
:

↑ value
:
p =
3 [2

2
i
y =
4pX S

!
4(352)
=

y =

X
!
&

SE :
y2 =
12/2X T

F(352 , 0 I -

(0 0)
I
v
,
117 I

·
I 7 I - &
#) 3/2 , 0)
D : X = -
3/2 I
-

&

PA : 0
y
=
-

&
-

Length of 12 Te units or &

Lactus Rectum
14p1 =
14(352)/ & &

!
-
>
It 2 unils
Endpoints of
Laths Rectum M( 12p P>
,

M3a
Word Problems involving Parabola
answer the following word problems
-

answers

A satellite dish shaped like a paraboloid has its receiver located at the focus. How far is the receiver from the vertex if
I
the dish is 10 ft across and 3 ft deep at the center?

Illustration :
solution :

· (S 3)
(5) 4p(3)
/
,

=
&
3 ft deep
25 =
124
25
feel
# P =

12

what is asked :
conclusion :
The distance of the

The distance of the receiver receiver to the vertex

from vertex is
the .

25/12 units ,
or

Formula to be used : X2 =
4 py 32 08 .

ft.

A flashlight shaped like a paraboloid has its light source at the focus located 1.5 cm from the base and is 10 cm
2
wide at its opening. How deep is the flashlight at its center?
X
10 zm This problem is just like item 1. Solution
=

4)
x
4pyjp 1 5
=

(5 ,
=

1- 10cm 1
.

M
Z

is in
X = 4(1 .

5)y
&

x2 standard
by
=

equation
I .
S cm .

Let (X , y) be (5 , y)
(0 , 03 (5) =

G(y)
y 25
=

25

6
=

conclusion : The flashligh is cm deep or

-4 - 16 cm
deep .

The ends of a rope are held in place at the top of two posts, 9 m apart and each one 8 m high. If the rope assumes
3 a parabolic shape and touches the ground midway between the two posts, how high is the rope 2 m from one of
the posts?
solution
illustration : Since a point on the parabola
is determined (4 . 5
,
8)
,

(4 8) .
Let's solve for
-

. 5 ,
p solving for y
Let (x y),
be (2 . 5 , y]
2
X =
4pY
(2 5) =

(4)
y) 4p(8)
.

2
(2
(4 5)
.
5 , · =
.

8 m

high 20 .
25 =
32P 6 .
25 =

3324

-am
- 8

128
E P 3 2 ⑤

2
2m
I
.

2m =
y
x =
4(z)y height of
Therefore the
the rope 2 m away from
standard equation x" =

0 Y the tower is -2 .
5 m .
 Radiation is focused to an unhealthy area in a patient’s body using a parabolic reflector, positioned in such a way
4 that the target area is at the focus. If the reflector is 30 cm wide and 15 cm deep at the center, how far should the
base of the reflector be from the target area?
solution Let (15
-oc m
:
15)
· (15 , 15)
,

x2
4pY
=

(15) =
4p(15)
I 225 =
60p

·
30 so

3 75
conclusion
P
.

The base of the

Standard x2 = 4 PY reflector should
equation be 3 75 cm
away
75)y
.

4(3
-
x
-

from the base

-
x =
15y of the reflector.

A rectangular object 25 m wide is to pass under a parabolic arch that has a width of 32 m at the base and a height of
S 24 m at the center. If the vertex of the parabola is at the top of the arch, what maximum height should the rectangular
object have?

illustration :
Standard since determined
equation p is :

24)
-0 ,

24m .
p =
-

8/3i12+ p = -
8/3
Vertex (n , k) : (0 , 24)
· (12 . 5, 4) Point (x , y) on parabola : (16 0)
,

All 3

(x -
n)2 = 4 p(y -

k)

⑧ ·
(x -
0)2 =
4) - 2 )(y -
24)
32m 116 ,
03
I
25m/
xz =
-

3 (y -
24)

(3)x2 =

- (y -

24)())

3x2 = -
32(y -

24)
What is being asked ? 3x2 =
32y + 768

The height of the rectangle

·

general 3x2 768

+
32y -
= 0
equation
be
Formula to used ?
2
(x =

u) =
4p(y -

k)
To solve for y ,
let (X , y) be (12 .
5
, 4)
solution
vertex is determined
since

at v(0 ,
24) ,
then the equation 3x2 +
32y -
768 = 0

will be
n) 4p)y- k) used
2
-
=
(X
.

3(12 5) . +
32y
-
768 = 0
be (0 24) and (X Y)
Let (h k) , , or

5)2
,

point on the parabola 32y = 768 -

3(12
y) be a
.

↑ (12 . S ,

75
32y = 768 -
468 .

(x -
n)2 =
4p(y -
k)
32y = 299 .
25

(16
-
032 = 44(0
-
24)

2 = 24) y = 9 35156
(16) 4p( - .

256 =
-

96p

96 96
429 4 m
-
-

-
8
p =

-
Conclusion : The maximum height of the
Note p co since
will be the value
↑ arabola opens downward rectangle of
y
=
9 4m
..
FORMULA

ellipse
⑧ Center to focus c units
⑧ =

·
· center to vertex = a units

· center to co-vertex- b units

C , dz

faci to point - d ,
or d2

⑧ ⑧ · ·

by definition of ellipse
d .
+ dz = 29

-
-

r F
N
- ~ &
i II
N
~

equation to * Xa

- N
determine
C f
=
8 J
42 yu
~
X G ↓
(2 =
-

# -

Center , 0
10 20 , 0) Ch k) , (4 , k]

axis
principal axis y-axis
X -
X U
y k
= =

y = 0 X = 0

foci (+2 , 0) (0 .
+ C) (h , KI) (h + c k) ,

(19 0)
vertices , (0 ,
19) (h ,
k]a) (ha k) ,

10-vertices
(0 , b) (+ b ,
0) (h + b
, k) (4 , +b)

length of
major axis 29 29 29 29

length of 2b 2b 2b 2b
minor axis
Points (-3 , -18) and (12 t) are one the
,
of
vertices
-

and covertices with vertical axis

, major .

a = 7 units

b => a units

Center
( -
3
,
-
7)

↑ ↑
vertices
1 -
3,
-
18)
( -
3 ,
4)
Vz
· co-vertices
4
-

( 12 , 7) -
-

-
(61 7) -

-
#Oci
240)
-
0 6 S
( 3 7 +
.
- -

1111
↓ ,

11
1111 & &

-
-

3 -
( -
3, -
7 -
2[o)

I
S

-
Equation of
the Principal Axis
-

X = -
3
-

9
-
Length of
C M2 Major Axis
-
22 units
-

Length of
-

-
Minor Axis

&
18 units

&

9 =
Standard
-

⑧
> -
13 .
32 Equation
&

&
((47(2(x
312;1 +

-
12/ 81

-
General
S

Equation
-

3143
(2(x2
81y2 1694x 486y 0
=
-
+ + + -

8) (y2 + 14y + 49) + 121(x2 + 6x + 9) =

121(81)
121x2 726x + 1089
1134y + 3969
2
8)
ly + + + :
9807
Fozi :
7809
(2)x2 8/y2 1134y 39697187
-

+ +
+ 726x +
c2 = at -
b2
12(x
+
+ 8(y" + 726x + 113
4743
ty
-
= 0
c = az -
b

= 112 -
g2 Cisscime na and
ellipse ay nataman
121 81 and points co-vertices
-

= ng .

Kanina pa akong
- 40 siging Kaka drawing
hindi tumatuma sa points .

= 24096 .
32
 Points (-3 , -18) and (12 t) are one the
,
of
vertices
-

and covertices with vertical axis

, major .

11
!' !
I 7 "
,

I
21
-

&

-I
I
S

Center
i
( -
12 7) ( -

12.
-
18)
,

&
-

· -7

-
vertices
( -
12
I
-
7 &
29)
&

7-12 ,
-

&
co-vertices
-

( 3 , 18) -

T
( 2) , 18) -

#Oci
2(0)
&

( -
12 ,
18 +

(
S

12 , 18 2/03
- -
-

&(
&

-
3, -
18)
C- 2) 18) & · · 11
Equation of
-
-

,
C( - 12 , 18)
the Principal Axis

I
X =
-

12

Length of
Major Axis
22 units

Length of
Minor Axis
18 units
-
· -

29
S 12 29)
Standard
-

Equation
+ 18)
2 C
(x 12) +
= 1
81
C2 = a2 -
b2 12/

= 112-92 General

(2) - 81 Equation
-

32) 121(x2 24x 144) = 9861

(yz + + +
+
8) + 36y
=
40
121x2 2902
424 + 8/y2 + 2916y026 244 980
T
=
x + 17 ,
+
,

&
= 40
121x2 81y2 2904x
29/by + 33841
+ + + = 0
c = 2, 1
Center at (-3 , -7) ; vertical major axis
o length zo minor axis of length 12 units , .

a = 10 units

I
- = 6 units -

&

V, 3
Center
-
( -
3
,
-
7)
"

Fi ⑧
-

vertices
( -
3, 3)
I
& S 11 I
!
I I I
( -
3 ,
- 17)
-
9 >
-

3
- -
3

co-vertices

I
-

-
( a , 7)-
-

(3 , 7)
-

#Oci
31)
-

1 -

C( -
3, -7) ( -
3, -
15)
- & -7-

Equation of

I
&

S
the Principal Axis
X = -
3

! Length of
Major Axis
20 units
-

F2 - Length of
Minor Axis
-

12 units
Ve -
17-

Standard
- Equation
to + 7)
= oci center
24 (x 3)2 +
= 1
= az b2
36
-

c 100

C = 92 -
b2
General
Equation
-
102 -
62
2 2

T 100
-
36
100 x + 3
by + 600X
+
504y -
936 = 0

= 64

Fozi : = 8

c2 = at -
b2

c = az -
b

= 112 -
g2

= 121
-
81

- 40

= 24096 .
32
 (y +
100 +) =
I

36(y + 7) + 100(X + 3)2 =

3600

36(y + 14y + 49) + 1009X2 + 4x + 9) = 3600

2
3
by +
14(363y + 49(36) +
100x2 + 600X + 900 +
360

2
3) by +
804y + 1764 + 100x2 + 600x +
9005360
100 X2 +
36y + 200x + So2ly -
3600 + 1764 + 900 = 0

100x2 + 3 by 2 + 600x + Sony -

934 = V

hi S
sang masipag
ako para
mag dagday
hyperbola per
Sa ppt
nalang
mag review
.

Labyn tangkay kids

Da
*

goodluck !
magturog tabi
.