Integral Calculus ii

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Integral Calculus iii

Note to the Reader

This endeavour is an attempt to simplify and addressed the impasse

on comprehensible materials on the said field of study. Majority of the

contents of these learning materials were adapted from various resources,

including electronic resources. The topics included in these learning

materials were restricted only to basic concepts related to Integral Calculus

including Antiderivatives, Integration Formulas and Applications of Definite

Integrals. The author acknowledges and would be glad to hear your

feedback about this work text. Comments and suggestions might be given

to further improve this work text. The author understands that there is

always a room for improvement.

The Author
Integral Calculus iv

Overview of the Learning Materials

This learning material has 7 basic parts. These parts include Introduction, Pre-

Competency Checklist, Learning Resources, Explore, Discussion Board,

Post-Competency Checklist and Assignment. The Introduction contains the

short description of the activities for a particular topic as well as the learning

competencies. The Pre-Competency Checklist contains Self-Check that spells

out the Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) for the specific module. The Learning

Resources identifies the reference materials involved in the particular module. It

may contain books, electronic resources and the likes. The Explore pertains to

the detailed discussion of the topic in the specified module. The Discussion

Board serves as the “Chat room”. Questions about the topic that was discussed

in Explore part were posted in this area. Students would respond to every

question and they may submit their responses either online or offline depending

upon the instruction of the Faculty – In- Charge (FIC). The Post-Competency

Checklist includes Self-Assessment Question that intends to determine

whether the students understood the discussion and gained the expected

competencies. Lastly, the Hands-On Exercises serves as the reinforcement of

the students learning. It includes items from all of the subtopics included in the

entire module.
Integral Calculus v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note to the Reader ………… iii

Overview of the Learning Materials ………… iv

Table of Contents ………… v

Course Module ………… ix

Module 1. Antiderivatives …………. 1

Antiderivatives ………… 2

The Indefinite Integral ………… 3

Discussion Board Questions ………. 5

Self-Assessment Question 1 ………. 5

Hands-On Exercises 1 ………………… 6

Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions ………..… 8

Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions …………. 9

Discussion Board Questions …………. 13

Self-Assessment Question 2 …………. 13

Hands-On Exercises 1 ………. 14

Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions ………… 16

Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions …………… 17

Discussion Board Questions ...…………… 20

Integral Calculus vi

Self-Assessment Question 3 …………….. 20

Hands-On Exercises 3 …………… 21

Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions ………23

Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions …… 24

Discussion Board Questions ……… 27

Self-Assessment Question 4 …… 28

Hands-On Exercises 4 ……………. 28

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of

Trigonometric Functions ……………… 29

Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions…… 30

Discussion Board Questions …………….………….. 35

Self-Assessment Question 5 ……… 35

Hand-On Exercises 5 …………… 35

Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions ………….. 37

Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions …………… 38

Discussion Board Questions …………… 41

Self-Assessment Question 6 …………… 41

Hands-On Exercises 6 …………… 42

Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ………43

Integral Calculus vii

Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions …..……. 44

Discussion Board Questions ………….. 47

Self-Assessment Question 7 …………. 47

Hands-On Exercises 7 …………. 48

Module 8. Definite Integrals …………. 49

Definite Integrals ………….. 50

Properties of Definite Integrals ……………. 51

Discussion Board Questions ……………. 53

Self-Assessment Question 8 …………… 54

Hands-On Exercises 8 ………….. 54

Module 9. Arc Length ………….. 56

Arc Length ………….. 57

Discussion Board Questions …………. 61

Self-Assessment Question 9 …………… 61

Hands-On Exercises 9 …………… 62

Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution …………… 63

Surface Area …………… 64

Discussion Board Questions …………… 67

Self-Assessment Question 10 ………….. 67

Hands-On Exercises 10 ………. 68

Integral Calculus viii

Module 11. Area Under The Curve …………… 69

Area Under The Curve …………… 70

Discussion Board Questions …………… 74

Self-Assessment Question 11 ………….. 75

Hands-On Exercises 11 ………. 75

Module 12. Area Between Two Curves …………… 77

Area Between Two Curves …………… 78

Discussion Board Questions …………… 84

Self-Assessment Question 12 ………….. 84

Hands-On Exercises 12 ………. 85

References …………… 86
Integral Calculus ix

A. Course Overview

This course aims to further develop the students’ understanding of differential and
integral calculus. It covers methods and techniques of integration, indeterminate forms,
and improper integrals of algebraic and transcendental functions. The course covers 12
modules anchored on competencies stated in CMO 75 s. 2017.

Module 1. Antiderivatives

Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions

Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions

Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Module 8. Definite Integrals

Module 9. Arc Length

Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution

Module 11. Area Under The Curve

Module 12. Area Between Two Curves

The students are expected to answer 12 Hands-On Exercise in the entire duration of the
course which constitutes 20% of the final grade, take examinations- 50% of the final
grade and participate in the class.

B. Course Calendar

Week Date Covered Topics Assessment

1 Aug 19-23, Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Module 1. Antiderivatives Work, Hands-On
2 Aug 26-29, Exercises
2024
3 Sep 2-6, 2024 Module 2. Integrals Involving Recitation, Quiz, Board
Algebraic, Exponential and Work, Hands-On
Logarithmic Functions Exercises
4 Sept 9-13, Module 3. Integrals Involving Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Trigonometric Functions Work, Hands-On
Integral Calculus x

Exercises
5 Sept.16-20, Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Trigonometric Functions Work, Hands-On
Exercises
6 Sept.23-27, Module 5. Integrals Involving Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Transformation of Trigonometric Work, Hands-On
7 Sept. 30-Oct Functions Exercises
4, 2024
8 Oct. 7-11, Module 6. Integrals Involving Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Hyperbolic Functions Work, Hands-On
Exercises
9 Oct.14-19, Midterm Examination
2024
10 Oct. 21-25, Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Hyperbolic Functions Work, Hands-On
Exercises
11 Oct. 28-Nov 1, Module 8. Definite Integrals Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Work, Hands-On
Exercises
12 Nov. 4-8, 2024 Module 9. Arc Length Recitation, Quiz, Board
Work, Hands-On
Exercises
13 Nov. 11-15, Module 10. Area of Surface of Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Revolution Work, Hands-On
Exercises
14 Nov. 18- Recitation, Quiz, Board
22,2024 Work, Hands-On
Module 11. Area under the Curve Exercises
15 Nov.25-
29,2024
16 Dec. 2-6, Recitation, Quiz, Board
2024 Module 12. Area Between Curves Work, Hands-On
Exercises
17 Dec. 9-13,
2024
18 December 16- Final Examination
20,2024

C. Professor/Instructor

MARBEN ALVARADO OROGO is an Associate Professor I

at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Pasacao
Campus.
Integral Calculus xi

He is currently taking up Doctor of Philosophy in Education major in

Mathematics (CAR) at University of the Philippines Open University, Los
Baños Laguna.

He took up his masters’ degree at Naga College Foundation Inc., Naga City with
the degree Master of Arts in Education major in Mathematics (2012-2014) where
he graduated with Academic Excellence and Excellence in Oral Defense awards.
He finished his Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Mathematics at Central
Bicol State University of Agriculture-Pasacao Campus (2007-2011) with Cum Laude
and Best in Practice Teaching awards.

D. Assessments

Assessments Type Percentage Course Learning Outcomes Due Date

Demonstrate
Paper and Pen understanding of the October 14-19,
Test 25% 2024
Week 1- 9 (Midterm Exam) concepts, and principles
of differential and integral
calculus.
Apply the concept of and
principles of differential
Paper and Pen 25%
and integral calculus in
Test solving real-life and December 16-
(Final Exam) mathematical problems. 20, 2024
Week 10-18 Select and use
appropriate models and
techniques of integration
for finding solutions to
integral-related problems
with and without the use
of technology.
 Module 1. Antiderivatives 1

1
Antiderivatives
In this section, we will examine the relationship between finding the derivatives
of a function with finding the functions given the derivatives. The term Antiderivatives
or Indefinite Integral will be dealt accordingly in this module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Determine the required function given the derivatives

2. Solve problems involving Antiderivatives

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 1. Antiderivatives 2

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to analyze how antidifferentiation (antiderivatives) was

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function. Let us carefully examine the definition of antiderivatives.

ANTIDERIVATIVES

A function F(x) for which

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
For every 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 is said to be an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) of
𝑓

Example 1. Determine the antiderivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥

Solution: One of the possible antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

𝑑
We see that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥

Another antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 10

𝑑
We see that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 10) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example 2. Determine the antiderivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4

Solution: The antiderivative for 3𝑥 2 is 𝑥 3 , for 2𝑥 is 𝑥 2 , and for 4 is 4𝑥. Combining these

terms, the antiderivative for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 is

𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱

𝑑
We see that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4x ) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
 Module 1. Antiderivatives 3

THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪
If and only if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓

The symbol is called integral sign, which indicates reversing the differentiation

process. The function 𝑓(𝑥) is called integrand, the portion 𝒅𝒙 indicates that the

differentiation process is reversed with respect to the variable 𝑥, and 𝐶 is called constant

of integration.

Example 3. Find the function 𝑓(𝑥) whose tangent has a slope 3𝑥 2 + 1 for each value of

𝑥 and whose graph passes through the point (2,6)

Solution: The slope of the tangent is the derivative of 𝑓. Thus,

𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

and so 𝑓(𝑥) is the antiderivative.

𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 1 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 𝐶

To find 𝐶 use (2,6)

6 = 23 + 2 + 𝐶; 𝐶 = −4

Thus, the desired function is 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 − 𝟒

Example 4. It is estimated that 𝑥 months from now the population of a certain town will

be changing at the rate of 2 + 6√𝑥 people per month. The current population is 5,000.

What will the population be 9 months from now?

 Module 1. Antiderivatives 4

Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥) denotes the population of the town in 𝑥 months. Then the change of

the population with respect to time is the derivative

𝑑𝑃
= 2 + 6√𝑥
𝑑𝑥

It follows that the population function 𝑃(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 2 + 6√𝑥

𝑑𝑃 3
𝑃(𝑥) = ∫ = ∫(2 + 6√𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

To find 𝐶, use the fact that at present (when 𝑥 = 0) the population is 5,000, that is
3
5,000 = 2(0) + 4(0)2 + 𝐶

𝐶 = 5,000
3
Hence, P(x) = 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 5,000, the population 9 months from now will be
3
P(9) = 2(9) + 4(9)2 + 5,000 = 5,126

Example 5. A manufacturer has found that marginal cost is 3𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 400

dollars per unit when 𝑥 units have been produced. The total cost of producing the first 2

units is $900. What is the total cost of producing the first 5 units?

Solution: In economics, marginal cost is the derivative of the total cost function 𝐶(𝑥),

thus

𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 400

and 𝐶(𝑥) must be the antiderivative.

𝐶(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐶 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 400 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 + 𝐾

(instead of using 𝐶 as constant 𝐾 is used to avoid confusion)

The value of 𝐾 is determined from the fact that 𝐶(2) = 900. In particular

900 = (2)3 − 30(2)2 + 400(2) + 𝐾

 Module 1. Antiderivatives 5

𝐾 = 212

Hence,

𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 + 212

The cost of producing 5 units is,

𝐶(5) = (5)3 − 30(5)2 + 400(5) + 212 = $1,587

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we define Antiderivatives?

2. How can we describe Indefinite Integral?

3. How can we describe the relationship between finding the derivative of a function

with finding the function given the derivatives?

4. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Antiderivatives?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 1

A. Given the information below, solve for the antiderivative. Check your answer by
differentiation
 Module 1. Antiderivatives 6

1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 5𝑑𝑥
1
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
2 1
5. ∫ (3√𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

B. Solve the following applications of antiderivatives

6. Find the function whose tangent has the slope 4𝑥 + 1 for each value of 𝑥 and whose
graph passes through the point (1,2).
7. It is estimated that 𝑡 months from now, the population of a certain town will be
2
changing at the rate of 4 + 5𝑡 3 people per month. If the current population is 10,000,
what will the population be 8 months from now?
8. In a certain section of the country, the price of a large Grade A eggs is currently $1.60
per dozen. Studies indicates that 𝑥 weeks from now the price will be changing at the rate
of 0.02 + 0.003𝑥 2 cents per week. How much will egg cost in 10 weeks from now?
9. An object is moving so that its speed after 𝑡 minutes is 3 + 2𝑡 + 6𝑡 2 meters per
minute. How far does the object travel during the 2nd minute?
1
10. A manufacturer estimates the marginal revenue to be 100𝑞 −2 dollars per unit when
the level of production is 𝑞 units. The corresponding marginal cost have been found to be
0.4𝑞 dollars per unit. Suppose the manufacturer’s profit is $520 when the level of
production is 16 units. What is the manufacturer’s profit when the level of production is
25 units?

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 (2.125 HOURS)

A. Verify if 𝐹(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥). Check your answer using

differentiation.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥; 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2; 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 3

5
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3; 𝐹(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
 Module 1. Antiderivatives 7

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.04𝑥 + 600; 𝐹(𝑥) = −0.02𝑥 2 + 600𝑥

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −2 + 13; 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 −1 + 13𝑥 + 17

B. Find the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥). Check your answer using differentiation.

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 2𝑥 2

8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 16 + 3𝑥 3
4
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥

C. Solve the following problems involving applications of antiderivative.

11. Find the cost function for the production of 𝑥 items per day if the marginal cost
function for producing 𝑥 items per day is 0.04𝑥 + 600 and the cost of producing 40
items per day is $24,500. Find the cost of producing 100 items per day.
12. Find the revenue function for selling 𝑥 items if the marginal revenue function is
−0.003𝑥 2 + 0.2𝑥 + 250 and the revenue from the sale of 200 items is $30,000.
13. A child at the top of a cliff throws a rock straight down, and it hits the ground 189
feet below 2.25 seconds later. With what velocity did the child throw the rock?
14. A toy car is dropped out of a window 10 feet above the ground. At the same time a
toy truck is thrown straight down from a window 20 feet above the ground. Both toys
reach the ground at the same time. Find the initial velocity of the toy truck if air
resistance is ignored.
𝑓𝑡
15. A rock is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 128 𝑠𝑒𝑐. We
𝑓𝑡
know that the acceleration of the rock due to gravity is 32 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 in the downward direction.
Find the vertical velocity function 𝑣(𝑡) and the height function 𝑠(𝑡)
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 8

2
Integrals Involving
Algebraic, Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
We manage to define Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals in the previous
module. Let us continue learning integral calculus. In this section, we will examine the
different formulas for integrals involving algebraic, exponential and logarithmic
functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Determine the required integrals given the derivatives of Algebraic, Exponential,
and Logarithmic Functions

2. Solve problems involving Integrals

Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 9

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to understand the different integration formulas that

involves algebraic, exponential and logarithmic functions. Let us try to

find out how these formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING ALGEBRAIC, EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Formula 1. ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 2. If 𝒏 is an integer , then

𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏

Formula 3. If 𝒌 is a constant , then

∫ 𝒌𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒖

Formula 4. If 𝒕 and 𝒗 are both functions, then

∫[𝒕 ± 𝒗]𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒕𝒅𝒖 ± ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 10

Formula 5
𝒂𝒖
∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂

Formula 6
∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 7
𝒂𝒃𝒙
∫ 𝒂𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒃 𝐥𝐧 𝒂

Formula 8
𝟏 𝒃𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝒃

Formula 9
𝒅𝒖
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖

Formula 10
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖

Formula 11
∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪

Formula 12
𝒙
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 11

Example 1. By Formula 1

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 2. By Formula 2

2
𝑥 2+1 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2+1 3

Example 3. By Formula 3

𝑥 1+1
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ ]+𝐶
1+1

𝑥2
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ ] + 𝐶 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
2

Example 4. By Formula 4

∫(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑑𝑥

∫(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
∫(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
2

Example 5. By Formula 5

2𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 2

Example 6. By Formula 6

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 7. By Formula 7
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 12

2𝑥
32𝑥
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2 ln 3

Example 8. By Formula 8

1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3

Example 9. By Formula 9

𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

Example 10. By Formula 10

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, v = 𝑒 𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪

Example 11. By Formula 11

∫ ln(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 ln(5𝑥) − 5𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 12. By Formula 12

𝑥
∫ log 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
ln 2
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 13

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving algebraic, exponential and

logarithmic functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Antiderivatives?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 2

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
1. ∫(5𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫(4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫[(4𝑥 + 9)(3𝑥 − 1)]𝑑𝑥
5. ∫(2𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
1
6. ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
7. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
4+𝑥
8. ∫ (5−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫(√5𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 14

10. ∫ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ log 7 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
12. ∫ log 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ log 𝑎 (𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥
14. ∫ ln(√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
15. ∫ (ln √𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

1. ∫(6𝑥 5 − 18𝑥 2 + 7)𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(40𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 14)𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(12𝑡 7 − 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 3)𝑑𝑡

4. ∫(10𝑤 4 + 9𝑤 3 + 7𝑤)𝑑𝑤

3
5. ∫ 𝑥−10 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
7. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 √1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
9. ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 𝑥(𝑙𝑛 𝑥)2

𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥
12. ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
14.∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Module 2. Integrals Involving Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 15

√1−(𝑙𝑛 𝑥)2
15. ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 16

3
Integrals Involving
Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we will analyze the different formulas for integrals involving
trigonometric functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Determine the required integrals given the derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions

2. Solve problems involving Integrals

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 17

EXPLORE!!!!
We will now try to understand the different integration formulas

that involves trigonometric functions. Let us try to find out how these

formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Formula 1
𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙) + 𝑪
𝒂

Formula 2
𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙) + 𝑪
𝒂

Formula 3
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝑪

Formula 4
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪

Formula 5
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) + 𝑪
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 18

Formula 6
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) + 𝑪

Formula 7
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝑪

Formula 8
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 + 𝑪

Formula 9
𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂

Formula 10
𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂

Example 1. By Formula 1

1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) + 𝐶
4

Example 2. By Formula 2

1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶
2
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 19

Example 3. By Formula 3

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶

Example 4. By Formula 4

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶

Example 5. By Formula 5

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥) + 𝐶

Example 6. By Formula 6

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥) + 𝐶

Example 7. By Formula 7

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 8. By Formula 8

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 9. By Formula 9

1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = tan⁡(4𝑥) + 𝐶
4

Example 10. By Formula 10

Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 20

1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cot⁡(4𝑥) + 𝐶
4

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving logarithmic functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 3

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions.

1. ∫ sin⁡(4x − 5) dx
2. ∫ cos⁡(3x 2 + 8x − 2) dx
1
3. ∫ cos (4x+11) dx
x
4. ∫ cos (3x−x3 ) dx

x2 +1
5. ∫ cos ( ) dx
x
6. ∫(sec 2 10x)dx
7. ∫(sec5x tan5x)dx
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 21

8. ∫ [csc(8x) cot(8x)] dx
9. ∫ sec 4 (2x) dx
10. ∫[sin(3x) − cos(4x)]dx
cosxdx
11. ∫ sin3 x

12. ∫ cos 4 x sinxdx

13. ∫ sin(3x) cos(3x) dx
cos2t
14. ∫ (1+sin2t)4 dt
1−cos2r
15. ∫ 1+cos2r dr

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

2 2
1. ∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (3 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (3 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫[𝑠𝑖𝑛8 (3𝑧)𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 (3𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧

3. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (2𝑡)𝑑𝑡

1 1
4. ∫ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( 𝑤) 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 ( 𝑤)] 𝑑𝑤
2 2

5. ∫[𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 (3𝑦)𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (3𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦

6. ∫[𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (6𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 10 (6𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

7. ∫[𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑧 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑧] 𝑑𝑧
8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(8𝑡)𝑑𝑡
9. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(8𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(10𝑧)𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 ⁡(10𝑧)𝑑𝑧
1 1
11. ∫ [𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 (4 𝑤) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 (4 𝑤)] 𝑑𝑤

𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 (2𝑡)
12. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛9 (2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Module 3. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 22

2+7𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑧
13.∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧

14.∫[9𝑠𝑖𝑛5 (3𝑥) − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (3𝑥)]𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 (3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 23

4
Integrals Involving
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
In this module, we will analyze the different formulas for integrals involving
inverse trigonometric functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Determine the required integrals given the derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

2. Solve problems involving Integrals

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 24

2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage

Learning

EXPLORE!!!!
We will now try to understand the different integration formulas

that involves trigonometric functions. Let us try to find out how these

formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

FORMULA 1
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
∫ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

FORMULA 2
−𝒅𝒖 𝒖
∫ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

FORMULA 3
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
∫ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝒂𝟐 +𝒖 𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

FORMULA 4
−𝒅𝒖 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒖
∫ = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )+𝒄
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 25

FORMULA 5
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 |𝒖|
∫ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

FORMULA 6
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 |𝒖|
∫ = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

Example 1. By Formula 1

𝑑𝑥
∫
√9 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√9 − 𝑥 2 √32 − 𝑥 2

𝑎 = 3; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒙
∫ =∫ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
√9 − 𝑥 2 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝟑

Example 2. By Formula 2

−𝑑𝑥
∫
√9 − 𝑥 2

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√9 − 𝑥 2 √32 − 𝑥 2

𝑎 = 3; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ =∫ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑐
√9 − 𝑥 2 √32 − 𝑥 2 3
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 26

Example 3. By Formula 3

𝑑𝑥
∫
16 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
=∫ 2
16 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2

𝑎 = 4; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
∫ = ∫ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄
16 + 𝑥 2 42 + 𝑥 2 𝟒 𝟒

Example 4. By Formula 4

−𝑑𝑥
∫
16 + 𝑥 2

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
=∫ 2
16 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2

𝑎 = 4; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙
∫ = ∫ = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )+𝒄
16 + 𝑥 2 42 + 𝑥 2 𝟒 𝟒

Example 5. By Formula 5

𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 32

𝑎 = 3; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 27

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 |𝒙|
∫ =∫ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 32 𝟑 𝟑

Example 6. By Formula 6

−𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 32

𝑎 = 3; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥

−𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥 𝟏 |𝒙|

∫ =∫ = 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 32 𝟑 𝟑

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving inverse trigonometric functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 28

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 4

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric

Functions.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ √1−16𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 25+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 −16
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ √16𝑥2
−25
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ √16𝑥4 −25

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
√1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
√4−9𝑥 2
−𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
√1−16𝑥 2
1
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
9+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 16+𝑥 2
1
6. ∫ 1+4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 25+4𝑥 2
−𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ |𝑥|√𝑥 2
−1

𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ |𝑥|√𝑥 2
−9

−𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ |𝑥|√4𝑥 2
−16
Module 4. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 29

𝑑𝑡
11. ∫
|𝑡|√𝑡 2 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
12. ∫ 4+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
13. ∫
𝑡√1−𝑙𝑛2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
14. ∫ 𝑡(1+𝑙𝑛2 𝑡)
3𝑡
15. ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√1+6𝑡 2
Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 29

5
Integrals Involving
Transformation of
Trigonometric Functions
In this module, we will study the different formulas for integrals involving
transformation of trigonometric functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Solve integration problems involving products and powers of sine and cosine

2. Solve integration problems involving products and powers of tangent and secant

3. Use reduction formulas to solve trigonometric integrals

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 30

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning

EXPLORE!!!!
We will now try to understand the different integration formulas

that involves transformation of trigonometric functions. Let us try to

find out how these formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING TRANSFORMATION OF

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE

∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

CASE 1. When 𝒎 or 𝒏 is a positive odd integer.

Use:

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙

CASE 2. When 𝒎 is any number and 𝒏 is a positive odd integer.

Use:

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙

CASE 3. When 𝒎 and 𝒏 are both positive even integer.

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 31

Use:

𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = ; 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

POWERS OF TANGENT AND SECANT

∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

CASE 1. When 𝒎 is any number and 𝒏 is a positive even integer.

Use:

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

CASE 2. When 𝒎 is any positive odd number and 𝒏 is any number.

Use:

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

CASE 3. When 𝒎 is any positive odd number and 𝒏 is zero.

Use:

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

Example 1. By Case 1

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 32

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑 𝟓

Example 2. By Case 2

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 [(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 [(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟖 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟔 𝟖

Example 3. By Case 3

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥

2
2 2 2
1 2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ sin 2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2

2
1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ sin 2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
2 4
Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 33

1 1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ (1 − cos 2𝑥)] ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 2 4

1 1 1 1
∫ [ (1 − cos 2𝑥)] ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 4 8 8

1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 − ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥) + 𝑐
8 8 8 2 8 3

1 1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 + 𝑐
16 16 24

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟒

Example 4. By Case 1

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥[𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥[𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥[1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥[1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑 𝟓

Example 5. By Case 2

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)

Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 34

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟒 𝟓

Example 6. By Case 3

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4

1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) (tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) (tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4

1 𝟏 𝟏
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 − ∫ tan⁡ x⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄
4 𝟒 𝟐
Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 35

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving transformation of trigonometric

functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 5

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric

Functions.
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑦𝑑𝑦

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 5 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Module 5. Integrals Involving Transformation of Trigonometric Functions 36

2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
12. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
14. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 37

6
Integrals Involving
Hyperbolic Functions
In this section, we will analyze the different formulas for integrals involving
hyperbolic functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Solve integration problems involving hyperbolic functions

2. Use integration formulas to solve hyperbolic integrals

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 38

EXPLORE!!!!
We will now try to understand the different integration formulas

that involves hyperbolic functions. Let us try to find out how these

formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Formula 1
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 2
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 3
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 4
∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

Formula 5
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 39

Formula 6
∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

Example 1. By Formula 1

∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2

𝟏
∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

Example 2. By Formula 2

∫ cosh 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥; 5
= 𝑑𝑥

1 1
∫ cosh 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
5 5

𝟏
∫ cosh 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒉 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

Example 3. By Formula 3

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 40

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2

𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

Example 4. By Formula 4

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
5

1 1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶
5 5

𝟏
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

Example 5. By Formula 5

∫ sech 2𝑥 tanh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
∫ sech 2𝑥 tanh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2

𝟏
∫ sech 2𝑥 tanh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

Example 6. By Formula 6
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 41

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 5𝑥 coth 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
5

1 1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 5𝑥 coth 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶
5 5

𝟏
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 5𝑥 coth 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving hyperbolic functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 6

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions.

1. ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
Module 6. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions 42

2. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥
5. ∫ 5+6 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 6 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 (hint: use 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 2
& 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 2
)
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥−5𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 3 𝑑𝑥

7. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥
3𝑥
10. ∫ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 43

7
Integrals Involving Inverse
Hyperbolic Functions
In this module, we will examine the different formulas for integrals involving
inverse hyperbolic functions as well as the way these formulas were used.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Solve integration problems involving inverse hyperbolic functions

2. Use integration formulas to solve inverse hyperbolic integrals

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 44

EXPLORE!!!!
We will now try to examine the different integration formulas that

involves inverse hyperbolic functions. Let us try to find out how these

formulas can be used to solve for integration exercises and problems.

INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Formula 1
𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝟎 < 𝒂
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

Formula 2
𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝒖
√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂

Formula 3
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝒖𝟐 < 𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

Formula 4
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝒂𝟐 < 𝒖𝟐
𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

Formula 5
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝟎 < 𝒖 < 𝒂
𝒖√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 45

Formula 6
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪; 𝒖 ≠ 𝟎
𝒖√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

Example 1. By Formula 1

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 4𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢
Let; 𝑎 = 1; 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√1 + 4𝑥 2 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 2 𝑎

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝑪
√1 + 4𝑥 2 𝟐

Example 2. By Formula 2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑𝑢
Let; 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑎 = 1
2

1 1 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√4𝑥 2 − 1 2 √𝑢2 − 1 2 𝑎

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝑪
√4𝑥 2 − 1 𝟐

Example 3. By Formula 3

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 − 𝑥2
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 46

Let; 𝑎 = 2; 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝐶
4−𝑥 𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝟏 𝒙
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
4−𝑥 𝟐 𝟐

Example 4. By Formula 4

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 − 16𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢
Let; 𝑎 = 2; 𝑢 = 4𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥;
4

1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ ( )+𝐶
4 − 16𝑥 2 4 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 4 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝟏
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝑪
4 − 16𝑥 𝟖

Example 5. By Formula 5

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥√1 − 9𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢
Let; 𝑎 = 1; 𝑢 = 3𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
3

1 1 1 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = (− 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 ( )) + 𝐶
3𝑥√1 − 9𝑥 2 3 𝑢√𝑎 − 𝑢
2 2 3 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) + 𝑪
3𝑥√1 − 9𝑥 2 𝟑

Example 6. By Formula 6
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 47

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥√1 + 16𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢
Let; 𝑎 = 1; 𝑢 = 4𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥; = 𝑑𝑥
4

1 1 1 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = (− 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 ( )) + 𝐶
4𝑥√1 + 16𝑥 2 4 𝑢√𝑎2 + 𝑢2 4 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉−𝟏 (𝟒𝒙) + 𝑪
4𝑥√1 + 16𝑥 2 𝟒

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving inverse hyperbolic functions?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 7

Solve the following exercises related to Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions.

1
1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 −4
Module 7. Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 48

1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√36+𝑥 2
1
3. ∫ 81−100𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥√16−25𝑥 2
1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥√4+36𝑥 2

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 7 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

𝑑𝑦
1. ∫
√25+36𝑦 2

𝑑𝑧
2. ∫
√64𝑧 2 −81
𝑑𝑡
3. ∫ 16−4𝑡 2
𝑑𝑤
4. ∫ 25−100𝑤 2
𝑑𝑘
5. ∫
11𝑘√81−121𝑘 2
𝑑𝑚
6. ∫
11𝑚√81+121𝑚2
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫
√49𝑥 2 −81
𝑑𝑦
8. ∫ 16−144𝑦2

𝑑𝑎
9. ∫ 25−100𝑎2
𝑑𝑘
10. ∫
12𝑘√121−144𝑘 2
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 49

8
Definite Integrals
In this section, we will examine how the different integration formulas can be
applied for specific intervals. The term Definite Integral will be dealt accordingly in this
module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Solve integration problems involving definite integrals

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 50

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to analyze how the different integration formulas were

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function with specific points or intervals. Let us carefully examine the definition of

Definite Integrals.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Given a function𝑓(𝑥) that is continuous on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then the definite
integral of 𝑓(𝑥) from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Example 1. Solve for

2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

Solution: Using the rules of integration,

𝑥2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ ] = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2

At 𝑥 = 2, or 𝐹(2) = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = 22 + 𝐶 = 𝟒 + 𝑪

At 𝑥 = 1, or 𝐹(1) = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = 12 + 𝐶 = 𝟏 + 𝑪
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 51

2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(2) − 𝐹(1) = (4 + 𝐶) − (1 + 𝐶) = 𝟑
1

In Definite Integral, 𝐶 has been cancelled out. So we can ignore 𝐶 and exclude it on our

solution.

Using geometry, we can also illustrate the Area bounded by the curve in the above

example.

With such simple shape, we can calculate the area as,

2
which is the same as ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Property 1.
𝐛 𝐚
∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = − ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
𝐚 𝐛

Property 2.
𝒂
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒂
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 52

Property 3.
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂

Property 4.
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
∫ [ 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂

Property 5.
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄

Property 6.
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒂 𝒂

Example 2. Solve for

0
∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2

0 0 0
𝑥3
∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = { + 𝑥] }
2 2 3 2

0
𝑥3 03 23
= { + 𝑥] } = {( + 0) − ( + 2)}
3 2
3 3

14 14
= {0 − }=−
3 3
0
𝟏𝟒
∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = −
2 𝟑
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 53

Example 3. Solve for

𝜋
2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
2 ⁄2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥]𝜋0
0

𝜋
2 𝜋
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 1 − 0 = 𝟏
0 2

Example 4. Solve for

2
∫ 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

2 2
∫ 8𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
1 1

2
1
8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ( 𝑒 2𝑥 ]12 ) = 4𝑒 2𝑥 ]12
1 2

= 4(𝑒 2𝑥 ]12 ) = 4(𝑒 4 − 𝑒 2 ) = 4𝑒 2 (𝑒 2 − 1)

2
∫ 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟒𝒆𝟐 (𝒆𝟐 − 𝟏)
1

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving Definite Integrals?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 54

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 8

Solve the following exercises related to Definite Integrals

2 8
1. ∫1 (4 + 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥

4
2. ∫0 (𝑥2 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥
3. ∫1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

6 𝑥2 +2
4. ∫4 ( 𝑥−2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
5. ∫1 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 8 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

0
1. ∫1 (5 − 6𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

4
2. ∫0 (𝑥 3 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
3. ∫1/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫0
𝑒𝑥

6 𝑥 2 +2
5. ∫4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
 Module 8. Definite Integrals 55

2 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫1
4+𝑥 2

2
7. ∫0 2𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥

3
8. ∫0 𝑥√𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2
9. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1/√2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 2
10. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 4
 Module 9. Arc Length 56

9
Arc Length
In this module, we will study how Definite Integrals formulas can be applied to
solve some applications. The term Arc Length will be dealt accordingly in this module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Apply integration formulas to solve definite integrals problems involving arc
length

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 9. Arc Length 57

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to explore how the different integration formulas were

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function with specific points or intervals. Let us carefully examine the definition of Arc

Length.

ARC LENGTH

The Definite Integral can be used to find the length of the arc covered by the

curve within the interval. This is called Arc Length of a Curve regardless of whether it is

above or below 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

When we want to determine the arc length of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the interval

[𝑎, 𝑏], we use

𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝐿) = ∫ √1 + [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

When we want to determine the arc length of a curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) on the interval [𝑐, 𝑑],

we use

𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝐿) = ∫ √1 + [𝑔′ (𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
 Module 9. Arc Length 58

Example 1. Calculate the arc length of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 over the interval [1,3]

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥; [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 = 4𝑥 2

3
𝐿 = ∫1 √1 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3 3
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √12 + 22 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2

Using Trigonometric Substitution,

1
𝑥= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑥; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = √1 + 4𝑥 2
2

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2

3 3
1 1 1 3
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 2 1 2 2 1

Using Integral Reduction Formula

1 𝑛−2
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

1 3 1 1 3−2
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = { 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3−2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3−2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃}
2 1 2 3−1 3−1

3
1 3 3 1 1 1 3
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = {( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)| + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 }
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
 Module 9. Arc Length 59

3
1 1 1
𝐿 = {( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)| + (ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃|)|13 }
2 2 1 2

3
1 1 1 3
𝐿 = {( (√1 + 4𝑥 ) (2𝑥))| + (ln |√1 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|)| }
2
2 2 1 2 1

1 3 1 3
𝐿= {(𝑥√1 + 4𝑥 2 ) )| + (ln |√1 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|)| }
2 1 2 1

1 1
𝐿= {3√37 − 1√5 + (ln|√37 + 26 − (√5 + 2)|)}
2 2

1 1
𝐿 = {3√37 − 1√5 + (ln|√37 − √5 + 24|)}
2 2

3√37 − 1√5 ln|√37 − √5 + 24|

𝐿= +
2 4
𝑳 ≈ 𝟖. 𝟐𝟕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

The length of the arc is approximately 8.27 units

Example 2. Calculate the arc length of the curve 𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑦 3 over the interval [1,2]

Solution:

𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑦 3 ; 𝑔′ (𝑦) = 9𝑦 2 ; [𝑔′ (𝑦)]2 = 81𝑦 4

2
𝐿 = ∫1 √1 + 81𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦

2 2
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + 81𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ √12 + 92 (𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦
1 1
 Module 9. Arc Length 60

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 9

Using Trigonometric Substitution,

1
𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 9𝑦 2 ; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = √1 + 81𝑦 4
9

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
9

2 2
1 1 1 2
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 9 1 9 9 1

Using Integral Reduction Formula

1 𝑛−2
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

1 2 1 1 3−2
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = { 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3−2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3−2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃}
9 1 9 3−1 3−1

2
1 2 3 1 1 1 2
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = {( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)| + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 }
9 1 9 2 1 2 1

2
1 1 1
𝐿 = {( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)| + (ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃|)|12 }
9 2 1 2

3
1 1 1 2
𝐿 = {( (√1 + 81𝑦 ) (9𝑦 ))| + (ln |√1 + 81𝑦 4 + 9𝑦 2 |)| }
4 2
9 2 1 2 1

2
1 9𝑦 2 1 2
𝐿 = {( (√1 + 81𝑦 4 ) )| + (ln |√1 + 81𝑦 4 + 9𝑦 2 |)| }
9 2 1
2 1

1 9 1
𝐿 = {18√1,297 − 2√82 + (ln|√1,297 + 36 − (√82 + 9)|)}
9 2
 Module 9. Arc Length 61

1 9 1
𝐿= {18√1,297 − 2√82 + (ln|√1,297 + 27 − √82|)}
9 2

√82 ln|√1,297 − √82 + 27|

𝐿 = 2√1,297 − +
2 2

𝑳 ≈ 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

The length of the arc is approximately 21.03 units

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving Arc Length?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 9

Determine the length of the arc of the following curves on the specified intervals.
 Module 9. Arc Length 62

3
1. y = x 2 , [0,1]
2 3
2. y = 3 x 2 , [1,3]

3. y = sinx, [0, π]
1
4. x = y, [1,4] .

5. x = y 2 + 1, [3,5]

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 9 (2.125 HOURS)

Determine the length of the arc of the following curves on the specified interval. Show

your complete solutions.

3
1. y = x 2 , [2,5]

2 3
2. y = 3 x 2 , [2,5]

3. y = sinx, [0, π/2]

1
4. x = y, [2,4] .

5. x = y 2 + 1, [5,7]

6. Find the length of the arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 from 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 4 in the first quadrant.

7. Find the length of the arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36 from 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 4 in the first quadrant.
8. Find the length of the arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = −3 in the second
quadrant.
9. Find the length of the arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 from 𝑥 = 4 to 𝑥 = 8 in the fourth quadrant.
10. Find the length of the arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 121 from 𝑥 = −4 to 𝑥 = −6 in the second
quadrant.
 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 63

10
Area of Surface of
Revolution
In this module, we will analyze how Definite Integrals formulas can be applied to
solve some applications. The term Area of Surface of Revolution will be dealt
accordingly in this module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Apply integration formulas to solve definite integrals problems involving area of
surface of revolution

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 64

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to explore how the different integration formulas were

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function with specific points or intervals. Let us carefully examine the definition of

Surface Area.

SURFACE AREA

The Definite Integral can be used to find the surface area of a surface of

revolution within the interval. The Surface Area is the total area of the outer layer of an

object.

When we want to determine the surface area of the surface of revolution created

by revolving a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ [2𝜋𝑓(𝑥)]√1 + [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 65

When we want to determine the surface area of the surface of revolution created

by revolving a curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) on the interval [𝑐, 𝑑], around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑑
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ [2𝜋𝑔(𝑦)]√1 + [𝑔′ (𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Example 1. Calculate the surface area generated by revolving the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 over

the interval [1,4] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Solution: The graph of the curve was given by;

 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 66

1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ; [𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]2 =
2 √𝑥 4𝑥

4 1
𝑆𝐴 = ∫1 2𝜋√𝑥√1 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 4
𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 2𝜋√𝑥 + 1⁄4 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ √𝑥 + 1⁄4 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄4 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

4 4
2 4𝜋 4
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑢1⁄2 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝜋 [ 𝑢3⁄2 | ] = [(𝑥 + 1⁄4)3⁄2 |1 ]
1 3 1 3

4𝜋 4𝜋 17√17 5√5
𝑆𝐴 = [(17⁄4)3⁄2 − (5⁄4)3⁄2 ] = [ − ]
3 3 8 8

4𝜋 17√17 5√5 𝜋
𝑆𝐴 = [ − ] = [17√17 − 5√5] ≈ 𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
3 8 8 6

1
Example 2. Calculate the surface area generated by revolving the curve 𝑔(𝑦) = 3 𝑦 3

over the interval [0,2] around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Solution: The graph of the curve was given by;

 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 67

1 3 ′
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 ; 𝑔 (𝑦) = 𝑦 2 ; [𝑔′ (𝑦)]2 = 𝑦 4
3

2 1
𝑆𝐴 = ∫0 2𝜋(3 𝑦 3 )√1 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦

2𝜋 2 3
𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 √1 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
3 0

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑦 4 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦; 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢⁄4

2𝜋 2 1⁄2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 𝑢 (𝑑𝑢/4) = [𝑢3⁄2 |0 ] = [(1 + 𝑦 4 )3⁄2 |0 ]
3 0 9 9

𝜋 𝜋
𝑆𝐴 = [(17)3⁄2 − (1)3⁄2 ] = [17√17 − 1] ≈ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟐
9 9

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving Area of Surface of Revolution?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 10

 Module 10. Area of Surface of Revolution 68

Determine the surface area generated by revolving the following curves over the given
intervals around the indicated axes.
1. 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥, [0,1/2] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
2 3
2. 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 , [1,3] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, [0, 𝜋] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

4. 𝑥 = √9 − 𝑦 2 , [0,2] around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

5. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, [1,3]around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 10 (2.125 HOURS)

Determine the surface area generated by revolving the following curves over the given

intervals around the indicated axes.

1. 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥, [1,3] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2 3
2. 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 , [2,6] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, [0, 𝜋/4] around the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

4. 𝑥 = √9 − 𝑦 2 , [3,7] around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

5. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, [3,7]around the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

6. Determine the surface area generated by revolving about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 the portion of
the curve 𝑥 2 = 4 + 𝑦 2 from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 4.
7. Find the surface area generated by revolving about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 the portion of the
curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 9 from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 6.
8. Find the surface area generated by revolving about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 the portion of the
curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2.
9. Find the surface area generated by revolving about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 the portion of the
curve 4𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 in the first quadrant.
10.Find the surface area generated by revolving about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 the portion of the
curve 4𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 36 = 0 in the first quadrant.
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 69

11
Area Under the Curve
In this section, we will analyze how Definite Integrals formulas can be applied to
solve some applications. The term Area Under The Curve will be dealt accordingly in
this module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Apply integration formulas to solve definite integrals problems involving area
under the curve.

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 70

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to explore how the different integration formulas were

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function with specific points or intervals. Let us carefully examine the definition of Area

Under The Curve.

AREA UNDER THE CURVE

The Definite Integral can be used to find the area between a graph (curve) and the

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, between two given 𝑥 values. This is called Area Under The Curve regardless

of whether it is above or below 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

When the curve is above the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the area is the same as the definite integral

When the curve is below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the definite integral is negative and is given by
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 71

The area under the curve can also be computed using the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, with the same idea as

using 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as shown below.

Example 1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the

interval 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 8.
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 72

Solution: Using the Definite Integral,

8 8
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
By sketching the curve, we have

Solution: Using Property 5 of the Definite Integral,

8 4 8
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ (2𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥
2 2 4

8
𝐴 = −(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)]42 + (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)]]4

𝐴 = −{(16 − 32) − (4 − 16)} + {(64 − 64) − (16 − 32)}

𝐴 = −{−32 + 12} + {0 − (−16)}

𝐴 = −{−20} + 16

𝐴 = 20 + 16

𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔

𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬

Example 2. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the

interval 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 2.

Solution: Using the Definite Integral,

 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 73

2 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2

By sketching the curve, we have

Solution: Using Definite Integral,

2 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥
−2 −2

2
𝑥3 23 −23
𝐴 = ( − 4𝑥)] = { − 4 ∙ 2} − { − 4 ∙ −2}
3 −2
3 3

8 −8
𝐴 = { − 8} − { + 8}
3 3

8 8
𝐴= + −8−8
3 3

16 16 − 48 32
𝐴= − 16 = =− = −𝟏𝟎 𝟐⁄𝟑
3 3 3

𝐴 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐⁄𝟑 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Example 3. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦 2 and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval

𝑦 = −3 to 𝑦 = 3.

Solution: Using the Definite Integral,

3 3
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (9 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
−3 −3
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 74

By sketching the curve, we have

Using Definite Integral,

3 3
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (9 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
−3 −3

3
𝑦3 33 −33
𝐴 = (9𝑦 − )] = {9 ∙ 3 − } − {9 ∙ −3 − }
3 −3 3 3

𝐴 = 27 − 9 − (−27 + 9)

𝐴 = 36

𝐴 = 𝟑𝟔𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving Area Under The Curve?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 75

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 11

Solve the following problems involving Area Under the Curve and sketch the curve.
1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 50 − 2𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval
𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 5.

2. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 2√4 − 𝑦 2 and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval
𝑦 = −2 to 𝑦 = 2.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval 𝑥 = −1
to 𝑥 = 1.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval 𝑥 = 0
to 𝑥 = 2.
1 1
5. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the
interval 𝑥 = −3 to 𝑥 = 5.

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 11 (2.125 HOURS)

Solve the following exercises. Show your complete solutions.

1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 50 − 2𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval
𝑥 = 3 to 𝑥 = 7.

2. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 2√4 − 𝑦 2 and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval
𝑦 = −4 to 𝑦 = 4.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval 𝑥 = −2
to 𝑥 = 2.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval 𝑥 = 1
to 𝑥 = 4.
 Module 11. Area Under The Curve 76

1 1
5. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the
2 2
interval 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 7.
8
6.Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the lines 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 and the 𝑥-axis.

7. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the interval 𝑥 =
2𝜋 to 𝑥 = 3𝜋.
8. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 20 = 0 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from
the interval 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 2.
9. Find the area bounded by the 𝑦-axis, the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the line 𝑥 = 1 and the curve 𝑦 =
cosh 𝑥.
10. Find the area bounded by the 𝑥-axis, the line 𝑥 = 1 and the curve 𝑦 = 2sinh 𝑥.
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 77

12
Area Between Two
Curves
In this module, we will analyze how Definite Integrals formulas can be applied to
solve some applications. The term Area Between Two Curves will be dealt accordingly
in this module.

SELF-CHECK!!!

After finishing this module, you are expected to achieve the following learning
objectives.
1. Apply integration formulas to solve definite integrals problems involving area
between two curves.

LEARNING RESOURCES
For further readings, you may refer to the following books;
1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.
2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage
Learning
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 78

EXPLORE!!!!
We will try to explore how the different integration formulas were

used in finding the required function given the derivatives of the

function with specific points or intervals. Let us carefully examine the definition of Area

Between Two Curves.

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The Definite Integral can be used to find the area between two graphs (curves).

This is called Area Between Curves regardless of whether it is above or below 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

or 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

When we want to determine the area between two functions 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 =

𝑔(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], we will assume that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) and use

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Or more generally,
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 79

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑎

When we want to determine the area between two functions 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) on

the interval [𝑐, 𝑑], we will assume that 𝑓(𝑦) ≥ 𝑔(𝑦) and use

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑎

Or more generally,

𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) − (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)]𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑
𝑐

Example 1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the

interval 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 8.

Solution: The graph of the two curves was given by:

 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 80

And the area bounded by the curves was

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

4
𝑥
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑥 + 4) − (3 − )] 𝑑𝑥
1 2

4
3𝑥
𝐴=∫ [ + 1] 𝑑𝑥
1 2

4
3𝑥 2 7 𝟓𝟕
𝐴=( + 𝑥)] = (16 − ) =
4 1
4 𝟒

𝟓𝟕
𝑨= 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟒

Example 2. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 10 and

𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 16.

Solution: First, we need to solve for the intersection of the curves so that we could have

our interval.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 10 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 16

2𝑥 2 + 10 = 4𝑥 + 16

2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 10 − 16 = 0

2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6 = 0

2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) = 0

2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 81

𝒙 = −𝟏; 𝒙 = 𝟑

When we substitute 𝑥 = −1; 𝑥 = 3, we get the ordered pairs (−1,12) and (3,28).

The graph of the curves was given by;

And the area bounded by the curves was given by:

𝒃
𝑨 = ∫ [(𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓) − (𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓)]𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝟑
𝑨 = ∫ [(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔) − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎)]𝒅𝒙
−𝟏

𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟔𝟒
𝑨 = ∫ (−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔)𝒅𝒙 = (− 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙)| =
−𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑

64
The area of the region bounded by the two curves is 3
square units.

Example 3. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 10 and

𝑥 = (𝑦 − 2)2 .
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 82

Solution: First, we need to solve for the intersection of the curves so that we could have

our interval.

𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 10 and𝑥 = (𝑦 − 2)2

−𝑦 2 + 10 = (𝑦 − 2)2

−𝑦 2 + 10 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4

2𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0

2(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 3) = 0

2(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 3) = 0

𝒚 = −𝟏; 𝒚 = 𝟑

When we substitute 𝑦 = −1; 𝑦 = 3, we get the ordered pairs (9, −1) and (1,3).

The graph of the curves was given by;

And the area bounded by the curves was given by:

𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) − (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)]𝑑𝑦
𝑐
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 83

3
𝐴 = ∫ [(−𝑦 2 + 10) − ((𝑦 − 2)2 )]𝑑𝑦
−1

3 3
2 𝟔𝟒
𝐴 = ∫ (−2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑦 = (− 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑦)| =
−1 3 −1 𝟑

64
The area of the region bounded by the two curves is square units.
3

Example 4. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 10 ,𝑦 =

4𝑥 + 16 and the lines 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 5.

Solution: Since the intervals are given, we can now plot the curves.

And the area bounded by the curves was given by:

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

−1 3 5
𝐴 = ∫−2 [(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1[(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 [(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) −

(𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)]𝑑𝑥

−1 3 5
𝐴 = ∫−2 [(2𝑥 2 + 10) − (4𝑥 + 16)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1[(4𝑥 + 16) − (2𝑥 2 + 10)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 [(2𝑥 2 +

10) − (4𝑥 + 16)]𝑑𝑥

 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 84

2 −1 2 3 2 −1
𝐴 = (3 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)| + (− 3 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)| + (3 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)|
−2 −1 −2

14 64 64 142 𝟏
𝐴= + + = = 𝟒𝟕
3 3 3 3 𝟑

1
The area of the region bounded by the curves is 47 3 square units.

DISCUSSION BOARD
We will now try to interact with each other in a two-way process

at a least possible way! I will post a question/s and try to answer it on your own.

1. How do we solve integration problems involving Area Between Two Curves?

2. What pointers can you give for your fellow students in studying Integrals?

POST COMPETENCY CHECKLISTS

Let us try to determine if you learned something from our topic. Answer the following
Self-Assessment Question.

SELF – ASSESSMENT QUESTION 12

Determine the area bounded by the following set of curves.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦 = sin⁡(𝑥), 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2
8
2. 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑥 = 4.
𝑥

3.𝑥 = 3 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2 ,𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −2.

4.𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 6 and 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 4.
 Module 12. Area Between Two Curves 85

5.𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑦 = 3.

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 12 (2.125 HOURS)

Determine the area bounded by the following set of curves

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦 = sin⁡(𝑥), 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 4
2. 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 = 9𝑦 and 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥
4. 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 16𝑦

5. 𝑥 = √𝑦 and 𝑦 = √𝑥

6. 𝑥 = 4√𝑦 and 𝑦 = 4√𝑥

7. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 − 4 and 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
8. 𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 − 3 and 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
9. 𝑥 2 = 5𝑦 and 𝑥 = 3𝑦

10. 𝑥 = 8√𝑦 and 𝑦 = 8√𝑥

Integral Calculus 86

References

Books:

1. Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. Harper Collins.

2. Stewart, J.( 2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Ed.). Cengage Learning

Electronic Resources:

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Calculus__Early_Transcendentals
_(Stewart)/04%3A_Applications_of_Differentiation/4.09%3A_Antiderivatives

https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/5-6-integrals-involving-exponential-and-
logarithmic-functions

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Calculus_(OpenStax)/07%3A_Techniques_o
f_Integration/7.02%3A_Trigonometric_Integrals

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Calculus_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Integration/5.
07%3A_Integrals_Resulting_in_Inverse_Trigonometric_Functions