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CH 7

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12 views22 pages

CH 7

Uploaded by

waqar awan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Determination of Natural
Frequencies and Mode Shape
Natural Frequency and mode Shapes
Approximate methods
• Dunkerleys Formula
– Derivation of Dunkerley’s formula is based on the fact that
higher natural frequencies of most systems are large compared
to their fundamental frequencies
– Approximate values – smaller than the exact values…
• Rayleigh Formula
– Rayleigh – Approximate – Larger than exact values… Based upon
Static deflection curve.
– Rayleigh quotient is lower than first eigenvalue and never higher
than highest eigenvalue.
• Holzer’s
– based on a trial-and-error scheme, is presented to find the
natural frequencies of undamped, damped, semidefinite, or
branched translational and torsional systems.
Dunkerley’s Formula
• Consider a general n-degree-of-freedom system whose eigenvalues can be
determined by solving the frequency equation,

• Free vibration – no damping


• If given small energy in the form of displacement it vibrates indefinitely. Xi is
constant.

• Configuration of System – Mode Shape


Dunkerley Formulation

• Since the left side of Eq. (6.59) is independent of the index i, and the right side is
independent of t, both sides must be equal to a constant. By assuming this constant as we
can write Eq. (6.59) as
Dunkerley Formulation
Dunkerley Formulation

• This equation is known as Dunkerley s


formula. The fundamental frequency given by
Eq. (7.6) will always be smaller than the exact
value.
Example
Rayleigh’s Method
• The frequency of vibration of a conservative system vibrating about an equilibrium position has a
stationary value in the neighborhood of a natural mode. This stationary value, in fact, is a minimum value
in the neighborhood of the fundamental natural mode.
• Kinetic and Potential energy

• where denotes the vector of amplitudes (mode shape) and represents the natural frequency
of vibration

• If the system is conservative, the maximum kinetic energy is equal to the maximum potential
energy
rT r rT r
X [k ]X = ω X [m]X
2
This value is 4.0225 percent larger than the exact value
Beams and Shafts
Holzer’s Method
• Trial and Error
• Natural Frequencies of Undamped, damped,
Semi definite, Fixed or Branched Vibrating
Systems involving linear and angular
displacements.
• Programmed for computer applications
• Fundamental as well as higher frequencies can
be determined
• Mode shapes can also be determined
Torsional Systems (Undamped)

states that the sum of the inertia torques of the semi definite system
must be zero. This equation can be treated as another form of the
frequency equation, and the trial frequency must satisfy this
requirement.
Holzer’s Method

Computed from
previous
(Arrowed 2 eqs)
Holzer’s Method
Holzer’s Method
Dunkerley’s Formulations
Rayleigh’s method

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