Lập trình hướng đối tượng

Object Oriented Programming

OOP
❑Lớp (class)
❑Dữ liệu, thuộc tính
❑Phương thức (method), hành vi
❑Đối tượng (object)/ thể hiện (instance)
❑Truyền thông điệp (message passing)

❑Trừu tượng hoá (abstraction)

❑Đóng gói (encapsulation)
❑Kế thừa (inheritance)
❑Đa hình ((polymorphism)

2
 Định nghĩa lớp
class MyNewClass:
'''This is a docstring. I have created a new
class’’’
#Khai báo và cài đặt các phương thức khởi tạo
đối tượng nếu có (constructor)

#Khai báo và cài đặt các phương thức cho đối

tượng nếu có: (object method)
#Khai báo và cài đặt các phương thức cho lớp
nếu có (static method)

3
 Định nghĩa lớp
class Person:
"This is a person class"
age = 10

def greet(self):
print('Hello')

# Output: 10
print(Person.age)

# Output: <function Person.greet>

print(Person.greet)

# Output: "This is a person class"

print(Person.__doc__)

10
<function Person.greet at 0x000001A2532C0D38>
This is a person class 4
 Định nghĩa lớp
class Person:
"This is a person class"
age = 10

def greet(self):
print('Hello')

# create a new object of Person class

harry = Person()
print(Person.greet)
print(harry.greet)
harry.greet()

<function Person.greet at 0x00000218E8D40D38>

<bound method Person.greet of <__main__.Person object at
0x00000218E8D4DAC8>>
Hello
5
Bao gói - Encapsulation

6
 Bao gói - Encapsulation

❑ Public Member: Có thể truy xuất mọi nơi

❑ Private Member: giới hạn bên trong class, sử dụng một dấu _
❑ Protected Member: bên trong class và các class con, sử dụng hai dấu _

7
 class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, salary):
# public data members
self.name = name
self.salary = salary
# public instance methods
def show(self):
# accessing public data member
print("Name: ", self.name, 'Salary:', self.salary)
# creating object of a class
emp = Employee('Jessa', 10000)
# accessing public data members
print("Name: ", emp.name, 'Salary:', emp.salary)

# calling public method of the class

emp.show()

➔Name: Jessa Salary: 10000

Name: Jessa Salary: 10000 8
 Bao gói - Encapsulation
# constructor
def __init__(self, name, salary):
# public data member
self.name = name
# private member
self.__salary = salary

# creating object of a class

emp = Employee('Jessa', 10000)

# accessing private data members

print('Salary:', emp.__salary)

AttributeError: 'Employee' object has no attribute '__salary'

9
 Constructors, destructor
class ComplexNumber:
def __init__(self, r=0, i=0):
self.real = r
self.imag = i
def get_data(self):
print(f'{self.real}+{self.imag}j')
num1 = ComplexNumber(2, 3)
num1.get_data()
num2 = ComplexNumber(5)
# and create a new attribute 'attr’ for num2
num2.attr = 10
print((num2.real, num2.imag, num2.attr))
# but c1 object doesn't have attribute 'attr'
# AttributeError: 'ComplexNumber' object has no attribute
'attr'
print(num1.attr)

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 Deleting Attributes and Objects

❑ Đối tượng có thể: thêm thuộc tính, xóa thuộc tính public,
bất cứ nơi nào và khi nào (bên trong lớp và ngoài lớp)
❑ Thuộc tính public của một đối tượng có thể bị xóa bằng câu
lệnh del
❑ del đối tượng là xóa đối tượng

11
Emma

Constructors, destructor
class Student:
# constructor
def __init__(self, name, mark):
print('Inside Constructor')
self.name = name
self.mark = mark
print('Object initialized')
def show(self):
print('Hello, my name is', self.name)
# destructor
def __del__(self):
print('Inside destructor')
print('Object destroyed')
s1 = Student('Emma', 14)
s1.show()
del s1 12
13
 Phương thức lớp
Static method
Không tham chiếu đến thuộc tính(biến) lớp/đối tượng

class Calculator:

@staticmethod
def add_numbers(num1, num2):
return num1 + num2

# convert add_numbers() to static method

Calculator.add_numbers = staticmethod(Calculator.add_numbers)

sum = Calculator.add_numbers(5, 7)
print('Sum:', sum)
# Output: Sum: 12

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 Phương thức lớp
Tham chiếu đến thuộc tính(biến) lớp/đối tượng, sử dụng cls
from datetime import date
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
@classmethod
def calculate_age(cls, name, birth_year):
# calculate age an set it as a age
# return new object
return cls(name, date.today().year - birth_year)
def show(self):
print(self.name + "'s age is: " + str(self.age))
jessa = Student('Jessa', 20)
jessa.show()
# create new object using the factory method
joy = Student.calculate_age("Joy", 1995)
joy.show() 15
 Phương thức lớp
class School:
Static method
# class variable
name = 'ABC School'

def school_name(cls):
print('School Name is :', cls.name)

# create class method

School.school_name = classmethod(School.school_name)

# call class method

School.school_name()

School Name is : ABC School

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Thuộc tính/biến lớp

17
 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Student:
# Class variable
school_name = 'ABC School '
def __init__(self, name, roll_no):
self.name = name
self.roll_no = roll_no
# create first object
s1 = Student('Emma', 10)
print(s1.name, s1.roll_no, Student.school_name)
# access class variable
# create second object
s2 = Student('Jessa', 20)
# access class variable
print(s2.name, s2.roll_no, Student.school_name)

➔Emma 10 ABC School

Jessa 20 ABC School

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 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Student:
school_name = 'ABC School'

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name
self.age = age
@classmethod
def change_school(cls, school_name):
# class_name.class_variable
cls.school_name = school_name
# instance method
def show(self):
print(self.name, self.age, 'School:',
Student.school_name)
jessa = Student('Jessa', 20)
jessa.show()

Jessa 20 School: ABC School

Jessa 20 School: XYZ School
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 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Vehicle:
brand_name = 'BMW'
def __init__(self, name, price):
self.name = name
self.price = price
@classmethod
def from_price(cls, name, price):
# ind_price = dollar * 76
# create new Vehicle object
return cls(name, (price * 75))
def show(self):
print(self.name, self.price)
class Car(Vehicle):
def average(self, distance, fuel_used):
mileage = distance / fuel_used
print(self.name, 'Mileage', mileage)
bmw_us = Car('BMW X5', 65000)
bmw_us.show()
bmw_ind = Car.from_price('BMW X5', 65000)
bmw_ind.show()
print(type(bmw_ind))
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 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Student:
school_name = 'ABC School'
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def show(self):
print(self.name, self.age)
# class ended
# method outside class
def exercises(cls):
# access class variables
print("Below exercises for", cls.school_name)
# Adding class method at runtime to class
Student.exercises = classmethod(exercises)
jessa = Student("Jessa", 14)
jessa.show()
# call the new method
Student.exercises()
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 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Student:
school_name = 'ABC School'
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
@classmethod
def change_school(cls, school_name):
cls.school_name = school_name
jessa = Student('Jessa', 20)
print(Student.change_school('XYZ School'))
print(Student.school_name)

# delete class method

del Student.change_school
# call class method
# it will give error
print(Student.change_school('PQR School'))

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 Thuộc tính/biến lớp
class Student:
school_name = 'ABC School'
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
@classmethod
def change_school(cls, school_name):
cls.school_name = school_name
jessa = Student('Jessa', 20)
print(Student.change_school('XYZ School'))
print(Student.school_name)

# delete class method

delattr(Student, 'change_school')

# call class method

# it will give error
print(Student.change_school('PQR School'))

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 Đối tượng Mutable or Immutable?
class ComplexNumber:
def __init__(self, r=0, i=0):
self.real = r
self.imag = i

def get_data(self):
print(f'{self.real}+{self.imag}j')
num1 = ComplexNumber(2, 3)
num2 = num1
print(id(num1))
print(id(num2))

➔
1562031217544
1562031217544

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Đối tượng Mutable or Immutable?

class ComplexNumber:
def __init__(self, r=0, i=0):
self.real = r
self.imag = i

def get_data(self):
print(f'{self.real}+{self.imag}j')
num1 = ComplexNumber(2, 3)
num2 = num1
num1.get_data()
num2.real=4
num1.get_data()

➔
2+3j
4+3j
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 Thừa kế
class BaseClass:
Body of base class

class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
Body of derived class

❑ Lớp con kế thừa các tính năng từ lớp cơ sở

❑ Các tính năng mới có thể được thêm vào lớp con
❑ Có thể cải tiến các tính năng cũ của lớp cha

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class Polygon:
def __init__(self, no_of_sides):
self.n = no_of_sides
self.sides = [0 for i in range(no_of_sides)]
def inputSides(self):
self.sides = [float(input("Enter side "+str(i+1)+" : "))
for i in range(self.n)]
def dispSides(self):
for i in range(self.n):
print("Side",i+1,"is",self.sides[i])
class Triangle(Polygon):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(3) #or Polygon.__init__(self,3)
def findArea(self):
a, b, c = self.sides
# calculate the semi-perimeter
s = (a + b + c) / 2
area = (s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) ** 0.5
print('The area of the triangle is %0.2f' %area)
t = Triangle()
t.inputSides()
t.dispSides()
t.findArea()
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class Polygon:
def __init__(self, no_of_sides):
self.n = no_of_sides
self.sides = [0 for i in range(no_of_sides)]
def inputSides(self):
self.sides = [float(input("Enter side "+str(i+1)+" : ")) for i in
range(self.n)]
def dispSides(self):
for i in range(self.n):
print("Side",i+1,"is",self.sides[i])
class Triangle(Polygon):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(3)
def findArea(self):
a, b, c = self.sides
# calculate the semi-perimeter
s = (a + b + c) / 2
area = (s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) ** 0.5
print('The area of the triangle is %0.2f' %area)
t = Triangle()
t.inputSides()
t.dispSides()
t.findArea()
➔
Enter side 1 : 3
Enter side 2 : 4
Enter side 3 : 5
Side 1 is 3.0
Side 2 is 4.0
Side 3 is 5.0
The area of the triangle is 6.00 28
 Thừa kế

>>> isinstance(t,Triangle)
True

>>> isinstance(t,Polygon)
True

>>> isinstance(t,int)
False

>>> isinstance(t,object)
True

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 Multilevel Inheritance

class Base:
pass

class Derived1(Base):
pass

class Derived2(Derived1):
pass

# Output: True
print(issubclass(list,object))

# Output: True
print(isinstance(5.5,object))

# Output: True
print(isinstance("Hello",object))
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 Đa thừa kế
Multiple Inheritance

class Base1:
pass

class Base2:
pass

class MultiDerived(Base1, Base2):

pass

print( MultiDerived.__mro__)

(<class '__main__.MultiDerived'>, <class '__main__.Base1'>,

<class '__main__.Base2'>, <class 'object'>)

31
 Đa thừa kế
Multiple Inheritance
❑ Ví dụ C thừa kế A,B A có phương thức/thuộc tính cùng
tên f, vậy C thừa kế f của A hay B? MRO là tên viết tắt của
Method Resolution Order để giải quyết sự nhập nhằng
của đa thừa kế.
❑Là một chuỗi inheritance mà Python tính toán và lưu nó ở
MRO attribute trong class.
❑Khi tìm attributes, Python sẽ đi lần lượt qua các phần tử
trong MRO.
❑Trong kịch bản đa kế thừa, bất kỳ thuộc tính nào được chỉ
định sẽ được tìm kiếm đầu tiên trong lớp hiện tại. Nếu
không tìm thấy, tìm kiếm sẽ tiếp tục vào các lớp cha theo
chiều sâu đầu tiên, từ trái sang phải (duyệt cây theo mức )
và không tìm kiếm cùng một lớp hai lần.
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 Đa thừa kế
Multiple Inheritance
class X:
pass
class Y:
pass
class Z:
pass
class A(X, Y):
pass
class B(Y, Z):
pass
class M(B, A, Z):
pass

print(M.mro())

[<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>,

<class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.Z'>,
<class 'object'>] 33
Các hàm hỗ trợ làm việc với object
hasattr(obj, name): Trả về True/False, kiểm tra đối tượng obj có
thuộc tính name hay không
setattr(obj,name,value): gán giá trị cho thuộc tính
delattr(obj, name): Xóa thuộc tính

34
 Đa hình
Polymorphism

Inheritance + overriding method

35
 Đa hình
Polymorphism

36
 Đa hình
Polymorphism

37
 Đa hình
class Vehicle:
Polymorphism
def __init__(self, name, color, price):
self.name = name
self.color = color
self.price = price
def show(self):
print('Details:', self.name, self.color,
self.price)
def max_speed(self):
print('Vehicle max speed is 150')
def change_gear(self):
print('Vehicle change 6 gear')
# inherit from vehicle class
class Car(Vehicle):
def max_speed(self):
print('Car max speed is 240')
def change_gear(self):
print('Car change 7 gear')

38
 Đa hình
# Car Object
car = Car('Car
Polymorphism
x1', 'Red', 20000)
car.show()
# calls methods from Car class
car.max_speed()
car.change_gear()
# Vehicle Object
vehicle = Vehicle('Truck x1', 'white', 75000)
vehicle.show()
# calls method from a Vehicle class
vehicle.max_speed()
vehicle.change_gear()

Details: Car x1 Red 20000

Car max speed is 240
Car change 7 gear
Details: Truck x1 white 75000
Vehicle max speed is 150
Vehicle change 6 gear
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 Ví dụ thừa kế, Đa hình
class Animal():
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def speak(self):
print("I am", self.name, "and I am", self.age, "years
old")
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, age):
# This will call the Animal classes constructor
method
super().__init__(name, age)

def speak(self):
super().speak()
print("I am a Dog, bow wow ")

40
 Ví dụ thừa kế, Đa hình
class Cat(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, age):
# This will call the Animal classes constructor
method
super().__init__(name, age)
def speak(self):
super().speak()
print("I am a Cat, meow meoư")
######################################
tim = Dog("Tim", 5)
tom = Cat("Tom", 6)
ani = Animal("Ani", 1000)
I am Tim and I am 5 years old
animal_list = [tim, tom, ani]
I am a Dog, bow wow
for i in range(0, len(animal_list)):
I am Tom and I am 6 years old
animal_list[i].speak()
I am a Cat, meow meoư
I am Ani and I am 1000 years
old
41
 Nạp chồng toán tử
Operator Overloading
class Book:
def __init__(self, pages):
self.pages = pages

# Overloading + operator with magic method

def __add__(self, other):
return self.pages + other.pages

b1 = Book(400)
b2 = Book(300)
print("Total number of pages: ", b1 + b2)

42
 Nạp chồng toán tử
class Operator Overloading
Employee:
def __init__(self, name, salary):
self.name = name
self.salary = salary
def __mul__(self, timesheet):
print('Worked for', timesheet.days, 'days')
# calculate salary
return self.salary * timesheet.days
class TimeSheet:
def __init__(self, name, days):
self.name = name
self.days = days
emp = Employee("Jessa", 800)
timesheet = TimeSheet("Jessa", 50)
print("salary is: ", emp * timesheet)
➔Worked for 50 days
salary is: 40000 43
Magic methods available to perform overloading
operations.
Operator Name Symbol Magic method
Addition + __add__(self, other)
Subtraction - __sub__(self, other)
Multiplication * __mul__(self, other)
Division / __div__(self, other)
Floor Division // __floordiv__(self,other)
Modulus % __mod__(self, other)
Power ** __pow__(self, other)
Increment += __iadd__(self, other)
Decrement -= __isub__(self, other)
Product *= __imul__(self, other)
Division /+ __idiv__(self, other)
Modulus %= __imod__(self, other)
Power **= __ipow__(self, other)
Less than < __lt__(self, other)
Greater than > __gt__(self, other)
Less than or equal to <= __le__(self, other)
Greater than or equal
>= __ge__(self, other)
to
Equal to == __eq__(self, other)
Not equal != __ne__(self, other) 44
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes

class Point: >>> from point import

def __init__(self, x, y): Point >>> point =
self._x = x Point(12, 5) >>>
self._y = y point.get_x() 12 >>>
def get_x(self): point.get_y() 5 >>>
return self._x point.set_x(42) >>>
def set_x(self, value): point.get_x() 42 >>> #
self._x = value Non-public attributes
def get_y(self): are still accessible
return self._y >>> point._x 42 >>>
def set_y(self, value): point._y 5
self._y = value

45
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

Argument Description
Function that returns the
fget value of the managed
attribute
Function that allows you to
fset set the value of the
managed attribute
Function to define how the
fdel managed attribute handles
deletion
String representing the
doc
property’s docstring 46
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius): >>> from circle import
self._radius = radius Circle
def _get_radius(self):
>>> Circle.radius.fget
print("Get radius")
<function Circle._get_radius
return self._radius
at 0x7fba7e1d7d30>
def _set_radius(self, value):
print("Set radius") >>> Circle.radius.fset
self._radius = value <function Circle._set_radius
def _del_radius(self): at 0x7fba7e1d78b0>
print("Delete radius")
del self._radius >>> Circle.radius.fdel
radius = property( <function Circle._del_radius
at 0x7fba7e1d7040>
fget=_get_radius,
fset=_set_radius,
>>> dir(Circle.radius)
fdel=_del_radius, [..., '__get__', ...,
doc="The radius property." '__set__', ...]
) 47
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes
>>> from circle import Circle
>>> circle = Circle(42.0)
>>> circle.radius
Get radius
42.0
>>> circle.radius = 100.0
Set radius
>>> circle.radius
Get radius
100.0
>>> del circle.radius
Delete radius
>>> circle.radius
Get radius
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'Circle' object has no attribute '_radius'
48
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self._radius = radius
@property
def radius(self):
"""The radius property."""
print("Get radius")
return self._radius
@radius.setter
def radius(self, value):
print("Set radius")
self._radius = value
@radius.deleter
def radius(self):
print("Delete radius")
del self._radius

49
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self._radius = radius
@property
def radius(self):
"""The radius property."""
print("Get radius")
return self._radius
@radius.setter
def radius(self, value):
print("Set radius")
self._radius = value
@radius.deleter
def radius(self):
print("Delete radius")
del self._radius

50
 Python's property(): Add Managed
Attributes to Your Classes
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius
@property
def radius(self):
return self._radius
@radius.setter
def radius(self, value):
self._radius = float(value)
@property
def diameter(self):
return self.radius * 2
@diameter.setter
def diameter(self, value):
self.radius = value / 2

51
 Q&A

Thank you!

52