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Tutorial 1 2024

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17 views2 pages

Tutorial 1 2024

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e21200
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

Department of Engineering Mathematics


EM213 Probability and Statistics – (E/21) – 2024
Probability and Statistics
Tutorial 1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1) (a) A coin is flipped until 3 heads in succession occur. List the outcomes of the sample
space that require 6 or less tosses. Is this a discrete sample space? Explain.
(b) Give a sample space for the following experiments.
(i) A light bulb is manufactured. It is tested for its life length by inserting it into a socket
and the time elapsed (in hours) until it burns out, is recorded.
(ii) A train arrives a station every eight minutes. The time a passenger has to wait for
the train is measured.

(2) Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.


𝑋 : the number of automobile accidents per year in Sri Lanka.
𝑌 : the length of time to play 18 holes in golf.
𝑀 : the amount of milk produced yearly by a particular cow.
𝑁 : t he number of eggs laid each month by a hen.
𝑃 : the number of building permits issued each month in a certain city.
𝑄 : the weight of grain produced per year.

(3) An overseas shipment of 5 foreign automobiles contains 2 that have slight paint blemishes.
If an agency receives 3 of these automobiles at random, list the elements of the sample
space 𝑆 using the letters 𝐵 and 𝑁 for blemished and nonblemished, respectively; then to
each sample point assign a value 𝑥 of the random variable 𝑋 representing the number of
automobiles purchased by the agency with paint blemishes.

(4) (a) Let 𝑊 be a random variable giving the number of heads minus the number of tails in
three tosses of a coin. List the elements of the sample space 𝑆 for the three tosses of
the coin and to each sample point assign a value 𝑤 of 𝑊
(b) Find the probability distribution of the random variable W assuming that the coin is
biased so that a head is twice as likely to occur as a tail.
(c) Determine: (i) 𝑃(𝑊 = 1) (ii) 𝑃(𝑊 ≤ 2) (iii) 𝑃(−2 < 𝑊 < 2).
(d) Find the cumulative distribution function of𝑊, and use it to calculate the probabilities
in part (c).

(5) A customer’s waiting time in a queue (in minutes) is a random variable 𝑌 with the
following probability density function.
1
𝑓(𝑦) = 0.5𝑒 −2𝑦 for 𝑦 ≥ 0
(a) Verify that 𝑓(𝑦) is a valid probability density function.
(b) Determine: (i) 𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 3) (ii) 𝑃(𝑌 ≥ 3) (iii) 𝑃(𝑌 < 5) (iv) 𝑃(𝑌 = 1).
(c) Find the cumulative distribution function of 𝑌 and use it to determine the probabilities
in part (b)

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(6) Verify that the following function is a probability mass function, and determine the
requested probabilities.
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
25
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) (b) 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) (c) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 4) (d) 𝑃(𝑋 > −10)
(e) Determine the cumulative distribution function of 𝑋 and illustrate it graphically.

(7) Errors in an experimental transmission channel are found when the transmission is checked
by a certifier that detects missing pulses. The number of errors found in an eight-bit byte is
a random variable with the following cumulative distribution function:
0 𝑥<1
𝐹(𝑥) = { 0.7 1 ≤ 𝑥<4
0.9 4 ≤ 𝑥 < 7
1 7≤𝑥
(a) Determine each of the following probabilities using 𝐹(𝑥):
(i) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 > 7) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 5) (iv) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
(v) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 5)
(b) Determine the probability mass function of 𝑋.
(c) Find the mean and the standard deviation of 𝑋.

(8) A contractor is required by a consultant to submit one, two, three, four or five forms
(depending on the nature of the project) in applying for a building permit. Let 𝑌 = the
number of forms required of the next applicant. The probability that 𝑦 forms are required
is known to be proportional to 𝑦. That is, 𝑃(𝑌 = 𝑦) = 𝑘𝑦 for 𝑦 = 1, 2, …, 5.
(a) What is the value of 𝑘?
(b) What is the probability that at most three forms are required?
(c) What is the probability that between two and four forms (inclusive) are required?
(d) Find the mean and variance of the number of forms required.
𝑦2
(e) Could 𝑃(𝑌) = for 𝑦 = 1, 2, …, 5 be a probability mass function?
50

(9) Let 𝑋 be a continuous random variable with the following probability density function.
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
2
(a) Calculate the probability 𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ 3).
2 1
(b) Find 𝑃 (𝑋 ≤ | 𝑋 > ).
3 3
(c) Find the cumulative distribution function of 𝑋 and illustrate it graphically.
(d) Calculate the mean and the variance of 𝑋.
(e) If 𝑌 = 𝑋 2 , find 𝐸[𝑌].

(10) (a) For a discrete random variable X, show that,


𝐸[𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏] = 𝑎𝐸[𝑋] + 𝑏 and 𝑉[𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏] = 𝑎2 𝑉[𝑋]
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
(b) If X is a random variable with𝐸[𝑋] = 100 and 𝑉[𝑋] = 10, calculate 𝐸[3𝑋 − 125] and
𝑉[0.5𝑋 − 5].
(c) The cost of a certain vehicle diagnostic test depends on the number of cylinders 𝑋 in
the vehicle’s engine. Suppose the cost function is given by 𝑌 = 𝑔(𝑋) = 20 + 3𝑋 +
0.5𝑋 2 . The pmf of 𝑋 is given as follows.
𝑥 4 6 8
𝑝(𝑥) 0.5 0.3 0.2
Find the probability mass function of 𝑌 and calculate the probability 𝑃(𝑌 > 50).

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