Accident Detection and Alert System

Abstract
In today’s generation as the population is increasing the no of vehicle’s are also increasing which may cause accidents this can
be deep learning and datasets .In these days the purchasing power of automobiles also increased a lot. And in some cases due to
recklessness its leading to traffic hazards or road accidents which is leading casualties of human lives. And when accidents
occur there may be delay of reaching ambulances to the location ,to detect accidents and alerts the nearest ambulance services
and as well alerts the guardians of the victim. The system makes use of camera to detect the severity of the accidents and send
the data to Database where our software which act as a layer scans and looks for the correctness by using deep learning. once
the data is verified the Keras OCR scans the plate number and checks the data which is present in data base once the data is
retrieved the corresponding SOS message is sent to guardians and nearby ambulance services and as well the location of the
accident.

Introduction
With the increase in global traffic volume, road accidents have become a major concern for public health and safety.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of death among people
aged 5 to 29, and nearly 1. 3 million people die each year due to road traffic accidents. Rapid urbanization, increasing number
of vehicles, and distracted driving have exacerbated the problem.Therefore, there is an urgent need for automatic accident
detection and warning systems that can ensure rapid response times and reduce fatalities.In recent years, researchers have
explored various approaches that integrate sensors, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms to develop reliable accident
detection systems.

The importance and necessity of automatic accident detection

The urgency of a robust accident detection and alert system is evident in the high number of fatalities due to delayed medical
response.Delays in reaching accident victims due to non detection or late detection often result in preventable
deaths.Traditional methods rely on witnesses or bystanders to report incidents, causing unnecessary delays.Real-time detection
systems promise faster notification to emergency services, improving response times and potentially saving lives.In addition,
these systems have applications beyond immediate warning; they provide valuable data for city planners, traffic authorities and
policymakers to assess accident-prone areas and design preventive measures.

Existing Research Technologies and Approaches

In a globalized world people are highly dependent on automobiles on a daily basis. There might be some billions of vehicles on
the roads and due to recklessness of driving there are millions of casualties causing day by day around the world. The road
crash injuries and the lack of immediate medical attention leads to deaths. So, to avoid too many casualties' different
methodologies are implemented through technology.The existing system mainly deals with detecting the accidents and rescue
the victims through INTERNET OF THINGS(IOT). The system makes use of accelerometer sensor signal which is used to
detect severe accidents due to some obstacle. It makes use of smart devices and helps to build an automated system with
programmable and remote controlled appliances. Hence the components are combined with internet connectivity and data
analyzing capabilities. The existing system helps in providing faster communication to the ambulance services which helps in
faster medical aids to the victim as soon as possible. when the accident occurs, the system analyzes the severity of the accident
and sends the message to the rescue team which helps the rescue team to arrive to the spot as early as possible and provide
medical aid to the victim. The existing system is used for detecting the accidents which helps in reducing the loss of life due to
accidents and it also helps in reducing the time taken for the ambulance to reach the accidental spot. The system makes use of
accelerometer sensor to detect the severity of the accidents which is present in the rescue system and with the help of GSM
module the messages about the location of accident and its severity is sent to all the nearby rescue team in that specific location.
This helps the emergency help team to immediately track the location with the help of GSM module. once the accident location
information is received it will help the rescue team to take action immediately. The rescue team that arrives on spot as early as
possible provides the first aid to the victim and an alert is sent to all the other rescue team that received the SMS stating that the
victim has been rescued. This detection of accidents makes use of microcontroller which consists of accelerometer sensor,
display, GSM module and alarm.

System Architecture

Accident Detection:
The existing system uses the accelerometer sensor which detects the accidents based on the severity of the accident. The
severity is determined based on the vibration frequency of the accident. The readings are monitored continuously by the
accelerometer. And if there is in increase or decrease in the speed above some certain value or a threshold value and as well if
there is any change in the angle of the sensor then it detects as an accident.
Detection of severity and rescue:
The vibration sensors are equipped with the Raspberry pi system which is used to sense the vibration frequency of the accidents.
A maximum vibration frequency limit is set in the Raspberry Pi model and when the frequency exceeds the limit means the
accident has occurred. The rescue team that arrives at the earliest will rescue the victim at the earliest and an alert will be sent
to the other nearby rescue teams that the victim has been rescued. And in this system few hardware components/sensors are
also used for detecting the speed of the moving vehicles.
Micro Controller:
Microcontroller consists of the programmable information of the peripherals. It consists of CPUs along with the memory to
store the programmable information. Micro controllers are used in wide array of systems and devices. Devices often utilize
multiple microcontroller that work together within the device to handle their tasks. This micro-controller is embedded inside of
a system to control a singular function in a device. It interprets the data and receives from its input output peripherals using its
central processor.
 Micro Controller
Crystal Oscillator:
Crystal oscillators are commonly used in low-power IoT devices to provide an accurate timing reference. Crystal oscillator is
an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a constant frequency. This frequency is used to keep track of time. These are also used to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The crystal oscillator is relied on slight change in shape of a quartz crystal
under an electric field. The oscillator is used to maintain frequency by creating electrical signal. In this existing system crystal
oscillators are helpful in tracking the time when an accident occurs.

Crystal Oscillator

WiFi Module:
Wi-Fi module also known as serial to wifi module, which belongs to the transmission layer of the IOT. Wi-fi module helps the
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network. This system makes use of Wi-fi module to continuously stay connected to a
network.

Wifi-Module
Storage in Cloud:
This distributed storage helps in continuously piling all the information to the cloud and retrieve the information when required.

A Cloud Storage System

GSM Module:
So generally talking about GSM is abbreviated as Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). It is developed by
European telecommunications standard institute. Generally, this GSM module is a wireless communication standard for mobile
telephone systems. And this GSM module even describes about protocols for the second-generation digital cellular networks
for mobile phones and now the default global standard for mobile communications- with over 90% market share, operating in
over 219 countries and territories. This ubiquitousness means subscribers will use their phones throughout the globe, enabled
by international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators. GSM differs from its forerunner technologies in this
each sign and speech channels are digital, and therefore GSM is taken into account a second generation (2G) transportable
system. In this system GSM module is used to track the location when the accident occurs. Hence with the help of this module
when the accident occurs the message is been sent to the nearby rescue teams.

GSM Module

Accelerometer Sensor:
So, the accelerometer sensor is an electronic sensor that measures the acceleration forces acting on an object. Acceleration is a
vector quantity, is the rate of change of an object’s velocity. The force caused vibration or a change in motion causes the mass
to squeeze the piezoelectric material which produces an electric charge which is proportional to the force exerted upon it. Since
the charge is proportional to the force, and the mass is constant then the charge is also proportional to the acceleration. In this
system this sensor is used to monitor and detect the vibration of a rotating machine. This sensor is also capable of detecting the
direction and magnitude of the acceleration which is used to sense the vibration or shock in a medium since the acceleration
starts at zero and it increases gradually. Hence this system makes use of this sensor to detect the severity of the accidents.
 Accelerometer Sensor

Working Principle

The existing system mainly works on the principle of GSM and as well accelerometer which helps victims survive from the
accident as soon as possible. When there is a tilt in the car based on the vibrating frequency the sensor will detect that the
accident has occurred. The sensor then communicates to the microcontroller. Based on the position of the vehicle the system
detects that accident has occurred and with the help of GSM module the message will be sent to the rescue team. The existing
system only uses the information about the vehicle’s vibrating measurements to detect the accident. If vehicle is normal, no
messages has been sent to rescue team. Whenever accident occurred, the sensor detects the accident happened with vehicle. The
controller get the input from sensors and send the accident alert information to road side unit and then message is sent to the
rescue team and also WIFI and GPS finds location of the vehicle and that also send to the rescue team.The main drawbacks of
the existing system are that we need to install hardware components like microcontroller, crystal oscillator, wi-fi module, and
few other sensors into the vehicle. By this in some cases the IOT devices may get damaged. And another drawback of this
existing system is that we need to install these IOT devices into millions of vehicles which is a difficult task, time consuming
and as well cost effective. This current system also has a drawback of mobility, because IoT is expected to offer services to the
mobile users as well. It continuously needs to connect the users, in order to provide better services. In some cases, the users or
victims may not be connected to network. So therefore, the users need to join the nearby network without any previous
configuration. As we know the existing system is highly dependent on IOT devices and as well the IOT devices are relied on
Internet. So in some conditions the devices may not function properly without internet. And with the complexity of the systems,
there are many ways for them to fail. The other drawback of this system is that the here the IOT devices are interconnected and
communicated over networks. So here the system offers little control despite any security measures, and it can be lead to
various network attacks.
Literature Survey

S.No Author Data-set Methodology Aim Result/Accuracy

1 Duaa Hadi Nassar, 4814 images CNN-SVM hybrid Real-time accident 99.74% (first
Jamal Mustafa Al- (28x28), 990 model detection using dataset), 98.88%
Tuwaijari images (32x32) surveillance (second dataset)
footage
2 Md. Syedul Amin, GPS/GSM Accident detection To accurately Accurate location
Jubayer Jalil, technology-based via GSM to track detect and report tracking and
M.B.I. Reaz​ accident detection vehicle speed, accidents to immediate alerts,
logs detect crashes, and emergency with occasional
send location data services by false positives in
monitoring vehicle dense traffic
speed

3 Rohan Gupta, Sensor-based data Combined pre- To prevent Successful alert

Eshaan Gupta, from GPS, and post-accident accidents (pre- triggering upon
Navendu Jalan, accelerometer, detection using accident) and threshold
Leena GSM sensors (alcohol, quickly respond breaches, yet fine-
Chakraborty eye-blink, (post-accident) by tuning required for
vibration) and notifying sensitivity
alerts emergency
services
4 Lalitha Vehicle images RCNN for plate Vehicle 98.46% accuracy
Madanbhavi, with Indian detection, CNN identification by for RCNN,
Geeta R. number plates for character number plate 95.98% for CNN
Bharamagoudar, et recognition
al

5 Tausif Diwan, G. YOLO models Use of YOLO To enhance Detection

Anirudh, Jitendra with various (You Only Look detection accuracy accuracy
V. Tembhurne object detection Once) model for and response time improvements
datasets real-time object in traffic accident noted, faster than
detection in cases other two-stage
accident scenarios detectors
6 Sushant Gangwar, Public Legal Data for OCR, ANN, SVM Vehicle Improved security
Siddhant ANPR for plate information and data
Chaudhary, localization, access using accuracy​
Swapnil Tyagi, character ANPR
Praveen Mishra segmentation
7 Ali Tourani, Iranian vehicle images YOLO v3 model Real-time Iranian 95.05% accuracy,
Asadollah across various for both license license plate processing time
Shahbahrami, et lighting/weather plate and character detection ~119.73 ms
al. conditions detection
8 Shweta V. Dhole Real-time data from Node MCU, GPS, Immediate Fast detection,
et al. vibration sensors GSM, Vibration accident reliable
sensor notification to
emergency
services
9 Bhalerao Harshal Accelerometer, Fuzzy logic with Detect accidents Collision
A., Jadhav Sarika gyroscope, force sensors to and notify detection via
J., Jadhav Snehal sensor, speed sensor calculate a emergency threshold in fuzzy
B. data collision index contacts logic

10 Monika S. Tayde, Not specified Ultrasonic, GSM, Accident Early response in

Aruna P. Phatale GPS, prevention & accidents, safety
Accelerometer, detection, safety alerts
Alcohol Detection alert
Sensors
11 Saad Masood Butt No specific dataset GPS, GSM, Reducing Not specified
VANET, AODV response time for
Protocol accident response

12 Shaoqing Ren, PASCAL VOC Region Proposal Real-time object 73.2% mAP on
Kaiming He, Ross Networks (RPN), detection PASCAL VOC, 5
Girshick, Jian Sun CNN, Fast R-CNN fps on GPU​
Description

1. Vehicle Accident Detection and Notification System -

The research conducted by Duaa Hadi Nassar and Jamal Mustafa Al-Tuwaijari examines a vehicle accident detection and
notification system that employs deep learning techniques, including combining NN and SVM in npm model. This is an
advanced approach to accident identification across multiple domains. The aim of the study is to improve the accuracy of real-
time accident detection using surveillance images, allowing accidents to be identified from live video feeds and automatically
alerting the competent authorities. The system is trained on two different datasets: , the first dataset consists of 4814 grayscale
images of vehicle accidents, each image having a resolution of 28x28 pixels, while the second dataset consists of 990 images at
a resolution of 32x32 pixels.The CNN-SVM model leverages the ability of CNNs to recognize complex patterns in images and
the ability of SVMs to accurately classify these patterns, providing a powerful tool for accident detection.The authors report
that the model achieved a classification accuracy of 99.74% on the first dataset and 98.88% on the second dataset,
demonstrating the model's high accuracy and reliability in distinguishing between accident and non-accident situations.The
potential application of this system in urban traffic monitoring is huge as it can be integrated with existing surveillance
networks to automatically detect accidents in real time.The proposed solution highlights the effectiveness of deep learning in
processing visual data and demonstrates how machine learning can be used to create reliable and automated accident detection
systems, which can significantly improve the response time of emergency services and enhance urban road safety.

2. Accident Detection and Reporting System Using GPS, GPRS, and GSM Technology :
Md.Syedul Amin, Jubayer Jalil and M.B.I.Reaz presented a GPS, GPRS and GSM based system for accident detection and
reporting through vehicle speed monitoring and sudden deceleration detection.Their system continuously monitors the vehicle
speed using GPS and any sudden deceleration triggers a potential accident alert.If an accident is detected, the system sends
location details via GSM to emergency contacts, eliminating the need for witnesses to report the incident.This automated
reporting system is particularly useful in remote areas where emergency services are not immediately available.
Amin et al.French acknowledges the limitations of using GSM, which can delay alerts in areas with poor network connectivity.
However, they highlight the potential of the system to improve road safety by facilitating faster medical response, especially in
areas with inadequate infrastructure.Together, these papers highlight different approaches to accident detection and warning
systems. Diwan et al. focus on the technical advantages of YOLO for real-time accident detection, Bharath Reddy et al.
presented an affordable smartphone application solution, Gupta et al. proposed a two-stage system that combines prevention
and detection, and Amin et al. highlighted the role of GPS and GSM technology in rapid response to emergencies. Collectively,
these studies demonstrate the potential of collision detection systems to improve road safety, showing how technological
advances can reduce response times and ultimately save lives.

3. Real-Time Accident Detection and Alerting System for Medical Emergency and Rescue :
In this paper, Rohan Gupta, Eshaan Gupta, Navendu Jalan, and Leena Chakraborty propose an integrated pre- and post-crash
detection system using various sensors, including accelerometers, alcohol sensors, and blink sensors.The pre-crash phase
focuses on monitoring the driver’s alcohol level and blinking to prevent crashes before they occur, while the post-crash phase
uses vibration sensors and accelerometers to detect crashes.If a violent impact is detected, the system sends location data via
GPS to emergency services and selected contacts.Gupta et al.highlight the importance of pre-crash detection to mitigate
potential crashes and emphasize that post-crash detection provides critical location data for rapid response. Although adjusting
sensor thresholds to avoid false positives remains a challenge, the authors argue that combining preemptive and real-time
warning systems could significantly reduce fatalities by ensuring rapid emergency response.
4. Detection and Recognition of Indian Vehicle License Plates Using Deep Learning :
This paper presents a deep learning approach to detect and recognize Indian vehicle license plate registrations.The system aims
to address the challenge of managing vehicle data for applications such as traffic monitoring, toll collection, and stolen vehicle
detection.The authors present an approach that uses a region-based convolutional neural network (RCNN) to detect the license
plate region in an image, followed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize the characters in the detected license
plate.This two-step process improves the accuracy and reliability of recognition, especially when dealing with large volumes of
vehicle images.The CNN trained on Indian license plates, consisting of 36 alphanumeric characters, achieved a high
recognition accuracy of 95-98%. Additionally, the RCNN model achieved a detection accuracy of 98.46%, and both models
were tested on images of various vehicle types to ensure system reliability.The paper highlights the potential of this system for
real-time applications by discussing its successful implementation in managing and recognizing multiple vehicles in a single
image.The authors’ focus on integrating databases to track detected license plates adds another layer of functionality.This
approach leverages the strengths of deep learning to accurately identify and manage vehicle information in complex, real-world
traffic scenarios.
5. Object Detection Using YOLO:
This paper by Tausif Diwan, G.Anirudh, and Jitendra V.Tembhurne presents an in-depth analysis of object detection models, in
particular the YOLO (You Only Look Once) architecture and its evolution. YOLO’s efficiency in real-time processing makes it
particularly suitable for accident detection, where speed is essential. The authors explore the single-pass architecture of YOLO,
which allows the model to handle object localization and classification in a single pass, making it ideal for time-sensitive
applications such as accident detection.They discuss the evolution of YOLO from its first release to subsequent releases, each
adding architectural improvements that increase detection accuracy without slowing down processing. Diwan et al. highlight
challenges such as low-resolution images, object size variations, and lighting inconsistencies, while also highlighting the
potential of YOLO for traffic monitoring and accident detection due to its balance between speed and accuracy.They suggest
future improvements that could further optimize YOLO for accident detection under a variety of conditions, improving its
suitability for real-time detection and warning systems.
6. V.I.S - Vehicle Information Application :
This paper focuses on the development of an automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system, called “Vehicle Information
System” (VIS).The system addresses the challenges posed by the increasing number of vehicles and the need for a simple and
accessible way to obtain vehicle information.Traditional methods of vehicle data collection require access through government
channels or slow SMS services, making them less effective.V.I.S uses a combination of optical character recognition (OCR),
artificial neural networks (ANN), and support vector machines (SVM) to recognize vehicle license plates.The method follows
three main steps: License Plate Localization (NPL), Character Segmentation (CS), and OCR, which together identify the
license plate and convert its characters into readable text.The application is designed to be cross-platform, making it adaptable
to both mobile and desktop operating systems.The authors highlight the benefits of their approach, noting that API-based data
retrieval ensures data security and fast responses, providing better accessibility for users.The system is positioned as
particularly useful in contexts where vehicle monitoring is critical, such as police work, parking management, and fleet tracking.
The study concludes with a positive outlook on the system’s efficiency, data accuracy, and security improvements over
previous tools.
7. A Robust Deep Learning Approach for Automatic Iranian License Plate Detection and Recognition for
Surveillance Systems :
This paper, authored by Ali Tourani, Asadollah Shahbahrami, Sajjad Soroori, and Saeed Khazaee, proposes a robust deep
learning-based system suitable for Iranian license plate detection and character recognition under various environmental
conditions.The system is designed to handle complex scenarios including harsh weather conditions, lighting variations, and
noise during image acquisition.Using two fine-tuned YOLO v3 models, one for license plate detection (LPD) and the other for
character recognition (CR), the system achieves an overall accuracy of 95.05% and processes images in approximately 119.73
milliseconds, making it suitable for real-time surveillance applications.The model was trained on a diverse dataset of Iranian
license plates, which has different layouts, fonts, and resolutions to reflect real-world complexity. Additionally, histogram
equalization and data augmentation were applied to improve performance on obscured and poorly illuminated plates.The use of
YOLO v3 is critical to the system’s performance, allowing it to effectively identify and segment Persian characters, even when
they appear in low-resolution, noisy images.This paper contributes to the field by highlighting how deep learning can be fine-
tuned to overcome the unique challenges of this area in automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) systems.The paper
supports the system’s adaptability to challenging real-world scenarios, demonstrating the suitability of YOLO v3 for intelligent
transportation and automated surveillance systems.
8. IoT-Based Accident Tracking and Reporting :
In this study, Shweta V. Dhole and her team present an Internet of Things (IoT)-based solution for detecting and reporting road
accidents, which aims to provide immediate notification to emergency services in the event of an accident.
The system is equipped with vibration sensors to collect real-time data on sudden impacts or changes in vehicle motion, which
may indicate a collision.These sensors work in conjunction with GPS and GSM modules to enable messaging capabilities and
precise location tracking, ensuring that emergency responders receive accurate details of the accident location.The central
processing unit of the system is the Node MCU microcontroller, which is responsible for interpreting the sensor data and
sending alerts if an accident is detected.The IoT-based framework enables automated accident detection, with alerts sent via a
mobile application designed for emergency service providers.The system aims to streamline the notification process, allowing
for faster communication with nearby hospitals, police, and rescue teams.By leveraging IoT technology, the authors aim to
achieve higher levels of responsiveness, reliability, and real-time monitoring.While the paper does not present specific metrics
for detection accuracy or false positive rates, it does highlight the practical benefits of the system, such as the speed and
reliability of accident detection and reporting.This solution demonstrates the potential of IoT to transform road safety by
enabling efficient sensor-based accident detection and rapid reporting, providing a valuable tool for emergency response
systems.
9. Accident Detection Using Intelligent System :
This paper by Bhalerao Harshal A., Jadhav Sarika J.and Jadhav Snehal B. presents a system titled Accident Detection Using
Intelligent System “ADIS”, which is designed to detect vehicular accidents in real time using multiple sensors and fuzzy logic
algorithms. ADIS is designed to quickly notify emergency contacts when an accident is detected, which is determined by
analyzing changes in force, acceleration, rotation, and speed. The system uses accelerometers, gyroscopes, and force sensors,
all of which are connected to the vehicle’s central system. The main motivation is to enable faster emergency response in
severe accident situations, where quick action can save lives and reduce traffic congestion. When these sensors detect a change
that matches the threshold set by the fuzzy logic-based decision algorithm, a notification is automatically sent via the
microcontroller's GSM module to emergency contacts. The use of fuzzy logic is particularly valuable because it allows
flexible decision making based on a combination of sensor values, rather than a fixed threshold, which can lead to false alarms.
This paper emphasizes the use of a simple, cost-effective system that integrates fuzzy logic with sensor data, making it suitable
for widespread use and easy installation in a variety of vehicles. ADIS improves safety measures by providing rapid accident
detection and notification, highlighting the potential of intelligent systems integrated into automotive safety applications.
10. Research on an intelligent system for automatic prevention and detection of road traffic accidents :
The paper presents a system designed for prevention and detection of road accidents, integrating automatic braking and warning
mechanisms using multiple sensors. As the number of vehicles increases, the frequency and severity of accidents also increase
and this study proposes an intelligent system to mitigate these risks. The framework includes ultrasonic sensors for collision
detection, alcohol concentration sensors for monitoring driver alertness and accelerometers for real-time accident detection.
The system automatically activates the brakes if an obstacle is detected, helping to avoid a potential collision. If the driver is
under the influence of alcohol, the alcohol sensor immediately sends an alert to pre-determined contacts.In the event of an
accident, the system uses GPS to determine the location of the incident and a GSM module to transmit this information to
emergency responders and family members, reducing response times and potentially saving lives. Additionally, the device
displays the coordinates of the accident on the LCD screen, allowing for immediate recognition of the situation.The authors
emphasize that integrating these sensors into a unified system would provide a powerful solution for accident prevention and
emergency response, promoting the safety of drivers and passengers. They suggest potential extensions including drowsiness
detection and heart rate monitoring to further improve the system's capabilities.
11. Accident Detection System Using Intelligent Algorithms for VANETs :
This paper by Saad Masood Butt explores an innovative approach to accident detection using vehicular ad hoc networks
(VANETs). VANETs are networks that allow vehicles to communicate with each other on the road, creating a system where
vehicles can share real-time information about their surroundings. The main objective of this research is to reduce emergency
response time in the event of a road traffic accident, thereby improving road safety and increasing the chances of survival for
victims by allowing for faster medical assistance. The system combines GPS and GSM technology with an Ad-hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, which is specifically designed for dynamic networks like VANETs. This setup
allows vehicles to communicate collision data with nearby vehicles and transmit that data to emergency responders almost
instantly.The proposed system is driven by an intelligent algorithm operating within the VANET framework, which enables it
to detect collisions and immediately trigger alerts to the relevant authorities. While this paper does not provide specific figures
on detection accuracy or response time, it highlights the practical benefits of integrating real-time positioning and
communication technology to create an accident detection system that minimizes response time. This study highlights the
potential of VANETs to improve road safety through real-time accident detection and reporting, addressing a critical need in
modern transportation systems.
12. The Faster R-CNN framework :
This by Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, and Jian Sun to provide real-time object detection using Region Proposal
Networks (RPNs)Traditional object detection systems are hampered by slow region proposal computation, creating a bottleneck
that limits their speed. Faster R-CNN addresses this issue by sharing convolutional features between the RPN and the detection
network, thereby reducing the computational load. The RPN, a fully convolutional network, processes images to generate
bounding boxes and object points, which are fed into Fast R-CNN for final object detection. This efficient process enables a
detection speed of 5 frames per second (fps) on the GPU, with the system achieving a mean average accuracy (mAP) of 73.2%
on the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset.The authors show that their solution, by eliminating the need for CPU-based region
proposals, significantly reduces latency and improves scalability in real-time applications.
RPN uses a sliding window approach on a convolutional feature map to generate high-quality proposals with minimal
computation, a feat achieved through exhaustive training.
Conclusion
Different methods for automatically detecting an accident with the help of CCTV surveillance videos are discussed and
compared in this paper Accident detection operation is not an easy task to handle; it can be an extremely complicated process
when it comes to real-time applications, which is the main reason why it is not implemented yet on a large scale. The proposed
system will help to improve the present scenarios. Keras(OCR) and SSD algorithms. When the accident is detected the CCTV
captures the incident and scans the number plate of the vehicle. And now the SSD and Keras algorithms have come into action.
Keras scans the characters and the numbers from the number plate and checks in the database for fetching corresponding details
of the victim, and an alert notification will be sent to the victim's trustees regarding the accident. in these way the death rate
related to accident can be reduced by providing and instant alert to trustee and nearby hospitals.