4.

𝑧𝑧-Transform (4)
ICE3018: Digital Signal Processing & Design

School of Information & Communication Engineering

Inha University

Image credit: SINTEF

 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Inverse 𝒛𝒛-transform from partial fractions

Given 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧), we can get 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] by partial fraction expansion:

1. Let 𝑌𝑌(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)/𝑧𝑧

2. Perform the partial fraction expansion for 𝑌𝑌(𝑧𝑧)
3. Multiply 𝑌𝑌(𝑧𝑧) by 𝑧𝑧 to get 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)
4. Get 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] using a table

2
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Table: inverse 𝑧𝑧-transform of partial fraction expansion terms
𝑿𝑿(𝒛𝒛) 𝒙𝒙[𝒏𝒏] (causal sequence)
𝑧𝑧
𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼

𝑧𝑧
𝑛𝑛−1
2 𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼

𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 + 1 𝑛𝑛−𝑁𝑁
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑁𝑁+1 𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑁𝑁!

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗
+ 2 𝐾𝐾 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 = 2𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶 cos 𝑛𝑛Ω − 𝐷𝐷 sin 𝑛𝑛Ω 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗
+ 2 𝐾𝐾 𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛−1 cos 𝑛𝑛 − 1 Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 2 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω 2

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 + 1
+ 2 𝐾𝐾 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛−𝑁𝑁
cos 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑁𝑁+1 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑁𝑁+1
𝑁𝑁!

3
𝐾𝐾 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝐾𝐾 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜙𝜙
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Table: inverse 𝑧𝑧-transform of partial fraction expansion terms
𝑿𝑿(𝒛𝒛) 𝒙𝒙[𝒏𝒏] (anti-causal sequence)
𝑧𝑧
−𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼

𝑧𝑧
𝑛𝑛−1
2 −𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼

𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 + 1 𝑛𝑛−𝑁𝑁
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑁𝑁+1 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑁𝑁!

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗
+ −2 𝐾𝐾 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 = −2𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶 cos 𝑛𝑛Ω − 𝐷𝐷 sin 𝑛𝑛Ω 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗
+ −2 𝐾𝐾 𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛−1 cos 𝑛𝑛 − 1 Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 2 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω 2

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 + 1
+ −2 𝐾𝐾 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛−𝑁𝑁
cos 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁 Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑁𝑁+1 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑁𝑁+1
𝑁𝑁!

4
𝐾𝐾 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝐾𝐾 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜙𝜙
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Example (non-repeated roots):

1 (𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] is a causal
Q: Find the inverse transform of 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 =
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 sequence)

𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) 1 8 16 8
A: 𝑌𝑌 𝑧𝑧 = = = − +
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

16𝑧𝑧 8𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = 8 − +
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 8𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 16 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 + 8 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] (from the table)

5
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Example (repeated roots):

𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] is a causal
Q: Find the inverse transform of 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 =
𝑧𝑧 − 1 2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 sequence)

𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) 𝑧𝑧 1 1 1
A: 𝑌𝑌 𝑧𝑧 = = =− − +
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 1 2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 − 1 2 𝑧𝑧 − 1 𝑧𝑧 − 2

𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = − 2
− +
𝑧𝑧 − 1 𝑧𝑧 − 1 𝑧𝑧 − 2

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = −𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 (from the table)

6
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Example (complex roots):

𝑧𝑧 2 − 3𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] is a causal

Q: Find the inverse transform of 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 =
𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 sequence)

𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) 𝑧𝑧 − 3
A: 𝑌𝑌 𝑧𝑧 = =
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2

1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1
=− + − 𝑗𝑗 + + 𝑗𝑗
2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 4 4 𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 𝑗𝑗 4 4 𝑧𝑧 − 1 + 𝑗𝑗

1 1 10 − 𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
1 10 𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
1
=− + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋
2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 4 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗
4
7
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform

1 𝑧𝑧 10 −𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
𝑧𝑧 10 𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧(𝑧𝑧) = − + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋
2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗
4 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗
4

1 𝑛𝑛 10 −𝑗𝑗 tan−1 𝜋𝜋 𝑛𝑛 10 𝑗𝑗 tan−1 𝜋𝜋 𝑛𝑛

3 𝑗𝑗 3 −𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = − 2 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑒𝑒 2𝑒𝑒 4 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑒𝑒 2𝑒𝑒 4 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
2 4 4

1 𝑛𝑛 10 𝑛𝑛 𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛𝜋𝜋−tan−1 (3) 10 𝑛𝑛 𝑗𝑗 −𝑛𝑛𝜋𝜋+tan−1 (3)

= − 2 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 2 𝑒𝑒 4 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
2 4 4

1 10 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝜋𝜋
= − 2𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 2 cos − tan−1 3 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
2 2 4
8
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
Or we can use the table directly:

1 𝑧𝑧 10 −𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
𝑧𝑧 10 𝑗𝑗tan−1 3
𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧(𝑧𝑧) = − + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋
2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗
4 4 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗
4

From the table:

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾 ∗
+ 2 𝐾𝐾 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛Ω + 𝜙𝜙 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗Ω 𝑧𝑧 − 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗Ω

10 −𝑗𝑗tan−1 𝜋𝜋 10
𝐾𝐾 = 𝑒𝑒 3 𝛼𝛼 = 2 Ω= 𝐾𝐾 = 𝜙𝜙 = −tan−1 3
4 4 4

1 10 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = − 2𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] + 2 cos −tan−1 3 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
2 2 4
9
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• ROC and inversion
• We obtain a unique sequence 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] from 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) only when the ROC is
specified
• Sometimes, the ROC may be specified indirectly by requiring the
system to be stable, for example

10
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
𝑧𝑧
Q: Find all possible inverse transforms of 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 =
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

𝑧𝑧 −4𝑧𝑧 4𝑧𝑧
A: 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = = +
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

1. If the ROC is 𝑧𝑧 > 0.5,

−4𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
4𝑧𝑧
−4 0.25 4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

∴ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = −4 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 + 4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]

11
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
−4𝑧𝑧 4𝑧𝑧
𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = +
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

2. If the ROC is 𝑧𝑧 < 0.25,

−4𝑧𝑧 4𝑧𝑧
4 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1] −4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

∴ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 4 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1] − 4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]

3. If the ROC is 0.25 < 𝑧𝑧 < 0.5,

−4𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
4𝑧𝑧
−4 0.25 −4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑧𝑧 − 0.25 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

∴ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = −4 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] − 4 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1]

12
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform

Q: Find the unique inverse transforms of the following systems, assuming

each system is stable

𝑧𝑧 2.5𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
𝐻𝐻1 = 𝐻𝐻2 = 𝐻𝐻3 =
𝑧𝑧 − 0.4 𝑧𝑧 + 0.6 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 𝑧𝑧 + 2 𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 + 3

13
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
A: 𝐻𝐻1 = = −
𝑧𝑧 − 0.4 𝑧𝑧 + 0.6 𝑧𝑧 − 0.4 𝑧𝑧 + 0.6

𝐻𝐻1 is stable when the ROC is 𝑧𝑧 > 0.6

𝑧𝑧
0.4 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 − 0.4

𝑧𝑧
−0.6 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 + 0.6

∴ ℎ1 𝑛𝑛 = 0.4 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 − −0.6 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛

14
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
2.5𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
A: 𝐻𝐻2 = = −
𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 𝑧𝑧 + 2 𝑧𝑧 − 0.5 𝑧𝑧 + 2

𝐻𝐻2 is stable when the ROC is 0.5 < 𝑧𝑧 < 2

𝑧𝑧
0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛
𝑧𝑧 − 0.5

𝑧𝑧
− −2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑧𝑧 + 2

∴ ℎ2 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 + −2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1

15
 4.10 Inverse 𝑧𝑧-Transform
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
A: 𝐻𝐻3 = = −
𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 + 3 𝑧𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑧 + 3

𝐻𝐻3 is stable when the ROC is 𝑧𝑧 < 2

𝑧𝑧
− 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑧𝑧 − 2

𝑧𝑧
− −3 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑧𝑧 + 3

∴ ℎ3 𝑛𝑛 = − 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1 + −3 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 −𝑛𝑛 − 1

16
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Definition:
∞

𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]𝑧𝑧 −𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛=0

• Useful in the analysis of causal LTI systems

• Most of the properties of the two-sided z-transform also apply to the
one-sided version except the shifting property

17
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Right-shift property

Two-sided One-sided
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 1] 𝑧𝑧 −1 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 −1 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑥𝑥[−1]
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 2] 𝑧𝑧 −2 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 −2 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧 −1 𝑥𝑥 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 −2
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁] 𝑧𝑧 −𝑁𝑁 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 −𝑁𝑁 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑁𝑁−1 𝑥𝑥 −1 + 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑁𝑁−2 𝑥𝑥 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥[−𝑁𝑁]

18
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Right-shift property

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 1] 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 2]

−2 −1 0 1 2
𝑛𝑛 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑛𝑛 0 1 2 3 4
𝑛𝑛

𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) 𝑥𝑥[−1] + 𝑧𝑧 −1 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) 𝑥𝑥[−2] + 𝑧𝑧 −1 𝑥𝑥[−1] + 𝑧𝑧 −2 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)

19
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Left-shift property

Two-sided One-sided
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 1] 𝑧𝑧𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧[0]
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 2] 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑥𝑥 0 − 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 1
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 𝑁𝑁] 𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 0 − 𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁−1 𝑥𝑥 1 − ⋯ − 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧[−𝑁𝑁 − 1]

20
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Left-shift property

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 1] 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 2]

0 1 2 3
𝑛𝑛 −1 0 1 2
𝑛𝑛 −2 −1 0 1
𝑛𝑛

𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) −𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧[0] + 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧(𝑧𝑧) −𝑧𝑧 2 𝑥𝑥[0] −𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥[1] + 𝑧𝑧 2𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)

21
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Initial value theorem

𝑥𝑥 0 = lim 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)
𝑧𝑧→∞

𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]𝑧𝑧 −𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑧𝑧 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑛𝑛=0

lim 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) = lim 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑧𝑧 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 −2 + ⋯ = 𝑥𝑥 0

𝑧𝑧→∞ 𝑧𝑧→∞

22
 4.11 One-Sided 𝑧𝑧-Transform
• Final value theorem

𝑥𝑥 ∞ = lim 𝑧𝑧 − 1 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧)
𝑧𝑧→1

𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]𝑧𝑧 −𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑧𝑧 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 −2 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑧𝑧 −3 + ⋯
𝑛𝑛=0

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 0 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑧𝑧 −2 + ⋯

𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 0 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑧𝑧 −1 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 −2 + ⋯

lim 𝑧𝑧 − 1 𝑋𝑋(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑥𝑥 0 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + ⋯
𝑧𝑧→1

= 𝑥𝑥 ∞ 23