called the branches of the original function.

The graph
consists of n branches(not necessarily disconnected),
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS each of which is met by the line x=a in exactly one point.
FUNCTIONS Kinds of function:
When two quantities x and y are related so that for 1. Odd function: f(x) is an odd function if
some range of values of x the value of y is determined
f(-x)=-f(x). Ex. F(x)=sinx
by that of x, we say that y is a function of x. It is
2. Even function: f(x) is an even function if
frequently desirable, particularly in the development of
f(-x)=f(x). Ex. F(x)=x2
the theory, to work with a large class of functions rather
than with a specific one. Therefore we use a symbol such
as f(x), which is read “f of x”, to denote a function of x.
We write y  f (x). Note:
 the product of an even and odd function is an
Independent variable—the variable x which takes odd function.
the first of the two number in the ordered pair (x,y).  the product of two odd functions is an even
also called argument of the function f(x). function.
Dependent variable— the second variable y in the  The product of two even function is an even
set of ordered pair (x,y). function.
Example 1: Find the domain of the function:
Domain— the permissible values of the independent
variable. 1x2
Range— the set of values taken out from the y . a. x< ½ b. x> ½
2
independent variable.
Notation: Interval of domain c. any value of x d. 1< x < ½
1. a<x<b x is simultaneously greater than a and Example 2. Find the range of the function in
less than b, the set is called open interval; set problem 1. a. y< ½ b. y> ½
of all x’s from a to b inclusive. c. y  ½ d. y  ½
2. axb closed interval, the set of all x’s
from a to b inclusive. Example 3. Find the inverse of the function in
problem 1.
3. axb half open interval, set of all x’s
a. x  1  y 2
b. y  1 2x
greater than or equal to a but less than b.
Inverse of a function c. y  1/ 1  x 2 ) d. x  1  2
Let y  f (x). the inverse of a function, denoted 2( y in
f (1) for the function
by Example 4. Evaluate
f '(x) is obtained by replacing x by y and y by x, then problem 1.
solve for y. the result is called the inverse of a function. a.1 b. 0 c. ½ d. - ½

Types of function; Example 5. Evaluate f [ f (3)] for the function in

1) Implicit function: f(x,y)=0; there is an implied problem 1.
relation between variables.
a. -4 b. -15/2 c. -1/2 d. -3.5
Example: x2-2y+1=0; xcosy + ycosx=1
2) Explicit function: y=f(x) dependent variable is
expressed as a function of independent Example 6. Given f (x)  3x2  2x 1,
variable. Example: y=1 + x2; x = 2y2-3
find f (a 
1).
When the relation y  f is such that there is only a. 3a2 +4a + 2 b. 3a2 – 4a + 2
(x)
one value of y for each admissible x, then f(x) is said to c. 4a2 + 4a – 2 d. 3a – 4a2 + 1
be a one-valued function of x. Graphically this means
that if the function is defined for x=a, the vertical line LIMITS:
x=a intersects the curve in one and only one point. for each value of x. Say that there are n values of y
corresponding to each value of x. It is then possible the
Frequently, however, the law connecting x and y
values of y so as to form n distinct one-valued functions,
determines two or more values of y, in general distinct,
1
 Let f(x) be a function of x and let a be constant. If
there is a number L such that, in order to make the value
of f(x) as close to L as maybe desired, it is sufficient to
choose x close enough to a, but different from a, then
we say that the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, is L.
We

2
write Limxa f (x)  L . Which is read “ the limit of Note; for no. 2 indeterminate form, change the form
f(x), as x approaches a, is L.” of the given function in the form of that in 1 so that the
L,HOPITAL RULE can be applied.
THEOREMS ON LIMITS:
1) Limit of a constant C; 1  sin 2 
lim xa C Example 7. Evaluate lim  0
.
C
a. 0 b. 1 c. ∞ d. -1
2) Limit of a variable x; limxa xa x 2 16 .
3) Limit of sum of two functions; Example 8. Evaluate limx4 x4
limxa  f (x)  g(x)  f (x)  limxa g(x) a. 4 b. -4 c. 8 d. 0
limxa sin 
4) Limit of product of two functions; Example 9. Evaluate lim  0 .
limxa [ f (x) g(x)]  f (x)][limxa g(x)] 
a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. ∞
[limxa
Example 10. Evaluate limx0 x csc5x.
5) Limit of a quotient;
lim
f (x) lim f (x) a. 0 b. 5 c. 1/5 d. ∞
xa 
xa x
g(x) lim xa g(x) tan

6) Limit of a radical; Example 11. Evaluate limx1 (2  x) 2 .

lim xa n f (x)  n lim xa f (x) a. eπ b. e2/π c. eπ/2 d. e2

Limits to infinity or zero: CONTINIUTY:

lim cx   for positivec A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a if all
1. x
three of the following conditions are satisfied:
  for negativec
1.) f(a) exists;
c
2. lim 
2.) Lim xa f (x) exists;
0
x
x
x
lim   for positivec 3.) Lim xa f (x) f (a) .
3. x
c 
  for negativec Missing point discontinuities;
c Consider a function f(x) which is not defined when
lim x0   forpositivec x=a, but such that
4. x
  for negativec Lim xa f (x) exists, the function is discontinuous at
x=a because condition 1 is not satisfied. Graphically the
curve appears, to the eye, to be continuous, but the single
point x=a is missing.
L’HOPITALS RULE:
If the function f(x) and g(x) are continuous in an open Finite Jumps;
interval containing x=a, and if their derivatives exist and
It may happen that, at x=a, the function has both a
g’(x)  0 in this open interval (except possibly at x=a), left-hand and a right-hand limit, but the two are not
then when f(a)=0 and g(a)=0. equal:

lim f '(x)
f (x) provided that the
xa  xa
lim g'(x)
g(x)

3
limit on the right side exists.

INDETERMINATE FORMS:

1) 1. ,
0 L’HOPITALS is directly
0

applicable.
2) 2.   , 0  , 00 , 0 ,1
L’HOPITALS RULE is not directly applicable.

4
 Lim
xa
f (x) =L 1 ; Lim xa f (x) =L 2 , L 1  L Derivative;
2 If an increment y of a function y f (x) is

divided by  x, the quotient gives the average rate of
change of y with respect to x in the interval from x to x+
f(x  x. Symbolically,
)
y
f (x  x)  f (x)

x x

f(x) The procedure for finding the derivative of a given

function maybe summarized in the following four step
rule:
1) Substitute x +
0 x x and y+ in y = f(x).
y

2) Subtract y = f(x) from the result of 1 to

obtain y in terms of x and x.
Infinite discontinuities;
3) Divide both sides of 2 by x.
A frequently occurring type of discontinuity is that in
which the function increases numerically without bound 4) Find the limit of 3 as  x
as x approaches a: we say that the function has an approaches zero.
infinite discontinuity at x=a. Graphically this means that
the curve approaches the line x=a, usually without ever Example 14. Find the derivative of
reaching it, at the same time receding from the x-axis. It
may happen that f(x) becomes large and positive, or y  2x 2  3x 1.
large and negative, on both sides of the line x=a, see a. y'  2x  3 b. y'  4x  3
figure, if so write c. y'  2x  1 d. y'  2x  4
Lim xa f (x)  or Lim xa f (x)   
TABLE OF DERIVATIVES:

As the case maybe. BASIC FORMULA:

*A polynomial is continuous for all values of x. 1. d (C)  0 2. d (x)  1

*A rational algebraic fraction is continuous except for dx dx
du
those values of x for which the denominator vanishes. d  4. d (cu)  c
n n1
3. (x ) nx
Example 12. Find the point of discontinuity of the dx du dvdx dx
x1 5. d (u  v)  
function; y  . dx dx dx
x 2  3x  2 d dv du
a. x=2 and x=0 b. x=1 and x=2 6. (uv)  u v
c. x=0 d. x=2 and x=4 dx dx dx
Example 13. Find the point of discontinuity of the
d c  du v du  u dv
c d u
function, y dx dx dx
x4 7. ( 8. (

. dx u )  2
dx v ) 
u v2
x 2 16 dy dy dt dy 1
Increments; 9.  10. 
dx dt dx dx dx
If a variable x changes from one fixed value x1 to
another x2, the difference x2-x1 is called an increment of dy
5
x.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
x  x2  and y  y2  y1 d
11. du (sin u) cos u
x1
dx dx
d du
12. (cosu)  sin u
dx dx

6
 d d
13. du (tan u)  sec u (cosh u)  sinh u
2
30. du
dx dx dx dx
14. d du d
(cot u)  csc 2u 31.
du
tanh u  sec h2u
dx dx
dx dx
15. d
du
sec u  sec u tan u 32.
d
(coth u)  csc h u
2
du
dx dx dx dx
16. d d
(cscu)  csc u cot u 33. (sec hu)  sec hu tanh u
du du
dx dx dx dx
34. d du
(csc hu)  csc hu coth u
Inverse Trigonometric functions: dx dx
d 1 du
17. (arcsin u)
2 dx Inverse hyperbolic functions:
1u

dx d
d 1 du 35. (sinh 1 u) 1 du

18. (ar cos u)
 1  u 2 dx dx u 2  1 dx
dx
d 1 du d 1 du
36. (cosh1 u) 
19. (arctanu) 
dx 1u2 dx u 2 1 dx
dx
d 1 du d 1 du
20. (ar cot u) 37. (tanh1 u)
1u2 1  u 2 dx
 dx 
dx dx
d d
21. (arc sec u) 1 du 38. (coth1 u)  1 du
 
u u 1 dx
2
dx dx u 2  1 dx
d d 1 du
(ar csc u) 1 du (sec h1u) 
 39.
22.
dx dx u 1  u 2 dx
u u 2 1 dx d
40. (csc h 1u)  1 du
dx u 2 (1  u 2 ) dx
Logarithmic functions:
d 1 x5
(ln u)  Example 15. Find the derivative of y 
23.
du x 2
1
dx u dx
d 1 with respect to x.
24. (log u)  (log e) x 2  10x  x 2  10x  1
du 1
dx u dx a. b.
d du (x 22  (x 2  1)2
1)
25. (log b u)  log b e 2x d. 2x
dx u c. (x 2 1)2
(x 2 1)2
dx

7
Exponential functions: Example 16. Find the derivative of the function,
d du y  (eln x )2.
26. (eu )  eu
dx dx a. 1/x2 b. 2x c. 2/x d. 2/x2
d u
(a )  au (ln a) Example 17. Find the derivative of
27. du

dx dx y  sin(ln x2 ).
28. d du
(uv )  u v  ln u 2 cos(ln x 2 2 cos(ln x)
dv )
dx dx dx a. y'  b. y'
x  x
2 cos(ln x 2 ) 3cos(ln x 2
)
Hyperbolic functions: c. y'  d. y' 
d du 3x x
29. (sinh u)  cosh u
dx dx

8
Example 18. Find dy/dt if y= x2 + 3x +1 and (x  h)
x = t2 + 2. yk .
3
a. 4t + 14t b. 2t 3
c. 4t + 14 f ' (h)
2
d. 3t + 14t +2 Example 23. Find the slope of the line tangent
to the curve y  x3  2x 1 at x = 1.
Example 19. What is the first derivative of the a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0
expression (xy)  e .
x

y(1  ln xy) b. y(1  ln

a.  xy) Example 24. Determine the slope of the tangent
x line to a curve
x
2 y(1  ln d. y(1  ln 2xy) x2  y 2  6x  4 y  21  0 at (0,7).

cxy)  x a. -1/2 b. -3/4 c. 3/5 d. -4/5
x
Example 20. Evaluate the first derivative of Example 25. Find the slope of the line whose
implicit function: 4x 2  2xy  y 2  parametric equations are;
X = 4t + 6 and y = t – 1.
0. a.1 b. ½ c. ¼ d. 2/5
Example 26. Find the equation of the line tangent
a. 4x  y 4x  y
 b.
xy xy to the curve y  3x  4x 1 at
2

point where x = 1.
4x  4x  2 a. y = x +1 b. y = 2x – 2
c. d.  c. y = 3x – 1 d. y = 3x – 2
yx yx
2y y
Example 21. Find the second derivative of the Example 27. At what point on the curve y  x3
implicit function; 4x2  8y 2  36. is the normal parallel to 3x + y = 5?
a. (±1/3, ±1/27) b. (±1/3, 1/27)
a. -9/4y3 b. 16/y4 c. -9/4y4 d. -9/y3 c. (1/3, ±1/27) d. (1/3, 1/27)

Example 22. Find the second derivative of the Derivative interpreted as rate of change;
parametric equations: The rate of change of y corresponding to the given
value of x, or the instantaneous rate:
x  t 3  2t  yt3t dy y
4 and
2. 
18t Lim  rate of change of y with
a. b. 28t dx x0 x
(3t 2  2)3 (3t 2  2)3 respect to x.

c. 12t d. 6t Curvature and radius of curvature;

(3t 2  2)3 (3t 2  2)3 Curvature refers to the rate of change of the direction
of the curve. Thus a circle of smaller radius has great
curvature, or is sharply curved.
Derivative interpreted as slope;
The slope of the tangent line defines the slope of a The curvature, k, of the curve y=f(x) is;
curve at the point of tangency; hence y"
The slope of the curve y = f(x) at the point (h,k) is
k
f’(h).
[1  ( y')2 ]3/
2

dy Radius of curvature;
Slope of tangent at P(x,y) = .
dx The radius of curvature, , is the reciprocal of the
curvature, k, or:
Since the tangent to the curve y  f (x) at the point

9
 1 [1  ( y')2 ]3/ 2
(h,k) has the slope f’(h), the equation of the tangent line  
is; k y"
y  k  f '(h)(x  h)
The normal line to the curve y=f(x) at (h,k) is Circle of curvature
defined as the line through (h,k) perpendicular to the
tangent at that point. Hence the slope of the normal is –

10
 At any point on a curve y f (x) , where y’ and y” Test for maximum and minimum points:

exist and y”  0, there is associated with the curve a
circle, which is called the circle of curvature with Second derivative test:
the following equation: At a point where y’ = 0, if y”  0, y is a maximum
point; if y”  0, y is a minimum point; if y” = 0, the test
(x  h)2  ( y  k) 2  r 2 fails.
the center (h,k) and radius r of the curve is;
Applications of maxima and minima
y'[1  ( y')2 ]
hx General procedure for solving maxima and minima
y" problems;
1  ( y')2 1. Express the quantity to be maximized or
ky minimized in terms of a single variable.
 y" 2. Differentiate the function determined in
3/2
[1  ( y')2 ] procedure 1 and set the derivative equal to
zero.
r y" 3. Solve for values of the variable and
 determine by inspection or otherwise whether
x3 they maximize or minimize the given
Example 28-30. Given a curve y at point quantity.
3
x = 1. Example 31- 34. For the curve
Example 28. find the curvature.
y 3x2
a. 0.707 b. 1.41 c. 1.23 d. 1.56  2  6x  1, .
Example 29. find the radius of curvature. x3
a. 0.707 b. 1.41 c. 1.23 d. 1.56 Example 31. find the maximum point.
Example 30. find the center of curvature. a. (-1,9/2) b. (1,3) c. (-2,3.5) d. (1,-4.5)
a. (0,1) b. (0,4/3) c. (1,2) d. (1,0) Example 32. find the minimum point.
a. (2,-9) b. (2,6) c. (1,6) d. (-1, 9)
Maxima, minima; critical points
A function y = f(x) is said to be an increasing Example 33. find the inflection point.
function of x if its value increases as x increases. a. (1, -3) b. (1/2, -9/4) c. (2, 3) d. ( 4, 7)
Similarly, it is decreasing function of x if y decrease as x Example 34. determine the concavity of the
increases. In terms of slope; if y’0, y increases; and if curve at x = 1.
y’ 0, y decreases. The point on the curve where the a. upward b. downward
function changes from increasing to decreasing is c. to the left d. to the right
called maximum point, and the point where the
Example 35. A function y 2  y  x2  2x  5 ,
function changes from decreasing to increasing is
called a minimum point. The points at which y’= 0 are what x value maximizes y?
called critical points, and the corresponding value of x a.1 b. 0 c. 2 d. 3
are the critical value of x. Example 36. The cost C of a product is a
function of the quantity x of the product is given
by the relation: C(x)  x2  4000x  50.
Points of inflection; Concavity
Find the quantity for which the cost is a
The second derivative is the rate of change of the minimum.
first derivative. It follows that when y” is positive, y’ is a. 4000 b. 2000 c. 3000 d. 5000
increasing: as x increase, the tangent turns in a Example 37. The volume of the closed
counterclockwise sense and the curve is concave cylindrical tank is 11.3m3. If the total surface area
upward. When y” is negative, y’ decreases; the curve is is a minimum, what is its base radius?
concave downward. A point of inflection is a point at a. 1.216m b. 1.56m c. 3.45m d. 2.35m
which the curve changes from concave upward to Example 38. A rectangular field is to be
concave downward, or vice versa. fenced into four equal parts. What is the size of the
Inflection point- a point at which the curve changes its largest field that can be fenced this way with a
direction of concavity. fencing length of 1500ft if the division is to be
parallel to one side?
A function y  f (x) has an inflection a. 45,000ft2 b. 62,500ft2

11
point at x=a if c. 23,450 ft2 d. 12,500 ft2
f '(a)  0 f "(a) 
and 0.

12
 EXAMPLE 39. Find the altitude of the cylinder of Differential;
maximum volume which can be inscribed in a right
The differential of any function is equal to its
circular cone of radius r and height h.
derivative multiplied by the differential of the
a. ½ h b. 1/3 h c. 2/3 h d. ¾ h independent variable.
EXAMPLE 40. Find the area of the largest
Partial differentiation;
rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse

x2  y 2 1.
Partial derivatives
Consider the functions,
a2 b2
a. 4ab b. 3ab c. 2ab d. ab z  f (x, if it is differentiated with respect
y,t)
to each independent variable while the other
Time rates; variable held constant the derivative is called partial
The fact that derivative of a function is identical with derivative.
its rate of change leads to a great variety of applications; z f (x, y, t) z f (x, y, t)
those in which time is the independent variable are , ,
 x  y
especially important. Frequently the problems of rates is
x y
most conveniently solved by expressing the variable z f (x, y, z)
whose rate of change is to be found, in terms of another 
variable whose rate is known, and then differentiating y
t
with respect to time the equation connecting them. The total differential, Consider a function.
Example 41. The distance a body travels is a function of z  f (x, with the corresponding partial
y,t)
time and is given by x(t)  16t  8t 2 . Find derivatives of
its
velocity and acceleration at t = 3.
z z z
x , y , t
a. 64, 16 b. 16, 48 c. 16, 24 d. 24, 78
Example 42. A car starting at 12 noon travels west
at a speed of 30 kph. Another car starting from the then the total differential is
same point at 2:00 PM travels north at 45kph. Find how z z z
fast the two are separating at 4:00 PM? dz  dx  dy  dt.
a. 62kph b. 12kph c. 51 kph d. 109kph x y t
Example 43. The height of a right circular cylinder is 50 Example 47. Find the partial derivatives with
in. and decreases at the rate of 4 ips, while the radius of
the base is 20 in. and increase at the rate of 1ips. At what respect to x of the function:
rate is the volume changing? f (x, y)  xy2  5y  6 .
3 3
a. 1987.45in /s b. 1256.64in /s a. y2- 5 b. xy – 5y c. y2 d. 2xy
c. 3245.23in3/s d. 3456.78in3/s Example 48.a. find the total differential of the function
Example 44. a. At a certain instant the dimensions of a
rectangle parallelepiped are 4, 5, and 6 feet, and they
xy  z 2.
are each increasing, respectively, at the rates 1, 2, and 3 a. ydx + xdy + 2zdz b. xdy + ydx + zdz
fps. At what rate is the volume increasing? c. ydx + xdy + zdz c. zdx + ydy + zdy
a. 138 b. 153 c. 72 d. 231
Example 45. A kite, at a height of 60ft, is moving PRACTICE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL
horizontally at a rate of 5fps away from the boy who CALCULUS
flies it. How fast is the cord being released when
100ft are out? Direction: Answer the following problems.

a. 4fps b. 3 c. 5 d. 2 1. (CE November 1997) Evaluate the following

limit:
Example 46. The base and the base angles of an x 2 1
isosceles triangle are increasing at the respective rates of lim
2fps and 50 per second. When the base is 10ft long and x1 x 2  3x  4
the base angles are 450, find the rate at which the altitude a. 1.87fps b. 1.21 c. 2.21 d. 3.21
is increasing.
13
 A. 2/5 B. infinity C. 0 D.5/2
2. (ECE November 1997) Evaluate the limit
(x-4) / (x2-x-12) as x approaches 4
A.0 B. Undefined C.1/7 D. Infinity
3. (ECE November 1997) Evaluate the limit (1n x)
/ x as x approaches positive infinity.

14
 A.1 B. 0 C. e D. infinity 17. (CE May 1999) Find the second derivative
4. (ME October 1997) Evaluate the following of y= x-2 at x=2
x4 A. 96 B. 0.375 C.-0.25 D.-0.875
limit: lim
18. (ME October 1997) Give the function f(x)=
x x4 x3 –5x+2, find the value of the first derivative
A.1 B. Indefinite C. 0 D. 2 at x=2,
1  cos x A. 7 B. 3x 2–5 C. 2 D.8
5. (EE April 1995) Evaluate: lim 19. (ME April 1998) Given the function f(x)= x
x0 x2 to the 3rd power –6x+2, find the value of the
A. 0 B. ½ C. 2 D. –1/2
first derivative at x=2,
2x+1
6. Find dy/dx if y= 5 A. 6 B. 3x –5 C. 7 D. 8
A. 5 2x+1 In 5 B .5 2x+1 In 25
20. Find the point in the parabola y2 =4x at which
C. 52x+1 In 10 D. 52x+1 In 2
the rate of change of the ordinate and
x abscissa are equal.
7. Find dy/dx if y = e A.(1,2) . (2,1) C. (4,4) D. (–1,4)
A. e 21. Find the angle that the curve 𝑦 = 1 −
√3x cut the x axis
x x
/2 x B. e / x
x
C. e / x D. e x2 x
A. 77 o B. 75 o C. 79 o D.120 o
8. If a is a simple constant, what is the
22. (CE May 1999) Find the angle that the line
derivative of y = xa?
2y-9x-18=0 makes with the x-axis.
A. a x a-1 B. (a-1)x C. xa-1 D.ax
A. 74.77 o B.4.5 o C. 47.77 o D 77.470
9. (ME April 1996) Find the derivative of the
function 2x2 + 8x+9 with respect to x. 23. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x =
A. Df(x)= 4x-8 y3 at (1,1)
B.Df(x)=2x+9 A. 4.72 B. 3.28 C. 4.67 D. 5.27
C. Df(x)=2x+8 D. Df(x)=4x+8
24. (CE November 1998) The chords of the
10. Find dy/dx if = In x ellipse 64x2+25y2= 1600 having equal slopes
of 1/5 are bisected by its diameter. Determine
A. x / In x B. x/ In x the equation of the diameter of the ellipse.
C. 1/2x D. 2/x A. 5x-64y=0 B. 64x-5y=0
11. Evaluate the differential of tan  . C. 5x+64y=0 D. 64x+5y=0
A. In sec  d  B. In cos  d 25. Divide 120 into two parts so that the product
of one and the square of the other is
C.. sec  tan  d D. sec2  d maximum. Find the numbers.
12. (ME April 1997) If y=cos x, what is dy/dx? A. 60 and 60 B. 100and 20
A. sec x B. –sec x C. 70 and 50 D. 80 and 40
C. sin x D.-sin x 26. If the sum of two numbers is C, find the
13. The derivative of In (cos x) is: minimum value of the sum of their squares.
A. sec x B. –sec x A. C2/2 B. C2/4 C. C2/6 D. C2/8
C. –tan x D. tan x 27. Two cities A and B are 8 km and 12 km,
14. (CE May 1997) Find the derivative of respectively, north of a river which runs due
arccos 4x with respect to x. east. City B being 15 km east of A. A
A. –4/ [ 1-(4x)^2]^ 2 B.-4 [1-(4x)2]^0.5 pumping station is to be constructed (along
C. 4/ [1-(4x)^2]^0.5 D.-4/[(4x)^2-1]^0.5 the river) to supply water for the two cities.
15. (CE November 1997) What is the first Where should the station be located so that
derivative of y = arcsin 3x.
3 the amount of pipe is a minimum?
3 A. 3 km east of A B. 4 km east of A
A. - B.
1  9x 1  9x C. 9 km east of A D. 6 km east of A
2 2

3 3 28. A boatman is at A, which is 4.5 km from the

C. - D. nearest point B on a straight shore BM. He
1  9x 2 1  9x 2 wishes to reach, in minimum time, a point C
16. (ECE November 1997) If y= x (1n x), find situated on the shore 9 km from B. How far
d2y/dx2 from C should he land if he can row at the
A. 1/x2 B. –1/x C. 1/x D. –1/x2 rate of 6 Kph and walk at the rate of 7.5

15
Kph?
A. 1 km B. 3 km C. 5 km D. 8 km

16
29. (ECE April 1998) A statue 3 m high is 38. The surface area of the sphere (initially zero)
standing on a base of 4 m high. If an increases uniformly at the rate of 26 sq. cm.
observer’s eye is 1.5 m above the ground, per second. Find the rate at which the radius
how far should stand from the base in is increasing after two seconds.
order that the angle subtended by the statue A. 0.59 cm/sec B. 0.62 cm/sec
is a maximum? C. 0.509 cm/sec D. 0.52 cm/sec
A. 3.41 m B. 3.51 m
C. 3.71 m D. 4.41 m 39. There is a constant inflow of a liquid into a
30. An iron bar 20 m long is bent to form a conical vessel 15 feet deep and 7.5 feet in
closed plane area. What is the largest area diameter at the top. Water is rising at the rate
possible? of 2 feet per minute when the water is 4 feet
A. 21.56 m2 B. 25.68 m2 deep. What is the rate of inflow in cu. ft. per
2
C. 28.56m D. 31.83 m2 minute?
31. A rectangular box having a square base and A. 8.14 B. 7.46 C. 9.33 D. 6.28
open at the top is to have a capacity of 16,823
cc. Find the height of the box to use the least 40. (ECE November 1995) The rate of change
amount of the material. of a function of y with respect to x equals 2-
A. 16.14 cm B. 32.28 cm y, and y=8 when x=0. Find y when x= In (2).
C. 18.41 cm D. 28.74 cm A.2 B. –5 C. 5 D. –2
32. (ECE Board March 1996, November 41. Water is pouring into a swimming pool.
1998) The altitude of a cylinder of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a After t hours, there are t  t gal. in the
right circular cone of radius r and height h pool. At what rate in gpm is water pouring
is: into the pool when t=9hrs.?
A. h/3 B. 2h/3 C. 3h/2 D. h/4 a. 1.17 b. 0.7 c. 0.2 d. 0.02
33. (CE May 1997) What is the least amount of
tin sheet, in sq. meter, that can be made into a
closed cylindrical can having a volume of 42. d2 2 is equal to
108 cu. meter? 2
(ln x
)dx
A.125 square meter B. 137 square meter 1 2 2
C. 150 square meter D. 120 square meter a. 2x b. c.
d.
34. A van is 5 km due north of a bus at 2:00 p.m. x2 x2 x
2
If the van is traveling northward at the rate of 1 dy
60 kph and the bus is traveling westward at 43. If y  , what is ?
the rate of 75 kph, how fast will the two be ln x dx
separating at 5:00 p.m.?
A. 85.36 kph B. 96.04 kph 1 1
a. b.
C. 98.65 kph D. 102.54 kph x 2 ln x(ln x)2
35. (CE May 1997) A car drives east from point x
A at 30 kph. Another car starting from B at d. xlnx-x
the same time, drive S 300 W toward A at 60 1
c.
x(ln
x)
kph. B is 30 km away from A. How fast in distance from B changing?
kph is the distance between the two cars A. 10 ft/s B. 12 ft/s
changing after one hour? C. 13 ft/s D. 15 ft/s
A. 76.94 kph B.78.94 kph
C. 75.94 kph D. 77.94 kph
36. (CE November 1996) A car starting at 12:00
noon travels west at a speed of 30 kph.
Another car starting from the same point at
2:00 PM travels north at 45 kph. Find how
fast the two are separating at 4:00 PM?
A. 55 B. 57 C. 51 D. 53
37. (ECE April 1998) A balloon is rising
vertically over a point A on the ground at the
rate of 15 ft/sec. A point B on the ground is
level with and 30 ft from A. When the
balloon is 40 ft from A, at what rate is its

17
 44. Determine the altitude of the largest
circular cylinder that can be inscribed
in a right circular
cone
of radius 6 inches and of height 15 inches.
a.12 inches b. 8 inches
c. 5 inches d. 10 inches
45. A balloon is rising vertically over a
point A on the ground at the rate 15
ft/sec. A point B on the ground level is
with the same horizontal plane as A
and 30 ft from it, when the balloon is
40 ft from A, at what rate is its distance
from B changing?
a. 12 ft/sec b. 15 ft/sec
c. 18 ft/sec d. 21 ft/sec
46. Find the equation of the line tangent
to the circle x2  y 2  34  0 at
point (3,5).
a. 3x  5y  34  0 b. 3x  5y 
34  0
c. 3x  5y  34  0 d.- 3x  5y 
34  0

18
47. A light is placed on the ground 4 feet from a
point path leading up to a building. The light is
20ft from the building. A man 6ft tall walks
along the path towards the building at the rate
of 6ft/s. How fast is his shadow on the building
shortening when he is 8ft from the building?
a. -2fps b. -3fps
c. -4fps d. -5fps
48. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally in a
cylinder 4” in diameter and 6” long at an
initial pressure 15psia by a piston moving at
3fps. At what rate is the pressure changing
when the piston is halfway through the
cylinder.
a. 260psia/sec b. 360psia/sec
c. 460psia/sec d. 560psia/sec
49. If y  x ln x , find y”:
a. -1/x b.) -1/x2 c.) 1/x d.) 1/x2
50. Three sides of a trapezoid are each 8cm long.
How long is the fourth side when the area of the
trapezoid has the greatest value?
a.) 15 cm b.) 16 cm
c.) 12 cm d.) 10cm
51. Water running out a conical funnel at the rate of
1in3/s. If the radius of the base of the funnel is 4
in and the altitude is 8 in., find the rate at which
the water level is dropping when it is 2 in from
the top.
a.) -3/2pi ips b.) 2/3pi ips
c.) -4/9pi ips d.) 1/9pi ips
52. Evaluate lim(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)2.
1

𝜃→0

𝑥2−16
53. Evaluate: lim
a.1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 3

𝑥→4 𝑥−4
a.3 b) 1 c) 2 d) 8

19
 5
𝑥−2
6. Given f(x) = and g(x) = 2x +1. Find (f •
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
g)(3)
2
1. The domain and range of the function y= x
𝑓(𝑥) =
d) 42
2𝑥 +7𝑥−4
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3
a.D(-∞, ∞), R[0, +∞) b) D(∞, 0), R[2, +∞) 7. For the rational function ,
c) D(3, 3), R[5, +∞) d) D(-3, 3), R[2, +∞) 𝑥2+𝑥−2
I. Determine the x-intercepts;
𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
2. Let f(x) be defined by f(x) =

{ 5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3. Determine the domain

a. ½, -4 b. ¼, -4 c. 1/3, 2 d. 2, -4

2𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 3 < 𝑥 II. Determine the y-intercepts;

a)𝐷[(−∞, +∞) , 𝑅 [(−∞, 2) ∪ (7,

and range.

∞)]
a.2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b) 𝐷(∞, −∞), 𝑅[(∞ − 3) ∪ (−5,

III. Determine the equation of vertical
∞ )]
asymptotes;

𝑐)𝐷(∞, +∞), 𝑅 [ ( ∞, 3) ∪ (7,

a. x = 1 and x = -2 b. x =2 & x = 3
∞ )]
c. x = 4 & x = 6 d. x =3 & x = 7

d) 𝐷(∞, −∞), 𝑅[(∞, +5) ∪ (6,

IV. Determine the equation of horizontal

∞ )]
asymptotes;
a.y = 2 b. y = 5 c. y = 8 d. y =
10
3. Given the function f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4, find.
the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) =
Determine the vertical and slant 2asymptotes of
I. f(0) a) -4 b) -5 c) 6 d) 7 𝑥 −4𝑥−5

𝑥−3
.
II. f(2) a) 16 b) 12 c) 18 d) 14
III. f(h) a) h3+ 3h2 – 4 b) h +h -2 a.x = 3 & y = x – 1 b. x = 1 & y = x +2

Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =

d. x = 4 & y = 2x + 51
𝑥 −3
c) h2- 3h +6 d) h4 + 2h +5 8. c. x = 4 & y = x -5

2
IV. f(2x) a) 8x3 + 12x2- 4 b) 4x + 12x -6 9. .
c) 3x2 + 43 -2 d) 6x + 2x3 +4 a. (2x + 3)1/5 b. a. (3x + 3)1/5
V. f(x + h) a) ( x+ h) +3 (x+h)2 – 4
3

b) (x+ h) + 3(x +h) -4

c) (2x +h) +(x+ h) -3
d) 3(x +h) + (x –h)3 – 5
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)
−𝑓(𝑥) where h ≠0 if f(x) =√𝑥. 10. Evaluate lim(4𝑥 − 5) =?
4. c. a. (2x + 2)1/5 d. a. (5x + 3)1/5
ℎ
Find
𝟏 2 𝑥→
√𝒙+𝒉+ √𝒙 2
a)
√𝑥+√
b)
𝑥 a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 5
4 5
11. Evaluate li
√𝑥−ℎ+√𝑥 𝑥2−49

m
c)

√𝑥+ℎ+√
d)

𝑥−7
ℎ 𝑥→ 7
5. Given that f and g are the functions defined by
f(x) = √𝑥 + 1 and g(x) = √𝑥 − 4 . 12. Evaluate lim
1/𝑥
a) 14 b) 21 c) 8 d) 28

𝑥→∞ 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛

a) √𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 −
𝑥
Determine:

4 13. Evaluate lim [ ]

I.
(f+g)(x) a) ½ b) 2/3 c) ¾ d) 4/5
5𝑥

b) √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 −
4 𝑥 − 4𝑥
√
√
c)

𝐼𝑛 (2−𝑒𝑥)

𝑥→0

d)
√𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 − 4

20
 2𝑥 − √4𝑥
a)√√𝑥+1
√𝑥−4
Evaluate lim14.
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
IV. (f/g)(x)
a) √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥
d) a) -5 b) -6 c) -4 d) -3

−√ 4𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 𝑥→0
II. (f – g)(x)
− 4
b) √𝑥 + √−4𝑥
b)
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
c) √𝑥 + √−2𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
Determine the type of discontinuity in the
function: f(x) = { }.
d) √𝑥 − 1 − √4𝑥
15.
3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥
a) √𝑥 + 1 ∙ √𝑥 −
4
III. (f · g)(x) a.jump b. infinite c. zero d. point

b) √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥
Find the derivative of the function 2x2 + 8x + 9
+5
16. with respect to x.
a) Df(x) = 4x + 8 b) Df(x) = 2x +9

17. Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛√𝑥

c) Df(x) = 2x + 8 d) Df(x) = 4x - 8

a) 1/2x ` b) x/ In x
√𝑥−4
c) √𝑥−1 c) √𝑥/ 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 d) 2/x
d) √𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 18. What is the first derivative of y = arcsin 3x.
−4

21
 3
3
√1−9𝑥2
a)
1+9𝑥2
c) −
3
b) supply water for the two cities. Where should
3
the station be located so that the amount of pipe
1−9𝑥2
√1+9𝑥
d) is minimum?
2

19. Find the second derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 at x= a) 6 km east of A b) 4 km east of

2 A
a) 0.375 b) 96 c) 9 km east of A d) 3 km east of
c) -0.25 d) -0.875 A
20. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x4 27. A statue 3m high is standing on a base of 4 m
– 2x2 + 8 through point (2, 16). high. If an observer’s eye is 1.5 m above the
a) 24 b) 1/24 ground, how far should he stand from the base
c) 20 d) 1/20 in order that the angle subtended by the statue is
21. Find the first derivative of the function xcos y a maximum?
+ y cos x – 1 = 0.

𝑦 ′
= 𝑦 ′
=
a) 3.71 m b) 3.51 m
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
a.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖
b.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖
𝑛𝑦
c) 3.41 m d) 4.41 m
𝑛𝑦

𝑦′ =
28. An open tank of rectangular shape with square
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠
c.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥𝑠𝑖
𝑦 ′
=
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
d.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑦 𝑦
22. Find the second derivative of the parametric bases is to have a volume of 10 cubic meters.
equations x = 4 – t2 and y = t2 + 4t. The material for its bottom cost P 150.00 per
a. −1
𝑡 3 b. 1/t3 c. -2/t3 d. 3/t2 square meter, and that for the sides is P 60.00
23. What is the slope of the curve x + y2 – 6x +
2
respectively, north of a river which runs due
10y + 5 =0 at (1, 0) east. City B being 15 km east of A. A pumping
a) 2/5 b) 5/2 station is to be constructed (along the river) to
c) -2/5 d) -5/2
24. What is the radius of curvature, curvature and
center of curvature at point (1, 2) of the curve
4x – y2 = 0?
a) 5.66, 0.176, (5, -2)
b) 5.21, 0.289, (3, -1)
c) 6.21, 0.234, (2, -2)

25. For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) =

d) 6.66, 0.361, (-2, 4) 4
2𝑥3
− −
𝑥

4 3
5𝑥2
+ 6𝑥 + 1;
2
i.Determine the critical points;
a. 3, 1, -2 b. 2, 1, 3
c. 3, 5, 1 d. 3, 2, 5
ii. Determine the maximum points;
a. 1, 49/12 b. 3, 49/12
c. -2, 49/12 d. 5, 49/12
iii. Determine the minimum points;
a. -2, 35/3 b. 1, -35/3
c. 3, -35/3 d. 4, -35/3
iv. Determine the inflection points;
a. 2.12, -0.79 b. 1.21, -.032
c. 2.35, -0.65 d. 6.35, -0.48
v. Determine the concavity at x = 1;
a.concave downward b. concave
upward c. straight d. not
existing
26. Two cities A and B are 8 km and 12km,
22
 per square meter. The most economical
height is:
a) n2.5 m b) 2 m
c) 3 m d) 3.5 m
29. The distance traveled by a train is given by
the equation x = 3 t2 + 2t +4 where x is the
distance in km. and t is the time in hours.
Determine the velocity of the train after
traveling 10 km.
a) 8.72 kph b) 18.72 kph
c) 23.5 kph d) 75.3 kph
30. A van is 5 km due north of a bus at 2:00 p.m.
If the van is traveling northward at the rate of
60 kph and the bus is travelling westward at
the rate of 75kph, how fast will the two be
separating at 5:00 p.m.?
a)96.04 kph b) 85.36 kph
c) 75.94 kph d) 102.54 kph
31. An airplane is flying horizontally at an
altitude of 9000 m. An observer on the
ground noticed that when the angle of
elevation of the plane is 60o, the angle
decreases at the rate of 0.15 radians/second.
What is the velocity of the airplane?
a)1800 m/s b) 900 m/s
c) 1400 m/s d) 600 m/s
32. The height of the right circular cylinder is 50
inches and decreases at the rate of 4 inches
per second, while the radius of the base is 20
inches and increases at the rate of one inch
per second. At what rate is the volume
changing?
a) 1257 cu.in./sec
b) 1275 cu.in/sec
c) 11130 cu.in./sec
d) 11310 cu.in./sec

23
1
3