Chapter 66

The TREE Procedure

Chapter Table of Contents

OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3533
GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3533
SYNTAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3539
PROC TREE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3539
BY Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3546
COPY Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3546
FREQ Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3546
HEIGHT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3547
ID Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3547
NAME Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3547
PARENT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3547
DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3548
Missing Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3548
Output Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3548
Displayed Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3548
ODS Table Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549
EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549
Example 66.1 Mammals’ Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549
Example 66.2 Iris Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3559
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3566
3532  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

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Chapter 66
The TREE Procedure
Overview
The TREE procedure produces a tree diagram, also known as a dendrogram or
phenogram, using a data set created by the CLUSTER or VARCLUS procedure. The
CLUSTER and VARCLUS procedures create output data sets that contain the results
of hierarchical clustering as a tree structure. The TREE procedure uses the output
data set to produce a diagram of the tree structure in the style of Johnson(1967), with
the root at the top. Alternatively, the diagram can be oriented horizontally, with the
root at the left. Any numeric variable in the output data set can be used to specify the
heights of the clusters. PROC TREE can also create an output data set containing a
variable to indicate the disjoint clusters at a specified level in the tree.
Tree diagrams are discussed in the context of cluster analysis by Duran and Odell
(1974), Hartigan (1975), and Everitt (1980). Knuth (1973) provides a general treat-
ment of tree diagrams in computer programming.
The literature on tree diagrams contains a mixture of botanical and genealogical ter-
minology. The objects that are clustered are leaves. The cluster containing all objects
is the root. A cluster containing at least two objects but not all of them is a branch.
The general term for leaves, branches, and roots is node. If a cluster A is the union
of clusters B and C, then A is the parent of B and C, and B and C are children of A.
A leaf is thus a node with no children, and a root is a node with no parent. If every
cluster has at most two children, the tree diagram is a binary tree. The CLUSTER
procedure always produces binary trees. The VARCLUS procedure can produce tree
diagrams with clusters that have many children.

Getting Started
The TREE procedure creates tree diagrams from a SAS data set containing the tree
structure. You can create this type of data set with the CLUSTER or VARCLUS
procedure.
In the following example, the VARCLUS procedure is used to divide a set of variables
into hierarchical clusters and to create the SAS data set containing the tree structure.
The TREE procedure then generates the tree diagrams.
3534  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

The following data, from Hand, et al. (1994), represent the amount of protein con-
sumed from nine food groups for each of 25 European countries. The nine food
groups are red meat (RedMeat), white meat (WhiteMeat), eggs (Eggs), milk (Milk),
fish (Fish), cereal (Cereal), starch (Starch), nuts (Nuts), and fruits and vegetables
(FruVeg).
The following SAS statements create the data set Protein:

data Protein;
input Country $15. RedMeat WhiteMeat Eggs Milk
Fish Cereal Starch Nuts FruVeg;
datalines;
Albania 10.1 1.4 0.5 8.9 0.2 42.3 0.6 5.5 1.7
Austria 8.9 14.0 4.3 19.9 2.1 28.0 3.6 1.3 4.3
Belgium 13.5 9.3 4.1 17.5 4.5 26.6 5.7 2.1 4.0
Bulgaria 7.8 6.0 1.6 8.3 1.2 56.7 1.1 3.7 4.2
Czechoslovakia 9.7 11.4 2.8 12.5 2.0 34.3 5.0 1.1 4.0
Denmark 10.6 10.8 3.7 25.0 9.9 21.9 4.8 0.7 2.4
E Germany 8.4 11.6 3.7 11.1 5.4 24.6 6.5 0.8 3.6
Finland 9.5 4.9 2.7 33.7 5.8 26.3 5.1 1.0 1.4
France 18.0 9.9 3.3 19.5 5.7 28.1 4.8 2.4 6.5
Greece 10.2 3.0 2.8 17.6 5.9 41.7 2.2 7.8 6.5
Hungary 5.3 12.4 2.9 9.7 0.3 40.1 4.0 5.4 4.2
Ireland 13.9 10.0 4.7 25.8 2.2 24.0 6.2 1.6 2.9
Italy 9.0 5.1 2.9 13.7 3.4 36.8 2.1 4.3 6.7
Netherlands 9.5 13.6 3.6 23.4 2.5 22.4 4.2 1.8 3.7
Norway 9.4 4.7 2.7 23.3 9.7 23.0 4.6 1.6 2.7
Poland 6.9 10.2 2.7 19.3 3.0 36.1 5.9 2.0 6.6
Portugal 6.2 3.7 1.1 4.9 14.2 27.0 5.9 4.7 7.9
Romania 6.2 6.3 1.5 11.1 1.0 49.6 3.1 5.3 2.8
Spain 7.1 3.4 3.1 8.6 7.0 29.2 5.7 5.9 7.2
Sweden 9.9 7.8 3.5 4.7 7.5 19.5 3.7 1.4 2.0
Switzerland 13.1 10.1 3.1 23.8 2.3 25.6 2.8 2.4 4.9
UK 17.4 5.7 4.7 20.6 4.3 24.3 4.7 3.4 3.3
USSR 9.3 4.6 2.1 16.6 3.0 43.6 6.4 3.4 2.9
W Germany 11.4 12.5 4.1 18.8 3.4 18.6 5.2 1.5 3.8
Yugoslavia 4.4 5.0 1.2 9.5 0.6 55.9 3.0 5.7 3.2
;
run;

The data set Protein contains the character variable Country and the nine numeric
variables representing the food groups. The $15. in the INPUT statement specifies
that the variable Country is a character variable with a length of 15.
The following statements cluster the variables in the data set Protein. The OUT-
TREE= option creates an output SAS data set named Tree to contain the tree struc-
ture. The CENTROID option specifies the centroid clustering method, and the MAX-
CLUSTERS= option specifies that the largest number of clusters desired is four. The
NOPRINT option suppresses the display of the output. The VAR statement specifies
that all numeric variables (RedMeat—FruVeg) are used by the procedure.

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 Getting Started  3535

proc varclus data=Protein outtree=Tree

centroid maxclusters=4 noprint;
var RedMeat--FruVeg;
run;

The output data set Tree, created by the OUTTREE= option in the previous state-
ments, contains the following variables:

– NAME– the name of the cluster

– PARENT– the parent of the cluster
– NCL– the number of clusters
– VAREXP– the amount of variance explained by the cluster
– PROPOR– the proportion of variance explained by the clusters at the current
level of the tree diagram
– MINPRO– the minimum proportion of variance explained by a cluster
– MAXEIGEN– the maximum second eigenvalue of a cluster

The following statements produce a tree diagram of the clusters created by PROC
VARCLUS:

proc tree data=tree ;

proc tree data=tree lineprinter;

PROC TREE is invoked twice. In the first invocation, the tree diagram is presented
using the default high resolution graphical output. In the second invocation, the
LINEPRINTER option specifies line printer output.
Figure 66.1 displays the default high resolution graphics version of the tree diagram.

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3536  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Figure 66.1. High Resolution Tree Diagram from PROC TREE

Figure 66.2 displays the same information as Figure 66.1, using line printer output.

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 Getting Started  3537

Oblique Centroid Component Clustering

Name of Variable or Cluster

W
h
R i
e t S C F
d e t e r
M M E M F a r N u
e e g i i r e u V
a a g l s c a t e
t t s k h h l s g
1 +XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
|XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
N 2 +XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
u |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
m |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
b 3 +XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX
e |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX .
r |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX .
4 +XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX .
o |. . . . . . . . .
f |. . . . . . . . .
5 +. . . . . . . . .
C |. . . . . . . . .
l |. . . . . . . . .
u 6 +. . . . . . . . .
s |. . . . . . . . .
t |. . . . . . . . .
e 7 +. . . . . . . . .
r |. . . . . . . . .
s |. . . . . . . . .
8 +. . . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . .
9 +. . . . . . . . .

Figure 66.2. Line Printer Graphics Version of the Tree Diagram

In both figures, the name of the cluster is displayed on the horizontal axis and the
number of clusters is displayed on the vertical or height axis.
As you look up from the bottom of the figures, clusters are progressively joined until
a single, all-encompassing cluster is formed at the top (or root) of the diagram. Clus-
ters exist at each level of the diagram. For example, at the level where the diagram
indicates three clusters, the clusters are as follows:

 Cluster 1: RedMeat WhiteMeat Eggs Milk

 Cluster 2: Fish Starch

 Cluster 3: Cereal Nuts FruVeg

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3538  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

As you proceed up the diagram one level, the number of clusters is two. The clusters
are

 Cluster 1: RedMeat WhiteMeat Eggs Milk Fish Starch

 Cluster 2: Cereal Nuts FruVeg

The following statements illustrate how you can specify the numeric variable defining
the height of each node (cluster) in the tree. First, the AXIS1 statement is defined.
The ORDER= option specifies the data values in the order in which they are to appear
on the axis.
Next, the TREE procedure is invoked. The HORIZONTAL option orients the tree
diagram horizontally. The HAXIS option specifies that the AXIS1 statement be used
to customize the appearance of the horizontal axis. The HEIGHT statement speci-
fies the variable – PROPOR– (the proportion of variance explained) as the height
variable.

axis1 order=(0 to 1 by 0.2);

proc tree data=Tree horizontal haxis=axis1;
height _PROPOR_;
run;

Figure 66.3. Horizontal Tree Diagram Using – PROPOR– as the HEIGHT

Variable

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 PROC TREE Statement  3539

Figure 66.3 displays the tree diagram oriented horizontally, using the variable
– PROPOR– as the height variable. As you look from left to right in the diagram,
objects and clusters are progressively joined until a single, all-encompassing cluster
is formed at the right (or root) of the diagram.
Clusters exist at each level of the diagram, represented by horizontal line segments.
Each vertical line segment represents a point where leaves and branches are connected
into progressively larger clusters.
For example, three clusters are formed at the left-most point along the axis where
three horizontal line segments exist. At that point, where a vertical line segment
connects the Cereal-Nuts and FruVeg clusters, the proportion of variance explained
is about 0.6 (– PROPOR– = 0.6). At the next clustering level the variables Fish and
Starch are clustered with variables RedMeat through Milk, resulting in a total of
two clusters. The proportion of variance explained is about 0.45 at that point.

Syntax
The TREE procedure is invoked by the following statements:

PROC TREE < options > ;

NAME variables ;
HEIGHT variable ;
PARENT variables ;
BY variables ;
COPY variables ;
FREQ variable ;
ID variable ;

If the input data set has been created by CLUSTER or VARCLUS, the only statement
required is the PROC TREE statement. The BY, COPY, FREQ, HEIGHT, ID, NAME,
and PARENT statements are described after the PROC TREE statement.

PROC TREE Statement

PROC TREE < options > ;

The PROC TREE statement starts the TREE procedure.

The options that can appear in the PROC TREE statement are summarized in the
following table.

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Table 66.1. PROC TREE Statement Options

Task Options Effect
Specify data sets DATA= specifies the input data set
DOCK= does not count small clusters in OUT= data
set
LEVEL= defines disjoint cluster in OUT= data set
NCLUSTERS= specifies the number of clusters in OUT= data
set
OUT= specifies the output data set
ROOT= displays the root of a subtree
Specify cluster heights HEIGHT= specifies the variable for the height axis
DISSIMILAR specifies that large values are far apart
SIMILAR specifies that small values are close together
Display horizontal trees HORIZONTAL specifies that the height axis is horizontal
Control sort order DESCENDING reverses SORT order
SORT sorts children by HEIGHT variable
Control displayed output LIST displays all nodes in the tree
NOPRINT suppresses display of the tree
LINEPRINTER displays tree using line printer style graphics
High resolution graphics INC= specifies the increment between tick values
MAXHEIGHT= specifies the maximum value on axis
MINHEIGHT= specifies the minimum value on axis
NTICK= specifies the number of tick intervals
CFRAME= specifies the color of the frame
DESCRIPTION= specifies the catalog description
GOUT= specifies the catalog name
HAXIS= customizes horizontal axis
HORDISPLAY= displays a horizontal tree with leaves on the
right
HPAGES= specifies the number of pages to expand tree
horizontally
LINES= specifies the line color and thickness, dots at
the nodes
NAME= specifies the name of graph in the catalog
VAXIS= customizes vertical axis
VPAGES= specifies the number of pages to expand tree
vertically
Line printer graphics INC= specifies the increment between tick values
MAXHEIGHT= specifies the maximum value on axis
MINHEIGHT= specifies the minimum value on axis
NTICK= specifies the number of tick intervals
PAGES= specifies the number of pages
POS= specifies the number of column positions

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Table 66.1. (continued)

Task Options Effect
SPACES= specifies the number of spaces between
objects
TICKPOS= specifies the number of column positions be-
tween ticks
FILLCHAR= specifies the fill character between unjoined
leaves
JOINCHAR= specifies the character to display between
joined leaves
LEAFCHAR= specifies the character to represent clusters
with no children
TREECHAR= specifies the character to represent clusters
with children

CFRAME=color
specifies a color for the frame, which is the rectangle bounded by the axes.
DATA=SAS-data-set
specifies the input data set defining the tree. If you omit the DATA= option, the most
recently created SAS data set is used.
DESCENDING
DES
reverses the sorting order for the SORT option.
DESCRIPTION=entry-description
specifies a description for the graph in the GOUT= catalog. The default is “Proc Tree
Graph Output.”
DISSIMILAR
DIS
implies that the values of the HEIGHT variable are dissimilarities; that is, a large
height value means that the clusters are very dissimilar or far apart.
If neither the SIMILAR nor the DISSIMILAR option is specified, PROC TREE at-
tempts to infer from the data whether the height values are similarities or dissimilar-
ities. If PROC TREE cannot tell this from the data, it issues an error message and
does not display a tree diagram.
DOCK=n
causes observations in the OUT= data set assigned to output clusters with a fre-
quency of n or less to be given missing values for the output variables CLUSTER
and CLUSNAME. If the NCLUSTERS= option is also specified, DOCK= also pre-
vents clusters with a frequency of n or less from being counted toward the number of
clusters requested by the NCLUSTERS= option. By default, DOCK=0.

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FILLCHAR=’c’
FC=’c’
specifies the character to display between leaves that are not joined into a cluster.
The character should be enclosed in single quotes. The default is a blank. The
LINEPRINTER option must also be specified.
< >
GOUT= libref. member-name
specifies the catalog in which the generated graph is stored. The default is
WORK.GSEG.
HAXIS=AXISn
specifies the AXISn statement used to customize the appearance of the horizontal
axis.
HEIGHT=name
H=name
specifies certain conventional variables to be used for the height axis of the tree dia-
gram. For many situations, the only option you need is the HEIGHT= option. Valid
values for name and their meanings are as follows:

HEIGHT j H specifies the – HEIGHT– variable.

LENGTH j L defines the height of each node as its path length from the root. This
can also be interpreted as the number of ancestors of the node.
MODE j M specifies the – MODE– variable.
NCL j N specifies the – NCL– (number of clusters) variable.
RSQ j R specifies the – RSQ– variable.

See also the “HEIGHT Statement” section on page 3547, which can specify any
variable in the input data set to be used for the height axis. In rare cases, you may
need to specify either the DISSIMILAR option or the SIMILAR option.
HORDISPLAY=RIGHT
specifies that the graph is to be oriented horizontally, with the leaf nodes on the right
side, when the HORIZONTAL option is also specified. By default, the leaf nodes are
on the left side.
HORIZONTAL
HOR
orients the tree diagram with the height axis horizontal and the root at the left. The
leaf nodes are on the side specified in the HORDISPLAY= option. If you do not
specify the HORIZONTAL option, the height axis is vertical, with the root at the top.
When the tree takes up more than one page and is viewed on a screen, horizontal
orientation can make the tree diagram considerably easier to read.
HPAGES=n1
specifies that the original graph is to be enlarged to cover n1 pages. If you also specify
the VPAGES=n2 option, the original graph is enlarged to cover n1  n2 graphs.
For example, if HPAGES=2 and VPAGES=3, then the original graph is generated
followed by 2  3 = 6 more graphs. In these six graphs, the original is enlarged by

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a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction and by a factor of 3 in the vertical direction.

The graphs are generated in left-to-right and top-to-bottom order.
INC=n
specifies the increment between tick values on the height axis. If the HEIGHT vari-
able is – NCL– , the default is usually 1, although a different value can be specified
for consistency with other options. For any other HEIGHT variable, the default is
some power of 10 times 1, 2, 2.5, or 5.
JOINCHAR=’c’
JC=’c’
specifies the character to display between leaves that are joined into a cluster. The
character should be enclosed in single quotes. The default is X. The LINEPRINTER
option must also be specified.
LEAFCHAR=’c’
LC=’c’
specifies a character to represent clusters having no children. The character should be
enclosed in single quotes. The default is a period. The LINEPRINTER option must
also be specified.
LEVEL=n
specifies the level of the tree defining disjoint clusters for the OUT= data set. The
LEVEL= option also causes only clusters between the root and a height of n to be
displayed. The clusters in the output data set are those that exist at a height of n on the
tree diagram. For example, if the HEIGHT variable is – NCL– (number of clusters)
and LEVEL=5 is specified, then the OUT= data set contains five disjoint clusters. If
the HEIGHT variable is – RSQ– (R2 ) and LEVEL=0.9 is specified, then the OUT=
data set contains the smallest number of clusters that yields an R2 of at least 0.9.
LINEPRINTER
specifies that the generated report is to be displayed using line printer graphics.
<
LINES=( COLOR=color ><WIDTH=n><DOTS>)
enables you to specify both the color and the thickness of the lines. In addition, a dot
can be drawn at each leaf node. Note that if the frame and the lines are specified to
be the same color, PROC TREE selects a different color for the lines.
LIST
lists all the nodes in the tree, displaying the height, parent, and children of each node.
MAXHEIGHT=n
MAXH=n
specifies the maximum value displayed on the height axis.
MINHEIGHT=n
MINH=n
specifies the minimum value displayed on the height axis.

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NAME=name
specifies the entry name for the generated graph in the GOUT= catalog. Note that
each time another graph is generated with the same name, the name is modified by
appending a number to make it unique.
NCLUSTERS=n
NCL=n
N=n
specifies the number of clusters desired in the OUT= data set. The number of clusters
obtained may not equal the number specified if (1) there are fewer than n leaves in
the tree, (2) there are more than n unconnected trees in the data set, (3) a multi-way
tree does not contain a level with the specified number of clusters, or (4) the DOCK=
option eliminates too many clusters.
The NCLUSTERS= option uses the – NCL– variable to determine the order in which
the clusters are formed. If there is no – NCL– variable, the height variable (as deter-
mined by the HEIGHT statement or HEIGHT= option) is used instead.
NTICK=n
specifies the number of tick intervals on the height axis. The default depends on the
values of other options.
NOPRINT
suppresses the display of the tree. Specify the NOPRINT option if you want only
to create an OUT= data set. Note that this option temporarily disables the Output
Delivery System (ODS). For more information, see Chapter 15, “Using the Output
Delivery System.”
OUT=SAS-data-set
creates an output data set that contains one observation for each object in the tree or
subtree being processed and variables called CLUSTER and CLUSNAME showing
cluster membership at any specified level in the tree. If you specify the OUT= option,
you must also specify either the NCLUSTERS= or LEVEL= option in order to define
the output partition level. If you want to create a permanent SAS data set, you must
specify a two-level name (refer to “SAS Data Files” in SAS Language Reference:
Concepts).
PAGES=n
specifies the number of pages over which the tree diagram (from root to leaves) is to
extend. The default is 1. The LINEPRINTER option must also be specified.
POS=n
specifies the number of column positions on the height axis. The default depends on
the value of the PAGES= option, the orientation of the tree diagram, and the values
specified by the PAGESIZE= and LINESIZE= options. The LINEPRINTER option
must also be specified.

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ROOT=’name’
specifies the value of the NAME variable for the root of a subtree to be displayed if
you do not want to display the entire tree. If you also specify the OUT= option, the
output data set contains only objects belonging to the subtree specified by the ROOT=
option.
SIMILAR
SIM
implies that the values of the HEIGHT variable are similarities; that is, a large height
value means that the clusters are very similar or close together.
If neither the SIMILAR nor the DISSIMILAR option is specified, PROC TREE at-
tempts to infer from the data whether the height values are similarities or dissimilar-
ities. If PROC TREE cannot tell this from the data, it issues an error message and
does not display a tree diagram.
SORT
sorts the children of each node by the HEIGHT variable, in the order of cluster for-
mation. See the DESCENDING option on page 3541.
SPACES=s
S=s
specifies the number of spaces between objects on the output. The default depends
on the number of objects, the orientation of the tree diagram, and the values specified
by the PAGESIZE= and LINESIZE= options. The LINEPRINTER option must also
be specified.
TICKPOS=n
specifies the number of column positions per tick interval on the height axis. The
default value is usually between 5 and 10, although a different value can be specified
for consistency with other options.
TREECHAR=’c’
TC=’c’
specifies a character to represent clusters with children. The character should be
enclosed in single quotes. The default is X. The LINEPRINTER option must also be
specified.
VAXIS=AXISn
specifies that the AXISn statement be used to customize the appearance of the vertical
axis.
VPAGES=n2
specifies that the original graph is to be enlarged to cover n2 pages. If you also
specify the HPAGES=n1 option, the original graph is enlarged to cover n1n2 pages.
For example, if HPAGES=2 and VPAGES=3, then the original graph is generated
followed by 2  3 = 6 more graphs. In these six graphs, the original is enlarged by
a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction and by a factor of 3 in the vertical direction.
The graphs are generated in left-to-right and top-to-bottom order.

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3546  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

BY Statement

BY variables ;

You can specify a BY statement with PROC TREE to obtain separate analyses on
observations in groups defined by the BY variables. When a BY statement appears,
the procedure expects the input data set to be sorted in order of the BY variables.
If your input data set is not sorted in ascending order, use one of the following alter-
natives:

 Sort the data using the SORT procedure with a similar BY statement.

 Specify the BY statement option NOTSORTED or DESCENDING in the BY

statement for the TREE procedure. The NOTSORTED option does not mean
that the data are unsorted but rather that the data are arranged in groups (ac-
cording to values of the BY variables) and that these groups are not necessarily
in alphabetical or increasing numeric order.

 Create an index on the BY variables using the DATASETS procedure.

For more information on the BY statement, refer to the discussion in SAS Language
Reference: Concepts. For more information on the DATASETS procedure, refer to
the discussion in the SAS Procedures Guide.

COPY Statement

COPY variables ;

The COPY statement specifies one or more character or numeric variables to be

copied to the OUT= data set.

FREQ Statement

FREQ variables ;

The FREQ statement specifies one numeric variable that tells how many clustering
observations belong to the cluster. If the FREQ statement is omitted, PROC TREE
looks for a variable called – FREQ– to specify the number of observations per clus-
ter. If neither the FREQ statement nor the – FREQ– variable is present, each leaf is
assumed to represent one clustering observation, and the frequency for each internal
node is found by summing the frequencies of its children.

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 Details  3547

HEIGHT Statement

HEIGHT variable ;

The HEIGHT statement specifies the name of a numeric variable to define the height
of each node (cluster) in the tree. The height variable can also be specified by
the HEIGHT= option in the PROC TREE statement. If both the HEIGHT state-
ment and the HEIGHT= option are omitted, PROC TREE looks for a variable called
– HEIGHT– . If the data set does not contain – HEIGHT– , PROC TREE looks for
a variable called – NCL– . If – NCL– is not found either, the height of each node is
defined to be its path length from the root.

ID Statement

ID variables ;

The ID variable is used to identify the objects (leaves) in the tree on the output. The
ID variable can be a character or numeric variable of any length. If the ID statement
is omitted, the variable in the NAME statement is used instead. If both the ID and
NAME statements are omitted, PROC TREE looks for a variable called – NAME– .
If the – NAME– variable is not found in the data set, PROC TREE issues an error
message and stops. The ID variable is copied to the OUT= data set.

NAME Statement

NAME variables ;

The NAME statement specifies a character or numeric variable identifying the node
represented by each observation. The NAME variable and the PARENT variable
jointly define the tree structure. If the NAME statement is omitted, PROC TREE
looks for a variable called – NAME– . If the – NAME– variable is not found in the
data set, PROC TREE issues an error message and stops.

PARENT Statement

PARENT variables ;

The PARENT statement specifies a character or numeric variable identifying the node
in the tree that is the parent of each observation. The PARENT variable must have the
same formatted length as the NAME variable. If the PARENT statement is omitted,
PROC TREE looks for a variable called – PARENT– . If the – PARENT– variable is
not found in the data set, PROC TREE issues an error message and stops.

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3548  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Details
Missing Values
An observation with a missing value for the NAME variable is omitted from process-
ing. If the PARENT variable has a missing value but the NAME variable is present,
the observation is treated as the root of a tree. A data set can contain several roots
and, hence, several trees.
Missing values of the HEIGHT variable are set to upper or lower bounds determined
from the nonmissing values under the assumption that the heights are monotonic with
respect to the tree structure.
Missing values of the FREQ variable are inferred from nonmissing values where
possible; otherwise, they are treated as zero.

Output Data Set

The OUT= data set contains one observation for each leaf in the tree or subtree being
processed. The variables are as follows:

 the BY variables, if any

 the ID variable, or the NAME variable if the ID statement is not used
 the COPY variables
 a numeric variable CLUSTER taking values from 1 to c, where c is the number
of disjoint clusters. The cluster to which the first observation belongs is given
the number 1, the cluster to which the next observation belongs that does not
belong to cluster 1 is given the number 2, and so on.
 a character variable CLUSNAME giving the value of the NAME variable of
the cluster to which the observation belongs

The CLUSTER and CLUSNAME variables are missing if the corresponding leaf
has a nonpositive frequency.

Displayed Output
The displayed output from the TREE procedure includes the following:

 the names of the objects in the tree

 the height axis
 the tree diagram. A high-resolution graphics tree diagram is produced on the
graphics device. The leaves are displayed at the bottom of the graph. Hori-
zontal lines connect the leaves into branches, while the topmost horizontal line
indicates the root.
If the LINEPRINTER option is specified, the root (the cluster containing
all the objects) is indicated by a solid line of the character specified by the

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 Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth  3549

TREECHAR= option (the default character is ‘X’). At each level of the tree,
clusters are shown by unbroken lines of the TREECHAR= symbol with the
FILLCHAR= symbol (the default is a blank) separating the clusters. The
LEAFCHAR= symbol (the default character is a period) represents single-
member clusters.

By default, the tree diagram is oriented with the height axis vertical and the object
names at the top of the diagram. If the HORIZONTAL option is specified, then the
height axis is horizontal and the object names are on the left.

ODS Table Names

PROC TREE assigns a name to each table it creates. You can use these names to
reference the table when using the Output Delivery System (ODS) to select tables
and create output data sets. These names are listed in the following table. For more
information on ODS, see Chapter 15, “Using the Output Delivery System.”
Table 66.2. ODS Tables Produced in PROC TREE

ODS Table Name Description Statement Option

Tree Line-printer plot of the tree PROC LINEPRINTER
TreeListing Line-printer listing of all nodes PROC LIST
in the tree

Examples
Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth
The following data give the numbers of different kinds of teeth for a variety of mam-
mals. The mammals are clustered by average linkage using the CLUSTER procedure
(Output 66.1.1). The PROC TREE statement uses the average-linkage distance as the
height axis, which is the default, and creates a horizontal high-resolution graphics
tree (Output 66.1.2).

data teeth;
title ’Mammals’’ Teeth’;
input mammal $ 1-16 @21 (v1-v8) (1.);
label V1=’Right Top Incisors’
V2=’Right Bottom Incisors’
V3=’Right Top Canines’
V4=’Right Bottom Canines’
V5=’Right Top Premolars’
V6=’Right Bottom Premolars’
V7=’Right Top Molars’
V8=’Right Bottom Molars’;
datalines;

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3550  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Brown Bat 23113333

Mole 32103333
Silver Hair Bat 23112333
Pigmy Bat 23112233
House Bat 23111233
Red Bat 13112233
Pika 21002233
Rabbit 21003233
Beaver 11002133
Groundhog 11002133
Gray Squirrel 11001133
House Mouse 11000033
Porcupine 11001133
Wolf 33114423
Bear 33114423
Raccoon 33114432
Marten 33114412
Weasel 33113312
Wolverine 33114412
Badger 33113312
River Otter 33114312
Sea Otter 32113312
Jaguar 33113211
Cougar 33113211
Fur Seal 32114411
Sea Lion 32114411
Grey Seal 32113322
Elephant Seal 21114411
Reindeer 04103333
Elk 04103333
Deer 04003333
Moose 04003333
;
options pagesize=60 linesize=110;

proc cluster method=average std pseudo noeigen outtree=tree;

id mammal;
var v1-v8;
run;

proc tree graphics horizontal;

run;

Output 66.1.1 displays the information on how the clusters are joined. For example,
the cluster history shows that the observations Wolf and Bear form cluster 29, which
is merged with Raccoon to form cluster 11.

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 Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth  3551

Output 66.1.1. Output from PROC CLUSTER

Mammals’ Teeth

The CLUSTER Procedure

Average Linkage Cluster Analysis

The data have been standardized to mean 0 and variance 1

Root-Mean-Square Total-Sample Standard Deviation = 1
Root-Mean-Square Distance Between Observations = 4

Cluster History
Norm T
RMS i
NCL ----------Clusters Joined---------- FREQ PSF PST2 Dist e

31 Beaver Groundhog 2 . . 0 T
30 Gray Squirrel Porcupine 2 . . 0 T
29 Wolf Bear 2 . . 0 T
28 Marten Wolverine 2 . . 0 T
27 Weasel Badger 2 . . 0 T
26 Jaguar Cougar 2 . . 0 T
25 Fur Seal Sea Lion 2 . . 0 T
24 Reindeer Elk 2 . . 0 T
23 Deer Moose 2 . . 0
22 Pigmy Bat Red Bat 2 281 . 0.2289
21 CL28 River Otter 3 139 . 0.2292
20 CL31 CL30 4 83.2 . 0.2357 T
19 Brown Bat Silver Hair Bat 2 76.7 . 0.2357 T
18 Pika Rabbit 2 73.2 . 0.2357
17 CL27 Sea Otter 3 67.4 . 0.2462
16 CL22 House Bat 3 62.9 1.7 0.2859
15 CL21 CL17 6 47.4 6.8 0.3328
14 CL25 Elephant Seal 3 45.0 . 0.3362
13 CL19 CL16 5 40.8 3.5 0.3672
12 CL15 Grey Seal 7 38.9 2.8 0.4078
11 CL29 Raccoon 3 38.0 . 0.423
10 CL18 CL20 6 34.5 10.3 0.4339
9 CL12 CL26 9 30.0 7.3 0.5071
8 CL24 CL23 4 28.7 . 0.5473
7 CL9 CL14 12 25.7 7.0 0.5668
6 CL10 House Mouse 7 28.3 4.1 0.5792
5 CL11 CL7 15 26.8 6.9 0.6621
4 CL13 Mole 6 31.9 7.2 0.7156
3 CL4 CL8 10 31.0 12.7 0.8799
2 CL3 CL6 17 27.8 16.1 1.0316
1 CL2 CL5 32 . 27.8 1.1938

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3552  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Output 66.1.2. PROC TREE High-Resolution Graphics

As you look from left-to-right in the diagram in Output 66.1.2, objects and clusters
are progressively joined until a single, all-encompassing cluster is formed at the right
(or root) of the diagram. Clusters exist at each level of the diagram, and every vertical
line connects leaves and branches into progressively larger clusters. For example, the
five bats form a cluster at the 0.6 level, while the next cluster consists only of the
mole. The observations Reindeer, Elk, Deer, and Moose form the next cluster at
the 0.6 level, the mammals Pika through House Mouse are in the fourth cluster, The
observations Wolf, Bear, and Raccoon form the fifth cluster, while the last cluster
contains the observations Marten through Elephant Seal.
The following statements create the same tree with line printer graphics in a vertical
orientation; the tree is displayed in Output 66.1.3.

proc tree lineprinter;

run;

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 Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth  3553

Output 66.1.3. PROC TREE with the LINEPRINTER Option

Average Linkage Cluster Analysis

Name of Observation or Cluster

S
i
l G E
v r l
e a H R e
r y o i p
B P H G P u W v S G h
r H i o R r S o s o e e r F S a
o a g R u e o q r e R l r a e u e n
w i m e s i R B u u c a M v W B y J C r a t
n r y d e n M a e n i u M c a e O e a O a o
M d D o P b a d r p o W B c r r t a d t S g u S L S
B B B B B o e E e o i b v h r i u o e o t i t s g t e u g e i e
a a a a a l e l e s k i e o e n s l a o e n e e e e a a a a o a
t t t t t e r k r e a t r g l e e f r n n e r l r r l r r l n l
A 1.5 +
v |
e |
r |
a |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
g |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
e 1 +XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
D |XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
i |XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
s |XXXXXXXXX . XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
t |XXXXXXXXX . XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
a 0.5 +XXXXXXXXX . XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX . XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX
n |XXXXXXXXX . XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX . XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX
c |XXXXXXXXX . XXX XXX XXX XXXXXXX . XXX . XXXXXXXXXXX . XXX XXXXX
e |XXX XXXXX . XXX XXX XXX XXXXXXX . XXX . XXXXX XXXXX . XXX XXX .
|. . . . . . XXX XXX . . XXX XXX . XXX . XXX . XXX . . XXX XXX .
B |. . . . . . XXX XXX . . XXX XXX . XXX . XXX . XXX . . XXX XXX .
e 0 +. . . . . . XXX XXX . . XXX XXX . XXX . XXX . XXX . . XXX XXX .
t
w

As you look up from the bottom of the diagram, objects and clusters are progressively
joined until a single, all-encompassing cluster is formed at the top (or root) of the
diagram. Clusters exist at each level of the diagram. For example, the unbroken line
of Xs at the left-most side of the 0.6 level indicates that the five bats have formed
a cluster. The next cluster is represented by a period because it contains only one
mammal, Mole. Reindeer, Elk, Deer, and Moose form the next cluster, indicated by
Xs again. The mammals Pika through House Mouse are in the fourth cluster. The
observations Wolf, Bear, and Raccoon form the fifth cluster, while the last cluster
contains the observations Marten through Elephant Seal.
The next statement sorts the clusters at each branch in order of formation and uses the
number of clusters as the height axis. The resulting tree is displayed in Output 66.1.4.

proc tree sort height=n horizontal;

run;

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3554  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Output 66.1.4. PROC TREE with SORT and HEIGHT= Options

Because the CLUSTER procedure always produces binary trees, the number of inter-
nal (root and branch) nodes in the tree is one less than the number of leaves. Therefore
31 clusters are formed from the 32 mammals in the input data set. These are repre-
sented by the 31 vertical line segments in the tree diagram, each at a different value
along the horizontal axis.
As you examine the tree from left to right, the first vertical line segment is where
Beaver and Groundhog are clustered and the number of clusters is 31. The next
cluster is formed from Gray Squirrel and Porcupine. The third contains Wolf and
Bear. Note how the tree graphically displays the clustering order information that
was presented in tabular form by the CLUSTER procedure in Output 66.1.1.
The same clusters as in Output 66.1.2 and Output 66.1.3 can be seen at the six-cluster
level of the tree diagram in Output 66.1.4, although the SORT and HEIGHT= options
make them appear in a different order.

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 Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth  3555

The following statements create these six clusters and display them in Output 66.1.5.
The PROC TREE statement produces no output but creates an output data set indi-
cating the cluster to which each observation belongs at the six-cluster level in the
tree.

proc tree noprint out=part nclusters=6;

id mammal;
copy v1-v8;
proc sort;
by cluster;
proc print label uniform;
id mammal;
var v1-v8;
format v1-v8 1.;
by cluster;
run;

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3556  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Output 66.1.5. PROC TREE OUT= Data Set

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=1 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Beaver 1 1 0 0
Groundhog 1 1 0 0
Gray Squirrel 1 1 0 0
Porcupine 1 1 0 0
Pika 2 1 0 0
Rabbit 2 1 0 0
House Mouse 1 1 0 0

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Beaver 2 1 3 3
Groundhog 2 1 3 3
Gray Squirrel 1 1 3 3
Porcupine 1 1 3 3
Pika 2 2 3 3
Rabbit 3 2 3 3
House Mouse 0 0 3 3

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=2 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Wolf 3 3 1 1
Bear 3 3 1 1
Raccoon 3 3 1 1

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Wolf 4 4 2 3
Bear 4 4 2 3
Raccoon 4 4 3 2

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 Example 66.1. Mammals’ Teeth  3557

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=3 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Marten 3 3 1 1
Wolverine 3 3 1 1
Weasel 3 3 1 1
Badger 3 3 1 1
Jaguar 3 3 1 1
Cougar 3 3 1 1
Fur Seal 3 2 1 1
Sea Lion 3 2 1 1
River Otter 3 3 1 1
Sea Otter 3 2 1 1
Elephant Seal 2 1 1 1
Grey Seal 3 2 1 1

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Marten 4 4 1 2
Wolverine 4 4 1 2
Weasel 3 3 1 2
Badger 3 3 1 2
Jaguar 3 2 1 1
Cougar 3 2 1 1
Fur Seal 4 4 1 1
Sea Lion 4 4 1 1
River Otter 4 3 1 2
Sea Otter 3 3 1 2
Elephant Seal 4 4 1 1
Grey Seal 3 3 2 2

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3558  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=4 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Reindeer 0 4 1 0
Elk 0 4 1 0
Deer 0 4 0 0
Moose 0 4 0 0

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Reindeer 3 3 3 3
Elk 3 3 3 3
Deer 3 3 3 3
Moose 3 3 3 3

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=5 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Pigmy Bat 2 3 1 1
Red Bat 1 3 1 1
Brown Bat 2 3 1 1
Silver Hair Bat 2 3 1 1
House Bat 2 3 1 1

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Pigmy Bat 2 2 3 3
Red Bat 2 2 3 3
Brown Bat 3 3 3 3
Silver Hair Bat 2 3 3 3
House Bat 1 2 3 3

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 Example 66.2. Iris Data  3559

---------------------------------- CLUSTER=6 -----------------------------------

Right Right Right Right

Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Incisors Incisors Canines Canines

Mole 3 2 1 0

Right Right Right

Right Top Bottom Top Bottom
mammal Premolars Premolars Molars Molars

Mole 3 3 3 3

Example 66.2. Iris Data

Fisher’s (1936) iris data gives sepal and petal dimensions for three different species of
iris. The data are clustered by k th-nearest-neighbor density linkage using the CLUS-
TER procedure with K=8. Observations are identified by species (Setosa, Versicolor
or Virginica) in the tree diagram, which is oriented with the height axis horizontal.
The following statements produce Output 66.2.1 and Output 66.2.2.

proc format;
value specname
1=’Setosa ’
2=’Versicolor’
3=’Virginica ’;
run;

data iris;
title ’Fisher (1936) Iris Data’;
input SepalLength SepalWidth PetalLength PetalWidth
Species @@;
format Species specname.;
label SepalLength=’Sepal Length in mm.’
SepalWidth =’Sepal Width in mm.’
PetalLength=’Petal Length in mm.’
PetalWidth =’Petal Width in mm.’;
symbol = put(species, specname10.);
datalines;
50 33 14 02 1 64 28 56 22 3 65 28 46 15 2 67 31 56 24 3
63 28 51 15 3 46 34 14 03 1 69 31 51 23 3 62 22 45 15 2
59 32 48 18 2 46 36 10 02 1 61 30 46 14 2 60 27 51 16 2
65 30 52 20 3 56 25 39 11 2 65 30 55 18 3 58 27 51 19 3
68 32 59 23 3 51 33 17 05 1 57 28 45 13 2 62 34 54 23 3
77 38 67 22 3 63 33 47 16 2 67 33 57 25 3 76 30 66 21 3
49 25 45 17 3 55 35 13 02 1 67 30 52 23 3 70 32 47 14 2
64 32 45 15 2 61 28 40 13 2 48 31 16 02 1 59 30 51 18 3
55 24 38 11 2 63 25 50 19 3 64 32 53 23 3 52 34 14 02 1
49 36 14 01 1 54 30 45 15 2 79 38 64 20 3 44 32 13 02 1
67 33 57 21 3 50 35 16 06 1 58 26 40 12 2 44 30 13 02 1
77 28 67 20 3 63 27 49 18 3 47 32 16 02 1 55 26 44 12 2
50 23 33 10 2 72 32 60 18 3 48 30 14 03 1 51 38 16 02 1
61 30 49 18 3 48 34 19 02 1 50 30 16 02 1 50 32 12 02 1

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3560  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

61 26 56 14 3 64 28 56 21 3 43 30 11 01 1 58 40 12 02 1
51 38 19 04 1 67 31 44 14 2 62 28 48 18 3 49 30 14 02 1
51 35 14 02 1 56 30 45 15 2 58 27 41 10 2 50 34 16 04 1
46 32 14 02 1 60 29 45 15 2 57 26 35 10 2 57 44 15 04 1
50 36 14 02 1 77 30 61 23 3 63 34 56 24 3 58 27 51 19 3
57 29 42 13 2 72 30 58 16 3 54 34 15 04 1 52 41 15 01 1
71 30 59 21 3 64 31 55 18 3 60 30 48 18 3 63 29 56 18 3
49 24 33 10 2 56 27 42 13 2 57 30 42 12 2 55 42 14 02 1
49 31 15 02 1 77 26 69 23 3 60 22 50 15 3 54 39 17 04 1
66 29 46 13 2 52 27 39 14 2 60 34 45 16 2 50 34 15 02 1
44 29 14 02 1 50 20 35 10 2 55 24 37 10 2 58 27 39 12 2
47 32 13 02 1 46 31 15 02 1 69 32 57 23 3 62 29 43 13 2
74 28 61 19 3 59 30 42 15 2 51 34 15 02 1 50 35 13 03 1
56 28 49 20 3 60 22 40 10 2 73 29 63 18 3 67 25 58 18 3
49 31 15 01 1 67 31 47 15 2 63 23 44 13 2 54 37 15 02 1
56 30 41 13 2 63 25 49 15 2 61 28 47 12 2 64 29 43 13 2
51 25 30 11 2 57 28 41 13 2 65 30 58 22 3 69 31 54 21 3
54 39 13 04 1 51 35 14 03 1 72 36 61 25 3 65 32 51 20 3
61 29 47 14 2 56 29 36 13 2 69 31 49 15 2 64 27 53 19 3
68 30 55 21 3 55 25 40 13 2 48 34 16 02 1 48 30 14 01 1
45 23 13 03 1 57 25 50 20 3 57 38 17 03 1 51 38 15 03 1
55 23 40 13 2 66 30 44 14 2 68 28 48 14 2 54 34 17 02 1
51 37 15 04 1 52 35 15 02 1 58 28 51 24 3 67 30 50 17 2
63 33 60 25 3 53 37 15 02 1
;
proc cluster data=iris method=twostage print=10
outtree=tree k=8 noeigen;
var SepalLength SepalWidth PetalLength PetalWidth;
copy Species;
id Species;
run;

options pagesize=60 linesize=110;

proc tree data=tree horizontal lineprinter pages=1 maxh=10;

id species;
run;

The PAGES=1 option specifies that the tree diagram extends over one page from tree
to root. Since the HORIZONTAL option is also specified, the horizontal extent of
the diagram is one page. The number of vertical pages required for the diagram is
dictated by the number of leaves in the tree.
The MAXH=10 limits the values displayed on the height axis to a maximum of 10.
This prunes the tree diagram so that only the portion from the leaves to level 10 is
displayed. You can see this pruning effect in Output 66.2.2.

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 Example 66.2. Iris Data  3561

Output 66.2.1. Clustering of Fisher’s Iris Data

Fisher (1936) Iris Data

The CLUSTER Procedure

Two-Stage Density Linkage Clustering

K = 8
Root-Mean-Square Total-Sample Standard Deviation = 10.69224

Cluster History
Normalized Maximum Density T
Fusion in Each Cluster i
NCL ----Clusters Joined----- FREQ Density Lesser Greater e

10 CL11 Versicolor 48 0.2879 0.1479 8.3678

9 CL13 Virginica 46 0.2802 0.2005 3.5156
8 CL10 Virginica 49 0.2699 0.1372 8.3678
7 CL8 Versicolor 50 0.2586 0.1372 8.3678
6 CL9 Virginica 47 0.1412 0.0832 3.5156
5 CL6 Virginica 48 0.107 0.0605 3.5156
4 CL5 Virginica 49 0.0969 0.0541 3.5156
3 CL4 Virginica 50 0.0715 0.0370 3.5156
2 CL3 CL7 100 2.6277 3.5156 8.3678
3 modal clusters have been formed.

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 3562  Chapter 66. The TREE Procedure

Output 66.2.2. Horizontal Tree for Fisher’s Iris Data

Two-Stage Density Linkage Clustering

Cluster Fusion Density

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
S Virginica XX.........................................................................................
p XX
e Virginica XX.........................................................................................
c XX
i Virginica XXXX.......................................................................................
e XXXX
s Virginica XXXX.......................................................................................
XXXX
Virginica XXXXXX.....................................................................................
XXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXX....................................................................................
XXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXX...................................................................................
XXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXX..................................................................................
XXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX............................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX...........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.......................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX......................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX...............................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX............................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX............................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX............................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX..............................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

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 Example 66.2. Iris Data  3563

Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX......................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX......................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX...........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX...........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXX................................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXXXX................................................................................
XXXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXXX..................................................................................
XXXXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXXXX...................................................................................
XXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXX.....................................................................................
XXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXX.....................................................................................
XXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXX.....................................................................................
XXXXXX
Virginica XXXXXX.....................................................................................
XXXXX
Virginica XXXXX......................................................................................
XX
Virginica XX.........................................................................................
XX
Virginica XX.........................................................................................
X
Virginica XXX........................................................................................
XXX
Versicolor XXXX.......................................................................................
XXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXX................................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXX..............................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX............................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX...........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX..........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.........................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.......................................................................
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Versicolor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.....................................................................
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References
Duran, B.S. and Odell, P.L. (1974), Cluster Analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag.
Everitt, B.S. (1980), Cluster Analysis, Second Edition, London: Heineman Educa-
tional Books Ltd.
Fisher, R.A. (1936), “The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic Problems,”
Annals of Eugenics, 7, 179–188.
Hand, D.J.; Daly, F.; Lunn, A.D.; McConway, K.J.; and Ostrowski E. (1994), A
Handbook of Small Data Sets, London: Chapman & Hall, 297–298.
Hartigan, J.A. (1975), Clustering Algorithms, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Johnson, S.C. (1967), “Hierarchical Clustering Schemes,” Psychometrika, 32,
241–254.
Knuth, D.E. (1973), The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, Fundamental
Algorithms, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.

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