MltJD MAP : �eARtJltJ6 MADe 51MP�e

s
z
0
s
�

S.No. State1nent
r-\)'" Given poe.ibve integers ailnd b .
Let p bel7 prune nu1nber. \,,e
'\\
1. . o<c- l:J--ere e"1st unique integers q ilrrl r
If p divides 172, then p divides 17, .. c,">
..f' Siltisf)�ng a = bq + r; 0Sr<b
1-vhere 17 is a positive integer Theote,i ,Q"
is

2. "2is ir ra tiona1 !Rea.£ I i:,\\did' s

Let x be a rational nu1nber

�
.:,'
? ../Vuml}.eJt,J �
(◊ <). Sleps ID obt,nn the HCF of two
1-vhose dechnal expansion "
� 70-:
:/,:,.
<s.
"'01>
poe.ibve integers, Sil)' c ilrrl d,
with c>d
tenninates. Then x can be �
~ ;,(O '1;.
expressed in the fonn L,
- '7 ?,...
�
� <fOt-ftfi S!ep 1: App�• Eu-hd's Di,�sion
1-vhere p & q are copri1ni, -E ?· � 11·1 Lemmil, toe & d . c = dq + r
"'
.�, '3"' -:1"'
� .,.-\
the pri1ne factorisation of q ,. Slep 2: lf r =zero, dis tre HCF of
is of the fonn 2", 5"' 1-vhere n, 1n ...,u0 �- ...0"'
,... C ilrrl d
lf r,. 0, i1pply Euclid's
_.
()
are non-negativ e integers �
..,,. ::,
0
.....
Divis:on ID dilrrl r
4. Let x = � be a r a tional nu1nber �
'"'
.::I
i::..,
Slep 3: Conhnu;, tre process ti!!
such that the pri1ne factorisation the rem;under !S zero
of q is of the fonn 2", 5"' 1-vhere Every composite number ciln be
n, 1n are non-negativ e integers. expressed ilS ii product of pnmes,
For ilny two poe.ibve
Then, x has a decilnal expansion inlegers,a ilrrl b ilrrl this faclDnsilbon is urnqu;,,
1-vhich tenninates. HCF (a, b) x LCM (a, b) ilprtrt from the order in which the
=axb
pnme _ilcf IDrs occur

5. Let x = � be a rational nu1nbei:, For EXilm�le Composite Number x = P1P2••· P .,

sud1 that the pri1ne factorisation f(x) = 3x" wrere P 1P2 ... P., ilre pnme numbers
!.\
tf,x) =6xy-
of q is not of the fonn of 2"5"' HCF =3xy
1-vhere n, 1n are non-negativ e LCM =6.l-y2
integers. Then, x has a decilnal
expansion 1-v hich is
non-tenninating repeating

�
--0
UNIT- I CHAPTER
Number System
REAL
NUMBERS

Syllabus
► Euclid's divisiou le111111a, F11uda111eutal T11eore111 of Arit11111etic..,state111euts after reviei11iug i11ork doue
earlier aud illustratiug aud 11,otivatiug through exa111ples, Proofs of irratiouality of .Ji, J3,
5
✓ . Deci111al
represeutatiou of ratioual 1t11111bers iu ter,11s ofter111iuatiug/uou-ter111iuatiug recurriug deci111als.

TOPIC-1
Euclid's Division Lemma and Fundamental Theorem
of Arithmetic

Quick Review

► Algorithm: An algorithm is a series of well defined step; which

TOPIC· 1
gives a procedure for solving a type of problems.
Eu clid's Division Lemma and
► Lemma: A lemma is a proven statement used lor proving another FundamentalTheorem of Arithmetic
statement. ....P . 01
► Euclid's Division Lemma : For given positive integers
TOPIC· 2
and b, there exist unique integers q and r, satisfying
Irrational Numbers,TerlT'inating and Non­
11

11 = bq + r,0 5"r < b. Here 11 = Dividend,b = Divisor,q = Quotient,

Terminating Recurring Decimals .... P . 09
r = Remainder i.e.,
Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
For example,
1 ➔Quotient
Divisor 3) 5
-3
2 ➔ Remainder
According to the above formula , 5 = (3 x 1) + 2
► We state Eucli::l's divi;ion algo rithm lor positive integers only but it can be exterded for all integers except zero,b.., 0.
► When'd and'b' are two positive integers sltchthat11 =bq + r,0 5"r <b, thenHCF(11,b) = HCF(b,r).
► The steps to find theHCF of two positive integers by Euclid's division algorithm are given below:
(i) Let two integers be 11andbSltch that11 > b .
(ii) Take greater number 11 as dividend and the number bas divisor.
(iii) Now find whole numbers 'q' and'r' as quotient and remainder respectively.
11 = bq + r, 0 5" r < b.

(iv) If r = 0, bis the HCF of 11 and b . Ifr .., 0, then taker a s divisor andbas dividend.
(v) Repe at step ( iii), till the remainder is zero, the divisor thus obtained at last stage is the requiredHCF.
► The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed as the prodltct of powers of primes and this factorisation is unique,
apart from the order in which the prime factors occur. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic is also called a Unique
Factorisation Theorem.
Composite number = Prodltct ofprime numbers
2 l Oswaal CBSE Quest on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

Or
Any integer greater than1 can either be a prime number or can be writtenas a unique prod uctofprime numbers.
e.g.,
(i) 2x1 1 = 22 i& the same as11 x 2 = 22. [ignoring the order]
(ii) 6 can be written as 2x 3 or 3x2, where2 and 3 are prime numbers.
(iii) 15 can be written a s 3x 5 or5 x 3, where 3 and5 a re prime numbers.
The prime factori&a tion ofa natural number i& unique, except to the order ofits factors.
e.g.,12 made by multiplying the prime numbers2 ,2 and 3 together,
12 =2x2x 3
We would probably write it as 12 =2 2x 3
It i& still a unique combination of(2,2 and 3 ) .
► By li&ing Fundamental Theorem ofArithmetic, we shall find the HCF and LCM ofgiven numbers ( two or more).
Thi& method is abo called Prime Factorization Method.
► Prime Factorization Method to find HCF and LCM:
(i) Find a 11 the prime factor& of given number&.
(ii) HCF of two or more number& = Product ofthe smallest power of each common prime factor involved in the
numbers.
(iii) LCM oftwo or more numbers = Productofthe greatest power ofeach prime factor involved in the numbers.
(iv) fur two positive integers a and b, we have
HCF (p,b)x LCM(a,b) = a x b
nX/J
or, HCF(a,b) =
LC1vf(n,/J)

nX/J
and LCM(a,b) =
HCF(n,/J)

Q . Show that 6" can never end with d1g1t O for any or. 6"·l2x31"·2"x3"
natural number n. Hence pnme factor of 6 are 2 and 3.
Sol. : Step I : Any number which ends m zero must Step Ill : Smee 6" does not contain 5 as a pnme factor.
have at least 2 and 5 as its pnme factors. Hence 6" can never end m zero.
Step 11 : or. 6 ° 2x3

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1111ark each

[BJ Q.1. Explain why 13233343563715 is a composite Sol. The smallest prime number i& 2 and the smallest
number? (Board Term-1,2016 Set LGRKEGO) composite number i& 4 =2 2•
Sol. The given number ends in5. Hence it i& a multiple Hence, required HCF(22,2) = 2 1
of5. Therefore it i& a composite number. 1 Q.4 .Calculate theHCFof3 3x5 and3 2x52•
C
( BSE Marking Scheme,2016) Sol.HCFof33x 5 and32x 52
IBJ Q.2 . 11 and b are two positive integers such that the least = 32x5
= 9x5
prime factor of II is3 and the least prime factor
of b is 5. Then calculate the least prime factor of = 45 1
(11 + b). (Board Turm-1, 2014) IQ] Q.5. If HCF (11, b) = 12 and II X b = 1,800 , then find
Sol.a and b are two positive integer& such that the least LCM (11,b).
prime factor ofa i& 3 and the least prime factor ofb Sol. HCF (a, b)x LQ\,f(a, b) = a x b
i&5. Then least prime factor of(a + b) i&2 . 1 or, 12x LC1\A (a, b) =1800
Q. 3 . What is theHCF of the smallest composite number l ,SOO =
or, LC1\,f (a, b) = 150 1
and the smallest prime number? 12
REAL NUMBERS [ 3

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

IQ] Q.1. Find HCF of the numbers given below:

Sol. y = 5 X 13 = 65
k, 2k, 3k, 4k and 5k, where k is a positive integer.
and X = 3 X 195 = 585
(Board Term-1, 2015, Set-FHNSMGD)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 2
Sol.HCFof k IQ] Q.6 . Complete the following factor tree and find the
k.2 composite number x:
k.3 isk. X

2
k.2
k. 5 y
2
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
IQ] Q.2. Find the HCF and LCM of 9 0 and 144 by the 1855
method of prime factorization.
(Board Turm-1, 2012, Set-69)
371
2
Sol. 90 = 2 X 3 X 5
and 144 = 2' X 32
HCF = 2 x 32 = 18 1
(Board Term -1, 2015, Set-DDE-M)
LCM = 2' x 32 x 5 = 720 1
Sol. 11130 � 5565 2 X
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
IA] Q.3. Using Euclid's algorithm, find the HCF of 240
and 228. (Board Term-1, 2012, Set-35) 5565 � 1855 3 X

Sol. 240 = 228 X 1 + 12 1

and 228 = 12 X 19 + 0 3 1855 � 371 5 X

Hence, HCFof240 and 228 = 12 1

[BJ Q.4. Given thatHCF (306, 1,314) = 18. Find LCM (306, � 53 7 X

1,314). (Board Term-1, 2013, FFC)

Sol.Given HCF (306, 1,314) = 18 371
53
LCM (306, 1,314) = ?
�-=,
x = ll,130 2
Let a = 306
IQ] Q . 7. Find the missing numbers a, b, c and d in the
b = 1,314 1 given factor tree: (Board Term-1, 2012, Set-52)
LC1\,f (a, b) x HCF (a, b) = a x b 18018
or, LCM (a, b) x 18 = 306 x 1,314
306 xl ,314
or, LCM (a, b) =
18
LCM (306, 1,314) = 22,338 1
IQ] Q.5. Complete the following factor tree and find the 3003
composite numberx.
X

1001
195

3 y
C
d
13
9,009
(Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN] Sol. a = =3
3,003
4 l Oswaal CBSE Quest on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

Sol.9 1=7 X 13, So P=7, Q=13

b = 1, 001 = 7 '/2
143 0=4095 .;- 1365 = 3
Since 143 = 11x 13,so c= 11 or 13 1/2 N= 2x8190 =16380
and d =13 or 11. 1/2 M= 16380 x2=32760
IQ] Q. 8. Complete the following factor tree and find the IQ] Q.10.Explain whether 3x 12 x 101 + 4 is a prime
composite numberx: number or a composite number.
X (Board Term-1 2016-17 Set; 193RQTQ)
(2015, DDE-E]
Sol. 3 X 12 X 101 + 4 = 4(3 X 3 X 101 + 1)
2
= 4(909 + 1)
= 4(910)
3 =2x2x2x5x7x13
= a composite number
161 [·:Product of more than two prime factors] 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
? � Q.11.Explain why (7 X 13 X 11) + 11 and (7 X 6 X 5 X
4 x3 x2 x1) + 3 are composite numbers.
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set--44) (Board Term-1, 2012, Set-64)
Sol.
Sol. (7 X 13 X 11) + 11 = 11 X (7 X 13 + 1)
6762 �2x3381
= 11 X (91 + 1)
=11x92=11x2x2x23 1
½ and (7x6 x5 x4 x 3x 2x 1) + 3
=3 (7 X 6 X 5 X 4 X 2 X 1 + 1)
= 3 X (1681)=3 X 4 1 X 41
1127 �7 161
X
Given numbers have more than two prime factors.
Hence both number are composite. 1
161 IQ] Q.12.Find the HCF of 1,656 and 4,025 by Euclid's
division algorithm.
(Board Term-1 , 2013, Set LK-59)
Sol. 1656) 4025 (2
:. Composite number, x= 6762. '/2 -3312
IQ] Q.9 . Complete the factor-tree and find the composite 713)1656(2
number M. -1426
i'vf 230)713(3
- 690
23)230(10 1
2 N
-230
0
Hence HCF (1,656,4,025) = 23 1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013)
IQ] Q.13.Find the smallest natural number by which
1,200 should be multiplied so that the square
root of the product is a rational numbe&
1365 (Board Term-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN]
(Board Term-1, 2016, S e t -MV98HN3)
455 Sol. 1,200 = 4 X 3 X (2 X 5)2
= 21 X3 X5
2

The required smallest natural number is 3. 2

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
� Q.14.Show that any positive even integer can be
Q written in the from 6q, 6q + 2 or 6q + 4, where q is
(NCERT) an intege& (Board Term-1, 2016 Set ORDAWEZ]
REAL NUMBERS Is
Sol.Let a be any JXlS itive integer IA] Q.19.Check whether (15)" can end with digitO for any
By divi&ion algorithm 11e N. (Board Term-1, 2012, Set-71]
a = 6q + r, whereO:,;r < 6 Sol.(15}"canend with the digitO only if(15}"i& divi&ible
.·. a = 6q,6q + 1,6q + 2,6 q +3,6q + 4,6 q + 5 '/2 by2and 5. 1
Here6q,6q + 2,6q + 4 are divi&ible by2andso6q,
6q + 2, 6q + 4 are even JX>Sitive integers. 1/2
But prime facto rs of (15)" are3" x 5" '/2
By Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic, there i&
But a i& an even integer 1/2
no natural number fl for which (15)" ends with the
.·. a = 6q,6q+2,6q+4 '/2
(CBSE Marking Scheme,2016] digit zero. 1/2
IA] Q.15.Show that any positive odd integer is of the IA] Q.20.The length, breadth and height ofa room are8 m
form4q + 1 or4q + 3, whereq is some intege& 50 cm, 6m25 cmand4 m 75 cm respectively. Find
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set-70, 55] [NCERT] the length of the longest rod that can measure
Sol.By Euclid's d ivi&ion algo rithm, the dimensions ofthe room exactly.
a = bq+r = 4q+r (Board Term-1, 2016 Set ORDAWEZ]
'lake b =4 Sol. Length= 8 m 50 cm = 850 cm
:. SinceO:,;r<4, r = 0,1,2,3 1
breadth= 6 m 25 cm = 625 cm
So, a = 4q, 4q + 1, 4q + 2, 4q + 3 height= 4 m 75 cm = 475 cm
Clearly,a =4q, 4q + 2 are even, as they
lengthof the longest rod is equal to
are divi&ible by2 . ThereIDre 4q + 1, 4q + 3 are odd,
as they are not divi&ible by2. HCF of850, 625 and475
625 )850( 1
:. Any JX>Sitive integer which has the form of (4q +
1) or (4q + 3) i& odd. 1 625
IBJ Q.16. Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 225 ) 625(2
as their LCM? Give reasons. 450
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set-50] 175)225(1
Sol.Since, 15 does not divide 175 and 175
LCM of two numbers should be exactly divi&ible by 5 0 ) 175(3
their HCF. 1 150
:. Two numbers cannot have their HCF as 15 and 25)50(2 11/2
LCM a s 175. 1
50
IA] Q.17. Check whether 4• can end with the digit O for 0
any natural number 11. HCF (625,850)= 25
(Board Term-1,2015, Set-FHNSMGD; NCERT)
·: 25 divides 475
Sol. If the number 4",for any fl, were to end with the
Hence, HCF (625,850,475)=25 '/2
digit zero, then it would be divi&ible by 5 and2 .
The longest rod that can measure the dimensions
Tha t i&, the prime factorizationof4"would contain of the room exactly=25 cm.
the prime 5 and 2. Thi& is not possible because 4" (CBSE Marking Scheme,2016]
= (2)2n; so the only prime in the factorization of
4" is2. So, the uniqueness of the Fundamental IA] Q.21.If two positive integers p and q are written as
Theorem of Arithmetic guarantees that there p = rrb3 and q = n3b, where a and b are prime
are no other primes in the factorization of 4". So, numbers than verity.
there i& no natural number fl for which 4" ends LCM(p,q) x HCF(p,q) = p.q.
withthe digitzero. 2
[Sample Paper2017]
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Sol. LCM(p, q) = a3b3 '/2
IA] Q.18.Show that 7• cannot end with the digit zero, for
any natural number 11. and HCF(p, q) = a2b '/2
(Board Term -1,2012, Set-63] LCivf(p, q) x HCF(p, q) = tlb3 x a7b
Sol. 7"= (1 X 7)"= 1" X 7" = Jib• '/2
So the only prime in the factorization o f 7 "is 7, 1
not2or5. = tlb X a3b
3

:. 7" cannot end with the digit zero. 1 = pq '/2

(CBSE Marking Scheme,2012]
6 l Oswaal CBSE Que st on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

IQ] Q.1. Find the HCF of 180, 252 and 324 by Euclid's From the fundamental theorem of arithmetic,
Division algorithm. we know that the prime factorisation of every
(Board Term-1, 2016 Set MV98HN3) comi:osite number is unique.
8" can never ends with 0. 3
Sol. 324 = 252 X 1 + 72
IQ] Q.5. Find theHCF, by Euclid's division algorithm of
252 = 72 X 3+ 36 the numbers 92690, 7378 and 7161.
72 = 36 X 2+ 0
HCF(324, 252) = 36 (Board Turm-1, 2013, Set L K -59)
180 = 36 X 5+ 0 Sol.By using Euclid's Division Lemma, we have
.. HCF(36,180) = 36 92690 = 7378 X 12+ 4154 '/2
.·. HCF of 180,252 and 324 is 36. 3 Again we apply Euclid's Division Lemma of divisor
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 7,378 and remainder 4154
7378 = 4154 X 1 +3,224
IA] Q.2. Find the greatest number of six digits exactly 4154 = 3224 X 1 +930
divisible by 18, 24 and 36. 3224 = 930 X 3+ 434
(Board Turm-1, 2016 Set 04YP6G7) 930 = 434 X 2+ 62
Sol.LCMof 18, 24 and 36 434 = 62 X 7 +0
18 = 2 X 32 HCF (92690, 7378) = 62 1
24 = 2 3 X 3 Now, using Euclid's Division Lemma on 7161 and
36 = 22 X 32 62, we have
LCM(18, 24, 36) = 23 x 32 = 72 1 7161 = 62 X 115 +31 '/2
The largest 6 digit number is 999999 1 Again,applying Euclid's Division Lemma ondivisor
72 ) 999999( 13888 quotient 62and remainder 31
-72 62 = 31x2+0
279 ClearlyHCF (7161, 62) = 31
-216 Hence,HCF of 92690,7378and 7161 is 31. 1
639 IA] Q.6. 144 cartons of Coke cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi
-576 cans are to be stacked in a canteen. If each stack
639 is of the same height and if it equal contain
-576 cartons of the same drink, what would be the
639 greatest number of cartons each stack would
-576 have? (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-66)
63 ➔Remainder Sol.The greatest number of cartons is the HCF of 144
Hence required number = 9,99,999 - 63 - and 90 1
9,99,936. '/2 144 = 21 X 32
IA] Q.3. Use Euclid division lemma to show that the 90 = 2 X 32 X 5 1
square of any positive integer cannot be of the
form Sm +2 or Sm + 3 for some integer m. HCF = 2 x32 = 1 8
(Board Term -1, 2015, Set-FHN8MGD) The greatest number of cartons = 18. 1
IA] Q.7. Three bells toll at intervals of 9 , 12, 15 minutes
Sol. Let t1 be any i:ositive integer.
By Eucild's division lemma, t1 =Sq+ r, 0 � r < 5 respectively.If they start tolling togethe� after
t1 = Sq,Sq+ 1,Sq +2,Sq+3or5q+ 4,whereqe ro
what time will they next toll together?
q is" whole number (Board Term -1, 2011, Set--44)
now ,,2 =(Sq)2 = 25q2 = S(Sq2) = 5m Sol.The time to toll rext together = LQ\,f(9,12, 15) 1
,,2 = (Sq + 1)2 = 25q2+lOq +1 = 5m+1 9 = 3x3 = 32
,,2 = (Sq+ 2)2 = 25q2+20q + 4 =Sm+ 4 12 = 2 X 2 X 3 = 22 X 3
Similarly ,,2 = (Sq+ 3)2 =Sm+ 4 15 = 3 X 5
and ,,2 = (Sq+4)2 = Sm+ 1 LCM(9,12, 15) = 32 x22x5
= 180 minutes 1
Thus square of any i:ositive integer cannot be of
the form Sm+ 2or Sm+ 3. 3 The bells will toll next together after 180 minutes. 1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) IA] Q. 8. Find HCF and LCM of 16 and 36 by prime
IA] Q.4. Show that numbers 8' can never end with digit factorization and check your answer.
0 for any natural number 11. Sol. 16 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 2'
(Board Term -1, 2015, Set-D DE-E)[NCERT) 36 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 = 22x32
Sol.HS" ends with 0, then it must have 5 and 2 as a HCF(16,36) = 2x 2
factor. = 4
But we know lha tonly prime factor of 8 " is 2. LCi\A(16,36) = 2'x32
:. 8 " =(2X 2 X 2)" = 2" X 2" X 2"
REAL NUMBERS [ 7
= 16 X 9 Let b = 6,
= 144 1 r = 0, 1, 2,3,4,5
To checkHCF and LCM byusing formula So a = 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2,6q + 3,
HCF (a, b) x LC1\,f (a, b) = (a x b) 1 6q +4,6q +5 1
or, 4 x 144 = 16 x 36 Clearly, a = 6q,6q+2,6q+4 are even,
or, 576 = 576 as they a re divisible by2 .
Hence, LHS = RHS 1 B u t 6 q+ 1,6 q + 3 ,6 q + 5 ar e o d d , a s they are not
IA] Q.9. Find the HCF and LCM of 510 and 92 and divisible by2 . 1
verify thatHCF x LCM= Product of two given :. Any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1,
numbers. (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-39) 6q+3 or 6q+5. 1
Sol. 92 = 22 X 2 3 1 IA! Q.12.Show that exactly one of the number 11, 11 +2 or
11 +4 is divisible b y 3. (Sample Paper 2017)
510 = 2 X 3 X 5 X 17
Sol.Let 11 =3k
HCF (510, 92) = 2
then 11+2 = 3k+2
LQ\4 (510,92) = 22 X 23 X 3 X 5 X 17 and 11 + 4 = 3k+4
= 23460
Case 1 : When 11 is divisible by3
HCF (510,92) x LCivf (510, 92) 11 + 2 = 3k+2
= 2 X 23460 = 46920 1 or, 11 +2 is not divisible by3
Product of two number& = 510 x 92 = 46920 11 + 4 = 3k+4

Hence, HCF x LC1\,f = Product of two numbers 1 = 3(Jc+ 1) + 1

IA] Q.10.TheHCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form or, 11 +4 is not divisible by 3 1
65111 - 117. Find the value of 111. Also find the Case ll : When 11 is not divisible by3
LCM of 65 and 117 using prime factorization 11 + 2 = (3k+ 1) +2
method. (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-40) � 3k+ 3 = 3(Jc+1)
Sol. 117 = 13 X 3 X 3 �" +2 divisible by3
65 = 13 X 5 11 + 4 = (3k+ 1) +4
HCF (117, 65) = 13 = 3k+ 5
LCi\4(117,65) = 13 X 5 X 3 X 3 = 585 = 3(Jc+ 1) +2
HCF = 65 m - 117 �" +4 is not divisible by3 1
13 = 65m-117 When 11 = 3k+2
65m = 117+13 = 130 Case Ill : When 11 is not divisible by3
130
m = -=2 11+2 = (3k+2)+2
6·5 = 3k+4

IA] Q.11.Show that any positive odd integer is of the (11+ 2) is not divisible by3
form 6q+1, 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some x+ 4 = 3k+6 = 3(Jc +2)
integer. (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-60) � 11+ 4 is divisible by3
Sol.By Euclid's division algo rithm, lor two positive Hence,exactlyoneof the numbers 11, 11 +2,11 +4, is
integer& a and b, w e have divisible by3. 1
a = bq+r,0 5"r <b

Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)

Q.1.Find HCF and LCM of 378, 180 and 420 by prime 28576800
=

factorization method. l s HCF x LCM of these Hence, HCF x LC1\,f"' Product of three number&.
numbers equal to the product of the given three IBJ Q. 2. State Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. Find
numbers? LCM of numbers 2520 and 10530 by prime
Sol.Prime factors of: factorization method
378 = 2 X 33 X 7 1 (Board Term -1 , 2016 Set-0RDAWEZ]
2 2
180 = 2 X 3 X 5 1 Sol.Fundamental theorem of arithmetic : Every
2
420 = 2 X 3 X 7 X 5 1 composite number can be expressed as the
HCF = 2 x 3 1
=6 .JS unique.
. of powers ofprimes and this factorization
product
and LCi\4(378, 180,420) = 22 X 33 X 5 X 7 2520 = 23 X 32 X 5 X 7
= 22 X 33 X 5 X 7 10530 = 2 X 3' X 5 X 13
1
1
= 3780
3
HCF x LC1\,f = 6 x 3780 = 22680 LCM = 2 X 3' X 5 X 7 X 13 1
Product of given numbers = 294840 1
= 378 X 180 X 420 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
8 l Oswaal CBSE Queston
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class -10

IA] Q.3. Can the number 6", 11 being a natural numbe� 990 = 945 X 1+45
end with the digit 5 ? Give reasons. 945 = 45 X 2 1+0
(Board Term-1 , 2015, Set-FHNSMGD) HCF of 990 and 945 is4 5 .
Sol. If6"ends withO or5 then it must have5 as a factor. The fruit vendor should put 45 fruits in each
But only prime factor of6" are 2 and3 . basket to have minimum number of baskels. 4
:. 6" = (2 X 3)" = 2" X 3" (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
From the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, the IA] Q.7 . For any positive integer 11, prove that 113 - 11 is
prime factorization of every composite numbers is divisible by 6.
unique. (Board T e r m1,
- 2015, 2012, Set-48)
:. 6"can never end with O or5 . 4
Sol. ,,3 - n = n(,.2 -1)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
= 11(11+ l}(n - 1)
IA] Q.4. State Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. ls i t = (n - 1) 11(11+ 1)
possible thatHCF and LCJvf o f t wo numbers be = productofthree
24 and 540 respectively. Justify your answer.
(Board Turm-1, 2015, Set-WJQZQBN) consecutivepositive integers
Sol. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic : Eve1y Since, any positive integera is of the form 3q,3q+
integer greater than one either is prime itself or 1 or 3q+ 2 for some integerq.
is the product of prime numbers and that this Let a, a+1, a+2 be any three consecutive integers.
product is unique. Up to the order of the factors.
HCF =24 Case I : If a = 3q
LCM= 540 a(a+ 1 )(a+2) = 3q(3q+ 1}(3q+ 2)
LC1'vf 540
HCF
-
24
= 22·5 not an integer = 3q(2,)
= 6qr, which is divisible by 6.
Since LCMis always a multiple of HCF, hence, two
(-: Product of two consecutive integers (3q+ 1)
numbers cannot have HCF andLCMas 24 and540 and(3q+2) is an even integer, say 2,) 1
respectively. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 4
Case ll : If a = 3q+ 1
IA] Q.5. Find the HCF of 256 and 36 using Euclid's
Division Algorithm. Also, find their LCJvf and .. a(a+ l}(a+ 2) =(3q+ 1}(3q+2)(3q+ 3)
verify that HCFx LCJvf = Product of the two = (2,) (3)(q+1)
numbers. (Board Turm-1, 2015, Set-DDE-E) = 6r(q+ 1), 1
Sol. 256= 36 X 7+4 1 which is divisible by6.
36=4x9+0 1 Case Ill : If a = 3q+ 2
Hence, the HCF of 256 and 36 is4 a(a+ l}(a+2) = (3q+2)(3q+ 3)(3q+ 4)
LCM 256=28
36=22x32 = multiple of6 for everyq
LCM(36,256) =28x 32=256x 9 = 6r ( say), 1
= 2304 1 which is divisible by6.
HCFx LQ'vf= Product of the two number Hence, the product of three consecutive integers
4 X 2,304 = 256 X 36 is divisible by 6 and,, 3 - 11 is also divisible by 3 .
9216=9 ,216 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1/2
Hence verified. IA] Q.8. Prove that 112 - 11 is divisible by 2 for every
IA] Q. 6. A fruit vendor has 990 apples and 945 oranges. positive integer 11. (Board Turm-1 , 2012 S e t -25)
He packs them into baskets. Each basket contains Sol.Any positive integer is of the form 2q or 2q+ 1, for
only one of the two fruits but in equal numbe&
some integer q .
Find the number of fruits to be put in each basket
in order to have minimum number of baskets. :. When 11 = 2 q

(Board Term-1, 2016 Set-04YP6G7) 11 - ti = 11(11 -1) = 2 q(2 q -1)

2 1

Sol. HCF of 990 and 945 = 2m, wherem =q(2 q - 1)

- - which is divisible by 2 .
945 ) 990 ( 1
When n = 2 q+ l
945
11(11 - 1) = (2 q+ 1)(2q+ 1 - 1 )
45) 945 (21 = 2 q(2 q+ 1) 1
90 = 2m, whenm = q(2q+ 1) 1
45 which is divisible by 2 .
45 Hence, ,,2 - n is divisible by 2 for every positive
0 integern . Hence Proved. 1
REAL NUMBERS I 9
IA] Q.9. FindHCF of81 and 237 and express it as a linear Case Ill : 172 =(4 q+2)2
combination of 81 and 237 ie.,HCF (81, 237) = = 16q2+16 +4
q
81x+237y forsomex andy. = 4(4 q +4 q +1) = 4m,
2

(Board Tu r m1, - 2012S e t 3-5) [NCERT) where m = 4 q2+4q+1 1

Sol.Since, 237 > 81 Case IV: 172 = (4 q+3)2 = 16q2+24q+9
On applying Euclid's division al gorithm, we get = 16q2+ 24 +8 +1
237 = 81x2+75 ... (i) q
= 4(4q2+6q +2) +1
8 1 = 75x1+6 ... (ii)
75 = 6 X 12+3 = 4m +1,
... (iii)
6 = 3 X 2+0 ... (iv) 1 where m = 4 q2+6q+2 1
Hence, HCF (81,237) 3. = 1 From cases I, II, ill and IV, we conclude that the
In order to write 3 in the form ofSlx+237y, square of any +ve integer is of the form 4m or
Now, 4m +1.
3 = 75-6x12 [From (iii)]
IAJ Q.11.Use Euclid's Division Lemma to show that the
= 75 -(81-75 x1) x12 [Replace 6 from (ii)]
= 75- (81 X 12 -75 X 1 X 12)
cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m,
9m+1, or9m+8, for some integer m.
= 75-81 X 12+75 X 12
= 75+75 X 12 -8 1 X 12 [KVS, NCERT)
= 75 ( 1+12) -81 X 12 SoL Let 17 = 3q+r, 0 � r < 3
= 75x13-81x12 '/2 or 17 = 3q, 3q +1 and 3q +2
= 139,37-81x2)-81x12 [Replace 75 from (i)] Case I : 17 = 3q
= 1 3 X 237-81 X 2 X 13 -81 X 12
173 = {}q)3 = 27'f = 9(3q3)
= 237 X 13-81 (26+ 12)
= 9 m where m = 3q 3
= 237 X 13-8 1 X 38
Case ll : 17 = 3q+l
= 81 X - ( 38)+237 X (13) '/2 173 = (}q+1)3
= Slx+237y
= 27 3+9 (3 +1)+1
:. Hence x =-38 and y = 13 '/2 173 =
q
3
q q
9(3q +3q2 +1) +1
These values of x and y are not unique. '/2
IA] Q.10.Show that the square of any positive integer
= 9m+1
is of the forms 4111 or 4111 +1, where III is any where m = 3q3+ 3q2 +1
integer. (Board Turm-1, 2012 Set-39) Case ll : 17 = 3q+2
Sol.Let 17 = 4 q+r, 0 �r < 4 173 = (}q+2)3
or, 17 = 4q,4 q+1,4 q+2 or 4q+3 = 27J3+ 18d(pd+2)+8

Case I: 172 = (4q)2 = 16q2 = 4(4q2) = 4m, = 9(3q3+6q2+4q) +8

where m = 4 q2 1 = 9m+8
Case ll : 172 = (4 q+1)2 = 16q2+Sq+1 where m = 3q2+6q2+4q
= 4(4 q2+2q) +1 From Case I, II and ill, we conclude that the cube
= 4m+ 1, of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m+ 1 or
where m = 4 q2+2 q 1 9m+ 8 for some integer m.

TOPIC-2
I rrationaI Numbers, Terminating and Non-Terminating
Recurring Decimals

Quick Review
► Rational Numbers:The number in the form p, where pand q are c oprime number and q ..o, is known as rational
q
number.
" '
ForExample:2,-3,.,, -� etc rational numbers.
7 5
► Irrational Numbers:A number is called irrational if itcannotbe written in the form p, where pand q are integers
q
and q .. O. For example ✓2,./3,Js,rr are irrational numbers.
► Let p be a prime number. If p divides 172, then p divides 17 where 17 is a positive integer.
1o l Oswaal CBSE Quest on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

► Terminating Decimals : If decimal expansion o f rational number p comes to an end, then the decimal obtained
q
from p is called terminating decimal.
q
► Non-terminating Repeating Recurring Decimals: The decimal expansion obtained from P repeats periodically,
q
then it is called non-terminating repea ting or recurring decimal.
► Just divide the numerator by the denominator of a fraction. If you end up with a remainder of 0, you have a
terminating decimal otherwise repeating or recurring decimal.
► The sum or difference of a rational and irrational number is irrational.
► The product and quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number is irrational.
► Let x = P be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2m5 n, where t1 and mare
q
non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which terminates after k places of decimals, where k is the
largestof mand t1 .
► Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then x can be expressed in the tbrm P, where
q
m n
pand q are co-prime and the prime factorisa tionof q is of the form 2 5 , where mand t1 are non-negative integers.
► Let x = p be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form 2m5n, where t1 and mare
q

-
non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating re pea ting.

V'.,

Q . Show that 2 ✓3 • 5 ts an 1rrat1onal number. or. ✓3 - -2l (� ·5)

Sol. : Step I : Let 2 ✓3 • 5 be a rational number.
l
A rational number can be expressed as a .
b
Here R.HS O

2
-
(� ·5) �
where b;,, 0 rattooal while LH.S. ✓3 1s 1rrat1onal which 1s not possible.
Step II : or. 2 ✓3 ·5· a Step Ill : Hence our assumption that 2 ✓3 • 5 ts a
b
rational number 1s wrong. Hence 2 ✓3 • 5 ts
or. 2 ✓3 ·� 5 an 1rrat1onal number.
b

Very Short Answer Type Questions (I mark each)

[BJ Q.1. What is the condition for the decimal expansion IAJ Q. 2. Find the smallest positive rational number
of a rational number to terminate ? Explain with by which � should be multiplied so that its
the help of an example. I

(Board Term-1, 2016 Set-04YP6G7) decimal expansion terminates after 2 places of

decimal (Board Turm-1, 2016 Set LGRKEGO)
Sol. The decimal expansion of a rational number
terminates, if the denominator of rational number
1 7
So I. S.1nce -x- -
1 = 0.01.
7 100 100
can be expressed as 2m5n where m and t1 are non
negative integers and pand q both co-primes. 7
Thus smallest rational number is 1
e. g . -3 = .) = 0.3 1
100
10 2 X 51
1

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
REAL NUMBERS [ 11
IBJ Q.3. What type of decimal expansion does a rational 6X 2 3
number has ? How can you distinguish it from =
2X 23 X 54
decimal expansion of irrational numbers ?
(Board Turm-1, 2016 Set-ORDAWEZ] 6 X 2 3
=
Sol.A rationalnumber is may has itsdecimalexpansion 24 x54
either terminating or non-terminating. repeating
3
An irrational numbers has ils decimal expansion = 6 X 2
non-repeating and non-terminating . (10)4
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
3 =
il]Q.4. Calculate - in the decimal form. O{Jf>4S 1
8 1(:JO =
" 6
=-
.)
Sol. .)
will terminate after 4 decimal places.
8 2' 1250
...,. X ,...3
:,
= .)
7
3
2 x5
3 Q. 6. Write whether rational number will have
7 5
375 375 terminating decimal expansion or a non­
=-=
103 1,0()() terminating decimal. [Sample Pa per 2017)
= 0.375 1
Sol.
7 = 7
6 75
ll]Q.5. The decimal representation of will
1250 Since denominator of given rational number is not
terminate after how many places of decimal ? of form 2m X 5".
Sol.
6
= 6 Hence, !tis non-terminatingdecimalexpansion. 1
12 50

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Ii] Q.1. Show that 5 ✓6 is a n irrational number. IQIQ.3. Write a rational number between ✓2 and ✓3 .
(Board Term-1, 2015, Set-CJTOQ) [K.V.S.J
Sol. Let 5,j(, be a rational number, which can be
expressed as a, where b"'O; a and bare co-primes. Sol.
/J
5,j(, = -a '/2 We need to find a rational number xsuch that
/J
- -
a
J6 5/J 2-✓
10
200 < X< 2-
10
.)3()()

Choose any perfect square such as 225 or 256 in

or, ·✓6 = rational between 200 and300. then
But, J6 is an irrational number.
Thus, our assumption is wrong.
Hence, sJr, is an irrational number. 1

IQ] Q. 2. Write the denominator of the rational number and

15
= -5
10
257 .
- in the form 'l:" x s•, where m and 11 are
500
Similarly
16
= 8-
non-negative integers. Hence write its decimal 10 5
expansion without actual division.
IQ] Q.4. Write the rational number 7 will have a
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set-67]
75
[NCERT Exemplar]
terminating decimal expansion. or a non­
Sol. Denominator = 500 terminating repeating decimal.
=2 2
X5
3
1 [Sample Question Paper2017 -18)
. . 257 257x2 514
Decimalexi:ans1on, - = ,- 3 = Sol. The rational number!_ can not be written in form
500 2x2 x5· l(J3 75
= 0.514 1 2m . 5". So it is non-terminating repeating decimal
expansion.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
12 l Oswaal CBSE Que st on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

Short Answer Type Questions-II ---- (3 marks each)

IQ] Q.1. Express (15

- +-
4
5) as a decimal fraction without
40
( Fr)' =
1 (!!!.)'
II
actual division. (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-74) 2
111
15 5 15 25 5 25 or,
Sol. -+-
4
-x-+-x-
4-0
= 4
1
25 4H 25
375 125
or, p, ,2 m2 = • • •(i) 1
=-+ - 1 :. pdivides ni and pdivides m. [·: pdivides p,,2]
2
100 1000
Let m = pq for some integer q
=3.75 + 0 125
. =3.875 1 On putting m = pq in eq. (i), we get
IQ] Q. 2. Express the number 0· 31 78 i n the form of pt .2 = ,J-q2
rational number : . (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-21) or, ,, 2 = pq2
:. p divides ,,2
[ ·: p divides pq2] 1
Sol.Let = ()·3178
X
and p divides fl.
or, = ·3178178178...
X 1 [·:pis prime a nd p divides ,, 2=> p divides fl]
or, 10,000x = 3178·178178... Thus p i s a c ommon facto r of m and fl but this
or, lOx = 3·178178... co ntra dicts the fact th at m and fl are primes.
Subtra cting, 9990x =3175 1 The contradiction ar ises by assuming that Jp is
or, X - - - =-635
. _ 3175 - 1 ra tiona l.
999() 1998
Hence, ✓P is i rrationa l.

IQ] Q.3. Prove that ✓2

is an irrational number.
(Board Turm-1, 2011, Set-Al) [NCERT) � Q.5. Prove that3 + .Js is an irrational number.
(Board Term-1, 2011, Set-52)
Sol.Let J2 be a ra tional numbe r.
Sol.Let 3 + .Js is a ra tional number.
h=P, p , q ..
q 3 + .Js = - o
q
where pand q are co-p rime integers andq ,,.o
On squa ring b oth the sides we get,
' 3+·.Js= P

q
1
or, 2 = P_ '/2
q'
or, ,;- = 2q2 .Js p -3
=-
q
·· p is divisible by 2
2

pis divisible by 2 . ...(i) '/2 .Js = p-3q 1

let p = 2, for some i:ositive integer r q
or, ,;- = 4?
2q2 = 4? .Js is i rra tio nal and p -3q is r a tional
or, <( = 2? q
or, q2 is divisible by 2 1 But r ationa l numbe r c a nnot b e equa l to a n irrationa l
.·. q is divisible by 2 . .. .(ii) numbe r.
From (i) and (ii), p and q a re divisible by 2, which
contra dicts the fact that pa nd q a re c o-primes.
:. 3 + .Js is an irra tiona l numbe r. 1

Hence,our a ssumption is false. � Q.6. Prove that Js is an irrational number and

.Ji, is i
rrationa l. 1 hence show that 2 - Js
is also an irrational
number.
� Q.4. l f p is a prime numbe� then prove that is an ✓P (Board Term-1, 2011, Set-60)
irrational (Board Term-1, 2014; 2013, S e t F
- FC)
Sol.Let .Js be a ra tiona l number.
Sol.Let p be a p rime numbe r and if possible, let ✓P be ..Js = -a ,
ra tional /J
:. ✓P =!!!.,where m
11
a nd fl are coprimes and fl ..o. '/2 (a, b a re co-primes a nd b "' 0)

Squar ing on both sides, w e get or, a =b ✓S

REAL NUMBERS [ 13
On squaring both the sides, we get or, 2-a = Js
or, d1- = 5b2
or, 5 is a factor of d1- 1
2- a is rational,
5 is a factor ofa But Js is not rational
Let a= Sc, (c is some integer)
.·. 2- Js is irrational. 1
d1- = 25c 2

or, 5b2 = 25c2 � Q. 7. If two positive integers p and q are written as

or, b2 = 5a2 p = n2b3 and q = n3b, n and b are prime number
then. Verity.
5 is a factor of b2
LCM X (p.q.) X HCF(p.q.) = pq.
5 is a factor ofb
[Sample Question Paper2017-18)
:. 5 is a common factor of a andb.
Sol. Given, p = a2b3
But this contradicts the fact that a and b a re co­
pnmes. and q = a3b
HCF (p.q.) = a2b
:. Js is irrational. LCM(p.q.) = a b3
3

Let 2- Js be rational 1 and (p.q.) = a2b3·a3b = a5b'

LCM(p.q.) x HCF(p.q.) = a2b x a3b3 = Jb'
2- Js = a
Hence LCM(p.q.) x HCF(p.q.) = p.q.

Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)

� Q.1. Prove that ✓3 is an irrational number. Hence, or, 2-J,, = p -7

q
show that 7 + 2 ../3 is also an irrational number.
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set-DDE-M)
or,
"'
2,,3 = ��
p-7q
Sol.If possible, let ✓3 be a rational number. q

(i) :. ✓
3 = a,where aandbare integers and co-primes or, p -7q
/J 2q
andb"' 0.
p - 7q and 2q both are integers, hence .✓3 is a
Squaring both sides, w e have
2 rational number.
:!_ =3
1/ But this contradicts the fact that ✓3 is an irrational
or, d1- = 3b2 number. Hence 7 + 2✓3 is irrational. 2
·: a2 is divisible by 3
� Q.2. Show that there is no positive integer 11, for
.·. a is divisible by 3. --.(i)
Let a = 3c for any integer c which J11-l + J11+l
is rational.
(3c)2 = 3b2 (Board Term-1, 2012, Set-48)
9c2 = 3b2 Sol. Let us assume that there is a positive integer" for
b2 = 3a2
Since,b2 is divisible by 3 which � + J11 + l is rational and equal to p ,
q
so,b is divisible by 3 ---(ii)
where pand qare positive integers and (q;,O). 1
From equation (i) and (ii), we have
3 is a factor of a andb w hiehis contradicting the fact ...( i)
that a and bare co-primes.
Thus,ourassumption that ✓3 is rational number is l
or,
wrong.
Hence, ✓ 3
is an irrational number. 2
(ii) let us assume to contrary that 7 + 2 ✓
3 is a rational

number. i i
�-✓,;; �- ✓,;;
7 + 2-J,, = p (11-l)-(11+1) -2
q,
2q
q;,O and pand qare co-primes ...( ii)
p
14 l Oswaal CBSE Quest on
i Bank, MATHEMATICS, Class - 10

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

From (iii) and (iv), J11 + 1 and J,. -1 both a re
2 rational because p and q both are rational. But it
2,/11 +1 p+ q ...(iii) possible only when (n + 1) and (n - 1) both are
= =

q p
perfect squares.But they differ by 2 and two perfect
From (i) and (ii), squares never differ by 2 .So both (n+1) and (n -1)
cannot be perfect squares,hence there is no positive
...(iv) 1
integer n for which�+ J11 +1 is rational. 2

High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Q.1.Show that 571 is a prime number. 2 Also, 6 = 305+72(-2)+30 X 72 -30 X 7 2
X 1
Sol.Let x = 571 6
= 30 X (77)+72 X (-32)

· X = 77,y= -32
f; = J571
Now 571 lies between the perfect squares of (23)2 Hence, x and ya re not unique.
and (24)2 Q. 5.If theHCF of 6 5 7 and 963 is expressible in the form
Prime numbers less than 24 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, of 657x+963x(-1 5), find the value ofx. 3
�23. 1 Sol.Using Euclid's Division Lemma
Since 571 is not divisible by any of the above a = bq+r, 0 5, r < b
numbers. 963 = 657 X 1+306
So,571 is a prime number. 1
657 = 306 X 2 +45
Q. 2. Find the least number that is divisible by all
306 = 45 X 6+36
numbers between 1 and 1 0 (both inclusive). 2
45 = 36x1+9
Sol.The required number is the LCi\1 of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
36 = 9 X 4 +0 1
8,9, 10 1
HCF (657,963) = 9
LCi\1 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 2 X 3 X 5 X 7
= 2520
Now 9 = 657x+ 963 X ( - 15)
1
or, 657x = 9+963 X 15
Q. 3 .An army contingent of 1 0 4 members is to march
= 9+14445 1
behind an army band of 96 members in a parade.
The two groups are to march in the same number or, 657x = 14454
of columns. What is the maximum number of 14 4
or, X = 45 = 22 1
columns in which they can march? 657
(Board Term-1, 2012, Set-52) Q.6. Express the HCF/GCD of 48 and 1 8 as a linear
Sol.Let the number of columns be x . combination. 3
xis the largest number, which should divide both Sol. a =bq+r,whereO 5"r <b
104 and 96 48 = 18x2+12
104 = 96 X 1+ 8 1 18 = 12 X 1+6
96 = 8 X 12+ 0 1 1 2 = 6 X 2+0
· HCF of 104 and 96 is 8 1 HCF (18, 48) = 6 1
Hence,8 columns are required. 1 Now 6 = 18-12xl
Q.4.If dis the HCF o f 3 0 and 72, find the value ofx and 6 = 18 - (48 -18 X 2)
y satisfying d = 30x +72y. 3 6 = 18 -48 X 1+ 18 X 2
Sol.Using Euclid's algorithm, the HCF(30, 72) 6 = 18 X 3 -48 X 1
72 = 30 X 2 +12 ...(i) 6 = 18 X 3+48 X (- 1)
30 = 12x2+6 ...(ii) ,.e., 6 = 18x+48y
12 = 6x2+0 ...(iii) wherex = 3,y= -1 1
HCF (30, 72) = 6 1 6 = 18 X 3+48 X (- 1)
6 = 30 -12x2 [From (ii)] = 18 X 3 + 48 X (- 1)+ 18
6 = 30 -(72 -30 X 2) X 2 x48 -18x48
[From (i)] = 18(3+48)+48(-1 -18)

6 30 -2x72+30x4
= = 18 X 5 1+48 X (- 19)

6 = 30 (1+4) -72 X 2 6 = 18x+48y

6 = 30x5+72x(-2)
where x = 51,y= -19 1
X = 5, !f = -2 1 :. Hence,x and yare not unique.
REAL NUMBERS [ 15

Value Based Questions 4 n-iarks each

Q.1.A trader was moving along a road selling eggs.An (i) After how many minutes will they meet again at
idler who did not have much work to do, started to the starting point ?
get the trader into a wordy duel. This grew into a (ii) Which mathematical concept is used in this
fight he pulled the basket with eggs and dashed it problem?
on the floor. The eggs broke.The trader requested (iii) What value is discussed in this problem ? 4
the panchayat to as the idler to pay for broken eggs. Sol.(i) Required number of minutes is the LCAlf of 18
The panchayat asked the trade� 'How many eggs and 12.
were broken r He gave the following response : 18 = 2 X 32
If counted in pairs one will remain; If counted in and 12 = 22 x 3 1
3, two will remain; If counted in 4, 3 will remain; If 2 2
LCM of 18 and 12 = 2 x 3 = 36
counted in 5, 4 will remain; If counted in 6, 5 will
Hence, Ravish and Priya will meet again at the
remain; If counted in 7, nothing will remain, my starting point after 36 minutes. 1
basket cannot accommodate more than 150 eggs.
(ii) LCM of numbers. 1
So,
(iii) Healthy competition is necessary for personal
(i) How many eggs were there ? development and progress. 1
(ii) Which mathematical concept is used to solve the Q. 3. Three sets of English, Hindi and Sociology books
above question ? dealing with cleanliness have to be stacked in such
(iii) Which values are hidden in the above question ?4 a way that all the books are stored topicwise and
Sol.(i) Let the number of eggs bea [·:a� 150,given] the height o f each stack is the same.The number
If counted in 7, nothing will remain, of English books is 96, the number of Hindi books
a = 7p+0,for some natural number p. is 240 and the number of sociology books is 336.
If counted in 6, 5 will remain, for some natural (i) Assuming that the books are of the same thickness,
numberq '/2 determine the number of stacks of English, Hindi
a = 6q+ 5 and Sociology books.
If counted in 5, 4 will remain, for some natural (ii) Which mathematical concept is used in the
number w problem?
a = 5w+4 '/2 (iii) Which good habit is discussed in this problem ? 4
If counted in 4, 3 will remain, for some natural
Sol.(i) In order to arrange the books as required, we
numbers
have to find the largest number that divides 96,240
a = 4s+3 and 336 exactly,clearly,sucha number is their HCF.
If counted in 3, 2 will remain, for some natural
We have,
96 = 25 X 3
number t
a = 3t+2
'.?AO = 2' x 3 x 5
If counted in pairs, one will remain, for some
and 336 = 2' x 3 x 7
natural number u
· HCF of 96,'.?AO, and 336 is 2' x 3 = 48
a = 2u+ 1
Tra t is,in each case, we have a and a positive integer So, there must be 4 8 books in eachstack. 1
(J, takes values 7, 6, 5,4 ,3 and 2 respectively) whie h Number of stacks of English books
divides a and leaves a remainder r (in each case, r is
6, 5,4 , 3, 2 and 1 respectively), that is smaller than b .
1
Number of stacks of Hindi books
We must look li:>r the multiple of 7 which satisfy all
the conditions. By trial and error (Using the concept = 240 =5
ofLCivf)we will get total number ofeggs = 119 48
(ii) Euclid's division lemma (Real Numbers) 1 Number of stacks of Sociology books
(iii) The values of the trader are honesty and faith in the = ,,,
.).)l) = 7
1
panchayatsystem. 1 48
Q.2.There is a circular path around a sports field.
Priya takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the (ii) HCF of numbers. 1
field, while Ravish takes 12 minutes for the same. (iii) Cleanliness has been discussed in this question, it is
Suppose they both start at the same point and at a good habit that leads to good health. 1
the same time, and go in the same direction.

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