9-8 Collisions

Collisions inin Two

Two Dimensions
Dimensions
Problem
Block 1 has mass 2.0 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s. Block 2 has l! Apply
Apply the
the conservation
conservation of
of
mass 5.0 kg and a velocity of 3.0 m/s. The surface is momentum along each
momentum along each axisaxis
frictionless. A spring of spring constant k = 1120 N/m is
fixed to block 2. Find the maximum compression of the l! Apply
Apply conservation
conservation ofof energy
spring during the collision phase. for
for elastic
elastic collisions
collisions
Hint: At this point both blocks move as one at a common
velocity vf. The collision is completely inelastic at this point.
The lost kinetic energy is stored in the potential energy of the
spring, which we can use to calculate the compression. Example:
Example: For
For aa stationary
stationary target:
oo Along
Along x:
x: m1v1i = m1v1 f cosθ1 + m2 v2 f cosθ 2

oo Along
Along y:
y: 0 = −m1v1 f sin θ1 + m2 v2 f sin θ 2
€
oo Energy:
Energy: 1
2 m1v1i2 = 12 m1v12f + 12 m2 v22 f
€

€
l These 3 equations for a stationary target have 7 variables
! These 3 equations
(3 speeds, for a2 stationary
2 angles, masses): iftarget have 47 of
we know variables
them we can
(3solve
speeds,
for2the
angles, 2 masses):
remaining 3. if we know 4 of them we can
solve for the remaining 3.
!
l Special case: m1 = m2

Special case: m1 = m2
Chapter 10
! !
v1i2 = v12f + v22 f ; ∴ v1 f ⊥v2 f
∴θ1 + θ 2 = 90° Rotation

€
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 The Rotational Variables
Which is fastest?
A rigid body is a body that can
rotate with all its parts locked
together and without any change
in its shape.

A fixed axis means that the

rotation occurs about an axis that
does not move.

Does it depend on: • mass? ✗ no

• width? ✗ no
• radius? ✗ no
• geometrical shape? ✓ yes

10.1 The Rotational Variables: Angular Position

The
10.1 Rotational
The RotationalVariables:
Variables:Angular
AngularPosition
Position Velocity
Velocity
• For any point a distance r from the
•• For
Forany
rotation
anypoint
pointaadistance
axis
distancerrfrom
fromthe
the
rotationaxis
rotation axis
s
θ = s radian measure
• •Average
Average velocity
radian
radianmeasure
measure Δx x2 − x1
θr= velocity vavg = =
r Δt t2 − t1
• s is arclength along circle of radius r
• ssisisarclength along circle of
ofradius r
• θ•measured
arclength along(rad)
in radians circlewrt radius
the r
•• θθmeasured
measured in radians (rad) wrt the
positive x-axis in radians (rad) wrt the
• •Instantaneous
Instantaneous
€
positive
€ x-axis
positive x-axis € v = lim
Δx dx
=
velocity Δt dt
velocity
Δt→0
2 πr
1 rev = 360 ! =! 2 π=r2 π rad
1 rev = 360 =r = 2 π rad
!
r
1 rad = 57.3 =!0.159 rev
1 rad = 57.3 = 0.159 rev €
We don’t reset θ to 0 when it passes through 2π. (Why?)
We
We don’t
don’t reset
resetθθto
to00when
whenititpasses
passesthrough
through2π.
2π. (Why?)
(Why?)
€
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 Angular Velocity
Angular Displacement
Angular Displacement Angular Velocity

• Average angular Δθ θ 2 − θ1
• Average
velocityangular ω avg = =
Δt t 2 − t1
velocity

Δθ = θ 2 − θ1
• Instantaneous
€ Δθ dθ
• Instantaneous
angular velocity ω = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
angular velocity

€
€
ω in units of rad/s
ω in units of rad/s

Frequency vs. angular velocity Acceleration

Frequency vs. angular velocity Acceleration
• Frequency f
• –Frequency
cycles perftime interval
––revolutions
cycles per per
timetime
interval $ 2 π rad ' • Average Δv v2 − v1
interval f ×& )=ω • Average aavg = =
– revolutions per time interval % rev ( acceleration Δt t2 − t1
– units of Hertz (1 Hz = 1 rev/s) acceleration
– units
• Period T =of1/f
Hertz (1 Hz = 1 rev/s)
• –Period T = 1/f per revolution 2π
time interval ∴ω = 2π f = • Instantaneous Δv dv d 2 x
T • Instantaneous€
––units
timeofinterval
s per revolution€ acceleration a = lim = = 2
dt dt
acceleration Δt→0 Δt

– units velocity
• Angular of s ω
• –Angular
radians velocity
per time ω interval €
––sometimes
radians percalled
time angular
interval frequency €
––units
sometimes
of rad/scalled angular frequency
– units of rad/s
 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
Angular
Angular Acceleration
Acceleration
10.2: Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration

Translation Table:
Translation Table:
x⇔θ
• Average
• Average angular α = Δω = ω2 − ω1
angular v⇔ω
avg
acceleration Δt t 2 − t1
acceleration a⇔α
• Instantaneous Δω dω d 2θ
• Instantaneous€ α = lim = =
angular dt dt 2
angular Δt→0 Δt

acceleration
acceleration €
€
α in units of rad/s2
α in units of rad/s2

10.3: 10.3:
10.3:Relating
Relating
Relating Linear
LinearLinearand
andAngular
Angular
and Angular Variables
Variables
Variables
Example 1 10.3: Relating Linear and Angular Variables
! !l Linear
Linear Linear and
andangular
and angular angular variables
variablesvariables are
arerelated
are related related
! Linear and angular variables are related
by r, perpendicular
by r, perpendicular
by r, perpendicular distancedistance
distance from
fromthe
from the the
by r, perpendicular
rotational distance from the
A record player is spinning at 33.3 rpm. rotational axis axis
rotational axis
rotational axis
!l Position
Position (θ must
Position (θ(θmust
be
mustinbebeininradians):
radians):
radians):
The motor is shut off, and the record player spins down and !
! Position (θ must be in radians):
stops in 20 seconds (assume constant deceleration). s = θ rs = θ r
(a) What is the angular acceleration? s = θr
!l Speed
Speed (ω must
Speed (ω
(ωmust
be inbe
must beininradian
radian measure):
measure):
radian measure):
(b) How far does it turn during this spin down? !
! Speed (ω must be in radian measure):

ds dθ
€ €v = dsv = dθds=r = ω r = ωr or 2 πr 2 πr
€ dt v =dt =dtdθ r =or v = v = 2 πr
ωr or T v = T
dt dt T
! We
We!lcan can
expressexpress
the the
period period
in in
radian
We can express the period in radian radian
! We can express the period in radian
measure:
measure:
measure:
€ €measure: 2rπ = 21€π 1€€
€ T = 2Tπr==2 π 2 πr= 2 π= 1
vT = vω =ω f =f
v ω f

€ €
 Acceleration of
Acceleration point P
Accelerationofof
Acceleration ofpoint
pointPPP
point
Example 2
Tangential acceleration:
Tangential
Tangentialacceleration:
!
l
Tangential
!! acceleration:
acceleration:
a = αr
aattt ==ααrr A cylinder of radius 12 cm starts from rest
(positive incounter-clockwise
(positive counter-clockwise
(positiveinin
(positive in counter-clockwise
counter-clockwise and rotates about its axis with a constant
direction)
direction) angular acceleration of 5.0 rad/s2.
direction)
direction)
€We can write the radial
l !€
!€Wecan
We canwrite writethe theradial
radial At t = 2.0 s, what is:
! We can write the radial
accelerationininterms
acceleration termsofofangular
angular (a) Its angular velocity?
acceleration in
acceleration in terms
terms ofof angular
angular
velocity:
velocity: (b) The linear speed of a point on the rim?
velocity: 2
velocity:
v2 (ωr)222 (c) The angular displacement of that point?
ar =vv2 =((ω ωr)r) = ω222 r
aarr == r == r ==ω ω rr (d) The radial and tangential components of
rr rr acceleration of that point?
(directedtowards
(directed
(directed towardscentre)
towards centre)
centre) (e) The total acceleration at that point?
(directed towards centre)
Totalacceleration
€ l !!Total
Total accelerationis:is:
acceleration is:
€
€ ! Total acceleration
!! !! !! is:
!a = !a +!a
aa ==aattt++aarrr

€
€
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