GOVT ITI.

, OWK
LESSON PLAN
Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Fiber optic communication

Objectives: • define the fiber optic communication
• explain the block diagram and function of the fiber optic communication
• describe the different basic elements of the OFC system
• state the advantages and disadvantages of the optical fiber communication
• state the applications of the fiber optic communication
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Fiber optic Fiber optics is a branch of optics that deals with the study of
communication propagation of light through transparent dielectric wave
guides. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting
information from one place to another by sending pulses of
light through an optical fiber
Block diagram There are three main basic elements of fiber optic
and function of communication system 1 Compact light source
the fiber optic 2 Low loss optical fiber 3 Photo detector
communication The primary advantages of the Fiber-optic cables over
conventional cables and radio waves are:
Advantages  Wider band width
 Lower loss
 Small size and Light weight
 Security
 Environmental immunity
 Electrical Isolation
 Potential low cost and maintenance
The cost of interfacing equipment’s necessary to convert
Electrical signals to optical signals is more. (Optical
Disadvantages
Transmitters, receivers). Splicing fiber optic cable is also
More difficult.
1 Expensive over short distance.
2 Requires highly skilled installers.
3 Adding additional nodes is difficult.
Fiber-Optic Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging
Applications from global networks to desktop computers. This involves the
transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than
a meter to hundreds of kilometers using fiber designs.
Optical fiber is used extensively for transmission of data.
Multinational firms need secure, reliable systems to transfer
data and financial information between buildings to the
desktop terminals or computers and to transfer data around
the world. Cable television companies also use optical fiber
communication system for the delivery of digital video and
data services.
What is an Typically, fiber optics are long, thin strands of glass (SiO2)
optical fiber about the diameter of human hair; some can be made out of
plastic. Long distance telecommunication systems always use
glass because of its lower optical absorption during
transmission to maintain the signal strength. When arranged
in bundles, they are called optical cables which are used to
transmit light signals containing information over long
distances.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Losses in optical fibers. Encoding and decoding of light

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Losses in optical fibers. Encoding and decoding of light

Objectives: • state the types of losses in the fiber optics
• explain the attenuation losses in an optical cable • define dispersion
• state the types of dispersion and explain about each type • define encoding and decoding of light

Aids: Black Board, Chalk

.
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Losses Losses The Signal transmitting through the fiber is degraded
by two mechanisms.
1 Attenuation
2 Dispersion
Both are important to determine the transmission
characteristics of the fiber at operating wavelength.
Attenuation Power loss in a fiber cable is probably the most important
characteristics of the cable. Power loss is often called as
attenuation. Attenuation is a measure of decay of signal
strength or loss of light power that occurs as light pulses
propogate through the length of the fiber. Attenuation has
several adverse effects on performance, including reducing
the system bandwidth, information transmission rate,
efficiency, and overall system capacity

Dispersion Dispersion means the spreading of light pulse as it propagates

through the fiber. It introduces Intersymbol interference (ISI).
It limits the information carrying capacity of fiber The
dispersion effect can be explained on the basis of behaviour of
group velocities of the guided modes in the optical fiber.
Group velocity means the velocity at which energy in a pulse
travel along the fiber.

Define Encoding in optical fiber transmission means the

encoding and transmission of analog optical information through fiber
decoding of optics digitally.
light This improves the acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by
20 to 30 dB over analog transmission
 Transmitter
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer,
driver and optical source. The buffer provide both an
electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter
and the electrical system supplying the data. The driver
provides electrical cover to the optical source. Finally the
optical source converts the electrical current to the light
energy with the same pattern.

Optical source
Optical Sources are active components whose fundamental
function is to convert the electrical energy into optical
energy(light) in an effective manner. Hence the optical
sources are transducers

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Pulse modulation technique

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Pulse modulation technique

Objectives: • define pulse • state the types of pulse modulation
• explain PCM, PAM, PWM and PPM
• state the advantages, disadvantage and applications of each type of modulation
• compare the different types of pulse modulation techniques-
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Pulse A pulse is an abruptly changing voltage or current wave which may
or may not repeat itself.
Types of It may be defined as a modulation system in which some
pulse parameter of a train of pulse is varied in accordance with the
modulation instantaneous value of the modulating signal. In this system,
waveforms are sampled at regular intervals and the information is
transmitted through the sampling rate. The parameters of the
pulses which may be varied are : amplitude, width (or duration),
position and time etc
In pulse modulation, there are different types of modulation
techniques for analog and digital as given below:
PCM: Pulse Code Modulation for Digital Modulation.
PPM : Pulse Position Modulation for Analog Modulation
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation for Analog Modulation.
PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation for Analog Modulation.
Advantages 1. Pulse code modulation will have low noise addition and data
loss is also very low.
2. The received signal is exact replica of the transmitting signal
without any distortion loss
3. PCM can encode the data.
4. Multiplexing of signals can also be done using pulse code
modulation. Multiplexing is nothing for adding the different
signals and transmitting the signal at same time.
5. Pulse code modulation permits the use of pulse regeneration.
6. PCM can be used in storing data
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Fiber optical splicing Testing of optical fiber

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Fiber optical splicing Testing of optical fiber

Objectives: • define splicing • state the related tools used along with splicer
• define testing • state the different procedures followed for testing
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Introduction Splicing is the process of joining two ends of optical fiber using electric
arc or mechanical means.
In practice, to cover larger distance and as well as to repair the OFC
cuts, joints have to be made i.e. OFC hasto be joined. This joining is
called as splicing.
Fiber splicing is a complicated procedure and requires skilled
manpower to achieve. We should completely clean off the gel
component when the cable end is stripped for termination.
The necessary tools and accessories for splicing are splicing machine,
cleaver, cable cutter, iso-propyl alcohol and tissue paper

Related tools Splicing machine: A special machine which is used to join the fiber
used along usingfusion technique.
with splicer Clever (diamond cutter): It is used to cut optical fiber perpendicular
to cable axisexactly by 90 degrees.
Multipurpose cutter (stripper): It is used to remove primary
coating of fiber.
Iso-propyl alcohol, acetone and tissue paper: It is used to clean the
dust of fiber before splicing.

Basic steps to Step 1

complete a Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes,
proper fusion strength members, etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main
splicing concern here is cleanliness.

Step 2
Cleave the fiber - Using a good fiber cleaver that is essential for a
successful fusion splicing. The cleaved end must be mirror-smooth and
perpendicular to the fiber axis to obtain a proper splice. These cleavers
can consistently producing a cleave angle of 0.5 degree or less

Step 3
Fuse the fiber - There are two steps within this step, alignment and
heating. Alignment can be manual or automatic depending on what
equipment you have. The higher priced equipment you use, the more
accurate thealignment becomes. Once properly aligned the fusion
splicer unit then uses an electrical arc to melt both the fiber ends
joined together permanently.
 Step 4
Protect the fiber - Protecting the fiber from bending and tensile
forces will ensure the splice not break during normal handling. A
typical fusion splice has a tensile strength between 0.5 and 1.5 lbs and
will not break during normal handling but it still requires protection
from excessive bending and pulling forces. Using heat shrink tubing,
silicone gel and/or mechanical crimp protectors will keep the splice
protected from outside elements and breakage.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: - Introduction of panel meter

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Introduction of panel meter

Objectives: • explain analog panel meter • explain digital panel meter
• describe the working of a seven segment display • state the types of seven segment display.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

INTRODUCTION Panel meters are instruments that display an input signal in analog or
digital form. These are available in two types as
Analog panel meter (APM)
Digital panel meter (DPM)

An analog panel meter uses a moving pointer and a dialto display

Analog Panel information, and works on either the band or the jewel and pivot
Meter (APM) method. A taud band device uses a pointer suspended between two
ribbons of metal. Able to withstand high-shock. It generally
measures direct current (DC). The less accurate pivot and jewel unit
has a coil and pointer supported by polished steel, which fits into
two jewel bearings. Better at withstanding vibration, it typically
measures alternating current (AC).
An analog panel meter is more economical than its digital
counterpart, but it is less accurate. Non-linear movement can
produce errors, and the small meter screen can be difficult to
interpret. It typically displays one value, however,so it's considered
quicker to read. Analog meters are useful when relative change is
more important than absolute accuracy.
Digital Panel
A digital panel meter is used to measure and display all types of
Meter (DPM)
processes and electrical variables, voltage current, flow, speed,
etc. It has a bright LED display that presents information in an Fig 2
alphanumerical format with little or no ambiguity. Many digital
panel meters can accept multiple inputs and have adjustable or bar
graph displays that allow users to easily switch between these
inputs. Displays may also have totalizing, recording, conditioning,
or other functional capabilities.

Digital panel meter have two types of displays

LED Display
LCD display
Digital panel meters are available in LED or LCD display. LED
(Light Emitting Diode) display is the easiest to see even in small
character heights and is available in colour. LCD (liquid Crystal
Display) can be either unlighted "transflective" that depends on
 ambient lighting or back lighted and can be hard to read at certain
angles and lighting. Since Digital Panel Meters actually measure
voltages in discrete steps, all inputs must be scaled to match the
full count range of the meter. A 3 digit digital panel meter has a
count range of 0-999 where a 3½ digitdoubles the count to 1999 for
very little extra electronicscircuits. Scaling for the Digital Panel
Meters isaccomplished by using a voltage divider usually dividing
down the input by a factor of 10, 100, 1000 although there are other
factors used.
Visual display of decimal digits (0, 1, 2, ---, 8, 9) is an important
task. In 1970's nixie tube were used but now LCD and LED panels
are used for this purpose. Decimal digit can be displayed by using
Seven Segment Display(SSD) unit. If alphabets are also included
with the decimal digits then the same is called Alpha numeric
display.
Working of seven
segment display Seven segment display works by glowing the respective LEDS in
the number. The display is controlled using pins that are left
freely. Forward biasing of these pins in a sequence will display
the particular number or alphabet. Depending on the type of seven
segments the segment pins are applied with logic high or logic
zero.
For example to display Number '1' segments b and c are to be
switched on and the remaining segments are required to be
switched off. In order to display two digits two seven segments
Types of seven- are used.
segment display There are two important types of 7-segment LED display.
1 Common Anode (CA) Seven-segment
2 Common Cathode (CC) Seven-segment

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Alphanumeric LED display

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN
Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Alphanumeric LED display

Objectives: • explain the alphanumeric LED display
• describe the alphanumeric LED display pinout details.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Alphanumeric • Seven-segment displays are capable to display only numbers
LED display from 0-9 and few alphabets.
• A ‘Starburst’ alphanumeric displays with 14-segment and 16-
segment (Ignoring the DP) LED displays as shown in fig.1, can
able display the alphanumeric characters. Starburst displays
provide an economical way of showing the full 26-character
roman alphabet in upper case, as well as the numerals 0 to 9.
• Alphanumeric display is an expansion of the common seven
segment display, having an additional four diagonal and two
vertical segments with the middle horizontal segment broken
in half.
• The difference between the 14-segment and the 16- segment
digit types is that the top and bottom bar is
Split on the 16-segment digit, improving the appearance of
some characters.
Pin out details • The pin out details of single alphanumeric display
Pin No. Segment Pin No. Segment
1 A1 10 DP
Alphanumeric 2 A2 11 M
LED - PINOUT 3 J 12 L
details
4 H 13 C
5 F 14 G1
6 E 15 G2
7 N 16 B
8 D1 17 K
9 D2 18 +V
Small display use one dice per display segment, while large
displays may use two or more dice per segment to spread the
light effectively and show reasonably uniform intensity across
the segment
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
NEXT LESSON: Display decoder/driver

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Display decoder/driver

Objectives: • explain the display decoder/driver • explain the binary to decimal decoder
• describe different methods of driving the seven segment display.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Display decoder
Display decoder is a device which converts one digital format into
another digital format. One of the most commonly used devices for
doing this is called Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) to Seven- Segment
Display (SSD) decoder.
It can be seen that to display any single digit number from 0 to 9 in
binary or letters from A to F in hexadecimal, we would require 7
separate segment connections plus one additional connection for the
LED's "common" connection. Also as the segments are basically a
standard light emitting diode, the driving circuit would need to
produce up to 20mA of current to illuminate each individual
segment. To display the number 8, all 7 segments would need to be lit
resulting a total current of nearly 140mA.

Binary Coded Binary-coded decimal (BCD) or packet decimal is a class of binary

Decimal (BCD) encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is
represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight.
Special bit patterns are sometimes used as a sign for other
indications.

BCD to Seven- BCD numbers only range from 0 to 9, with the binary number
segment display patterns of 1010 through to 1111 (A to F) beinginvalid inputs for
decoder this type of display and so are not used
An example of the 4-bit BCD input ( 0100 ) representingthe number
4 BCD to seven segment display decoder is a circuit used to convert
the input BCD into a form suitable for the display. It has four input
lines A, B, C and D and 7 output lines a, b, c, d, e, f and g as shown in
Fig 1. Considering common cathode type of arrangement, the truth
table forthe decoder can be given

Driving a 7- 7-segment display can be thought of as a single display, it is still

segment display seven individual LEDs within a single package and as such these
LEDs need protection from over current. LEDs produce light only
when it is forward biased with the amount of light emitted being
proportional to theforward current.
 The following methods are practiced to drive the seven
segments.
1 Driving a seven segment display with resistor
2 Driving a seven segment display with transistor
3 Driving a seven segment display with integrated circuit(IC)

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Multiplexing IC 7106/IC 7107

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Multiplexing IC 7106/IC 7107

Objectives: • describe the concept of multiplexing • state the advantages of multiplexing
• List out the IC7106/IC7107 pin diagram
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Multiplexing A Multiplexer is a device that allows one of several analog or digital
input signals which are to be selected and transmits the input that
is selected into a single medium. Multiplexer is also known as data
selector. Multiplexer is abbreviated as MUX as show in Fig 1. MUX
sends digital or analog signals at higher speed on a single line in
one shared device. It recovers the separate signals at the receiving
end. The multiplexer boosts or amplifies the information that later
transferred over network within a particular bandwidth and time.
Multiplexer takes 4 input lines and diverts them to single output
line. The signal from 4 different devices is combined and carried
by this single line. At the receiving side, a demultiplexer takes this
signal from a single line and breaks it into the original signals and
passes them to the 4 different receivers

1. It reduces number of wires

Advantages of 2. It reduces circuit complexity and cost
multiplexing 3. It simplifies logic design
4. We can implement many combinational circuits using MUX
5. It does not need K-maps and simplification

This device can be used in wide range of digital panel meter

Applications application such as the measurement of pressure, voltage, resistance,
temperature, current, speed, materialthickness and conductance.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: - IC 7107/7106 working and configurations

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - IC 7107/7106 working and configurations

Objectives: • explain working of IC 7107/ IC 7106 based voltmeter
• List out common parameters.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Application IC 7106 and IC 7107 are 3½ digit low power consumingA/D converters.
circuits Can possible to design panel meter byusing about 10 external components
and display the result.
Typical test circuit of IC 7106 and IC 7107

Working of The measuring voltage is applied at pin 31 and 32 through capacitor C5

circuit and resistor R5. The resistor R5 andcapacitor C5 are used to set the internal
oscillator (clock)frequency at 48Hz, clock rate at which there will be three
readings per second.
The errors due to internal reference voltage can be by using capacitor C1
connected at pin 33 and 34. It can helpto keep display in steady state. The
resistor R2 and capacitor C2 are used for integration of input measuring
voltage for sampling and prevent division of input voltage and it helps to
work circuit faster. It reduces the errors socircuit works more reliable.
If there is no voltage at the input of the circuit, then the capacitor forces
the device to display zero using R1 andR4. The current through the displays
can be controlled toprovide sufficient current for brightness without any
overcurrent using the resistor R6. IC 7107 is capable of drivingfour LED
displays in which first three are used to displaynumbers from 0 to 9 and
the most significant LEDsegment is used only to display number 1 or "-"
sign if thevoltage is negative. The entire supply to the circuit is given
through dual DC supply of +5V at pin 1, 0V at pin 21,and -5V at pin 26 of IC
7107

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Liquid Crystal Display

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Liquid Crystal Display

Objectives: • explain the working principle of LCD • compare different LCD panel size
• List the LCD decoder/driver IC
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Liquid Crystal LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display, which is used toshow status of an
Display (LCD) application, display values, debugging a program- etc.,

Basics of LCD The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of having low
Displays power consumption than the LED. It is typicallyof the order of microwatts
for the display in comparisonto some order of mill watts for LEDs. Low
power consumption requirement has made it compatible with MOS
integrated logic circuit. Its other advantages are itslow cost, and good
contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDs are additional requirement of light
source, a limited temperature range of operation (between 0 and 60°C),
low reliability, short operating life, poor visibility in low ambient
lighting, slow speed and the need for an AC drive.
Principles of The main principle behind liquid crystal molecules is that when an electric
working of current is applied to them, they tend to Untwist. This causes a change in
LCD the light angle passingthrough them. This causes a change in the angle
of thetop polarizing filter with respect to it. So little light is allowed to
pass through that particular area of LCD, thus that area becomes darker
comparing to others For makingan LCD screen, a reflective mirror has to
be setup in theback.
Different Alphanumeric LCD Display Sizes TextLCD::LCD16x2 16x2 LCD panel
LCD panel (default) TextLCD::LCD16x2B 16x2 LCD panel alternateaddressing
sizes TextLCD::LCD20x2 20x2 LCD panelTextLCD::LCD20x4 20x4 LCD
panel
A decoder / driver IC is necessary for the conversion ofBCD digits into a
Decoder / signal which is capable to energize segments of LCD display unit. The
Driver IC BCD digits are in nipple form, whereas LCD display panel required a
used in LCD seven bit signal for seven segment display. A number ofdecoder /Driver
ICs have been developed for this purposesuch as M7211AM, MM5483,
and MM145453 etc.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Scrolling display

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Scrolling display

Objectives: • explain the functions of dot matrix LED display
• describe the operation and application of scrolling display.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Introduction  We normally use a simple static LED display screento convey Fig 1
a message. Earlier, when we want to display large and
lengthier data, we used to changemessage for every few
instances. Now scrollingdisplays are more preferred to static
 Scrolling means a sliding text or image or video across a
monitor or display. It may be horizontally orvertically.

DOT matrix display  It is a display device used to display information on machines,

clocks, railway departure indicators and many other devices
requiring a simple display device of limited resolution.
 The dot matrix display consists LED lights arranged in rows and
columns of a matrix.

Scrolling display By using a pre-programmed microcontroller, we can make dot

matrix LED display in scrolling. We can also make LED display in
scrolling. We can also make dot matrix LED to adoptable by using PC
controller based system.
 A scrolling message can be used to attract the attentionof viewers.
For example, TV station has used it to announce the breaking
news and companies often use scrolling message on their web
site to highlight breaking news, key products, or special
promotions.
 Scrolling LED display can be implemented in various
methods. Two methods are widely in use,
- Using decade counters and
- Using shift registers.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Voltage and current measurement in DPM

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Voltage and current measurement in DPM

Objectives: • describe the measurement of AC voltage using DPM
• explain the measurement of current using DPM.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Use a Digital Digital Panel Meters (DPMs) are strictly DC meters dueto the digital
Panel Meter circuitry used. Often it is desired to utilize aDPM to measure AC
(DPM) to voltages to take advantage of theimproved accuracy and readability
measure AC of a DPM. This application note will describe the method to
voltage accurately display AC voltage values on a DPM. The full scale rangeof
this DPM is 200 mV. To use the DPM to measure ACvoltages, the AC
voltage must be converted to DC by arectifier diode. The output
from the rectifier diode will bea "pulsed" DC voltage and may
produce undesired fluctuations in the reading on the DPM, so we
will add asmall filter capacitor across the rectified output voltage.
The voltage rating of this capacitor and the rectifier diodemust be high
enough to handle the voltage levels present in the circuit.

When current measurement is required, the current must be

Measuring converted to a voltage if a digital value is to be displayed. This
Current with a application note will describe the method will accurately display DC
Digital Panel current values on a DPM.
Meter (DPM) There are several methods that can be used to convertcurrent to
voltage such as Hall Effect devices and shuntresistors. Since shunt
resistors are the easiest to use andprovide the greatest amount of
accuracy. The shunt resistor is placed in series with the applied
current which causes a voltage drop to occur across the shunt. To
minimize the voltage drop in the circuit, the smallest resistance
value possible should be chosen. This valuedepends on the
maximum current value that will be encountered. For relatively small
current values (below 1 Amp) a 0.1 ohm shunt resistor should perform
adequately.This value will minimize any loading on the circuit but will
still produce a reasonable reading on the DPM.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Switch Mode Power Supply

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Switch Mode Power Supply

Objectives: • state the need for SMPS • describe the basic concept of SMPS
• compare between linear power supply and SMPS
• explain the working principles of different types of SMPS
• List out the advantages and disadvantages of SMPS • state the applications and topologies of SMPS.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Switched-Mode The electronic power supply integrated with the switching regulator
Power Supply for converting the electrical power efficiently from one form to
(SMPS) another form with desired characteristicsis called as switched mode
power supply. This is working on the principle of switching
regulation. It is used to obtain regulated DC output voltage from
unregulated AC or DC input voltage. The SMPS system is highly
reliable, efficient, noiselessand compact because the switching is done
at very high rate in the order of several KHz to MHz.

Need for switch- Many household electrical devices require a supply of voltage which
mode power is both constant and well regulated, but the voltage which comes from
supplies power outlets are noisy AC voltages. The power from such outlet
needs to be managed by electronic circuits which are generally
referred to as power supplies, even though the power comes from
the outlets.

Basic concept of The basic concept of SMPS is the regulation by using aswitching
SMPS regulator. SMPS uses a series switching element that turns the
current supply to a smoothing capacitor on and off.
The switching element is turned on is controlled by the voltage on
the capacitor. If it is higher than required, theseries switching
element is turned off, if it is lower thanrequired, it is turned on.

Working principles The block diagram of SMPS with an AC input and a regulated DC
of SMPS output.
 AC input sectionInput filter
 Rectifier
 Power section
 Output section
 Control section

Advantages  Higher efficiency, smaller size, lighter weight.

 Heat dissipation is very low.
 Wide AC input voltage range. (Ex. 90V-270V)
 High precision voltage regulation.
 Low output noise ripple.
 Strong protection function. (Ex. Short circuit in output)
Disadvantages  Complexity of the circuit.
 Line fitter is necessary to avoid EMI.
 Non-PFC SMPS cause harmonic distortion.
 Serving of SMPS is very difficult.

 Personal computers
Applications of  Battery chargers
SMPS  Central power distribution
 Vehicles (Electric bike vehicle & space vehicles)
 Consumer electronics
 Lighting
 Space station

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: SMPS used in personal computers

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - SMPS used in personal computers

Objectives: • explain SMPS and different types of SMPS used in PC
• explain different types of connectors used in personal computer SMPS
• discuss the need of ATX SMPS in PC • explain the functions of SMPS used in PC
• explain the working of PWM IC • differentiate between AT and ATX type SMPS.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

SMPS used in PC Switch Mode Power Supply of a PC is housed in a metal box. It consists
of an electronic circuit board, a fan, ACpower sockets, power supply
interface connectors for motherboard, hard disk drive and floppy
disk drive. ACpower switch is connected as an optional item to the
power cable from the SMPS.

Basic connectors 20 + 4 Pin ATX / Motherboard connectorCPU 4 + 4 Pin connector

in PC SMPS SATA power connectorFloppy 4 pin connector
Peripheral 4 pin molex connector PCI-e 6 pin/PCI-e 8 pin
connector.

ATX SMPS ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. Theyhad 20pin
Power connector, this is called as ATX powerconnector. They were
used in Pentium-III, Pentium-IV and AMD CPUs Fig 3

Voltages of SMPS AT ATX BTX

power connector
Red +5V +5V +5V
Yellow +12V +12V +12V
Blue -12V -12V -12V
White -5V -5V -5V
Black 0V 0V 0V
Orange +5V +3.3V +3.3V
Green --- +5V +5V
Gray or Brown --- +5V +5V
Purple --- +5V +5V

Function of SMPS AC line input is rectified and converted to DC voltage. The DC

in PC voltage is switched at high frequency nearly 20KHz. The switched
voltage is fed to the high frequencystep down transformer. The
output of the transformer isrectified and energy is stored in an
inductor and smoothened by a capacitor. The switching period (pulse
width) is controlled by the feed back given to the controllersection.
Power switching transistors ON time is varied according to the load.
When the load increases the output voltage tends to drop. This drop
 in voltage is fedas the error signal to power controller which
increases the ON period of switching pulses.

Working of PWM Most widely used PWM IC in a PC SMPS is TL 494. Fig 28 shows the
(Pulse Width pin details and functional details of IC
Modulation) IC TL 494. The IC contains an oscillator circuit with external resistor and
494in PC SMPS capacitor. A 5 volt reference is available forfeedback control. Two
error amplifiers are used to control pulse width and current limit.

Difference AT power supply does not have soft start option.AT power supply
between AT & does not generate 3.3V DC.
ATX power AT motherboard supply connectors come with 2x6 pinconnection.
supply ATX power supply has a soft start.
ATX power supply does not shut down completely. Alwaysthe ATX
power supply gives 5 volt to the mother board ATX power supply
generates a 3.3V DC for the processor core voltage.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: - DC-DC converter

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - DC-DC converter

Objectives: • state chopper and types of chopper
• explain the principle of chopper operation and classifications
• compare step-down and step-up chopper • list the application of chopper
• Explain the working of buck converter, boost converter and buck-boost converter

Aids: Black Board, Chalk

Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Introduction to A DC-to-DC converter (chopper) is an electronic circuit that converts
DC-to-DC one DC voltage level to another, which maybe higher or lower by
converter storing the input energy temporarilyand then releasing that energy to
the output at a differentvoltage. The storage may be either magnetic
fieldstorage (Inductors) or electric field storage

Choppers A chopper is basically a dc to dc converter whose mainfunction is to

create adjustable dc voltage from fixed dcvoltage sources through
the use of semiconductors.

There are two types of choppers - AC and DC.

Types of AC Link Chopper (Fig 2)
choppers DC Chopper

A chopper is a high speed on/off semiconductor switch.Source to

Principle of load connection and disconnection from loadto source happens in a
chopper rapid manner. In figure, a chopped load voltage can be obtained from
operation a constant dcsupply of voltage, which has a magnitude Vs. Chopper is
represented by 'SW' inside a dotted square which can be turned ON or
OFF

 Switched mode power supplies, including DC to DC

converters in computers
Applications  Speed controllers for DC motors
 Class D Electronic amplifiers
 Switched capacitor filters
 Variable-frequency drives
 D.C. voltage boosting
 Battery-operated electric cars
 Battery-operated appliances
 Battery chargers10
 Subway cars
 Trolley buses
 Battery-operated vehicles
 Solar energy conversion & wind energy conversion14
  Air planes and spaceships
 On-board regulated DC power supplies
 Commercial electronics & Electronic instruments

The buck converter is used in SMPS circuits where the DC output

voltage needs to be lower than the DC input voltage.
The buck The switching transistor between the input and output of the buck
converter converter continually switches ON and OFF at high frequency. To
maintain a continuous output, the circuit uses the energy stored in
the inductor L, during the ON periods of the switching transistor, to
continue supplying the load during the OFF periods. The circuit
operation also called a flywheel circuit.

The basic circuit of a Boost converter. The switching transistor is a

power MOSFET, both Bipolar power transistors and MOSFETs are
used in power switching. The rest of the components are the same
Boost converter as those used in the buck converter except that their positions have
been re-arranged

A Buck-Boost converter is a type of switched mode power supply

that combines the principles of the Buck Converter and the Boost
converter in a single circuit.
Buck-boost The Buck converter produces a DC output in a range from 0V to just
converters less than the input voltage. The boost converter will produce an
output voltage ranging from the same voltage as the input, to a level
much higher than the input.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Stabilizers

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Stabilizers
Objectives: • discuss about the power conditioning required in electrical appliances
• describe about the voltage stabilizer and its types
• explain the working principle of voltage stabilizer
• explain about constant voltage transformer • describe the working of servo voltage stabilizer.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Introduction Electrical appliances and equipment require definite inputvoltage for their
smooth operation. For single phase equipment the magnitude of input
voltage is 220 volt and frequency is 50Hz. Six percent variation in voltage
and three percent variation in frequency is tolerable. Input voltage
should be between 216 and 244 volt and frequencyshould be between 48.5
Hz and 51.5 Hz. Variation beyond these limits are harmful for
equipment. In realityvoltage as low as 170 volt or even lower than and
as high as280 or even more are observed.

A voltage stabilizer stabilizes voltage. Mains AC voltage is the input to the

Voltage voltage stabilizer and nearly constantvoltage of 220 volt is the output from
stabilizer the voltage stabilizer. A voltage stabilizer senses the input voltage and
compares whether the input voltage is equal to the desired voltageof 220
volt. If the input is different from 220 volt, some action is initiated to
adjust the voltage to 220 volt. Loadsare connected to the output of the
voltage stabilizer. Voltage stabilizer supplies nearly constant voltage even
when the input voltage and load varies. The capacity ofa voltage
stabilizer is expressed in Volt Ampere (VA).
Voltage stabilizers can be classified as
Manual voltage stabilizer
Automatic voltage stabilizer
Constant voltage transformer (CVT)
Servo voltage stabilizer

Working of The Fig 7 below shows the working model of a voltage stabilizer that
voltage contains a step-down transformer (usuallyprovided with taps on
stabilizer secondary), rectifier, operational amplifier/microcontroller unit and set
of relays.
In this, op-amps are tuned in such way that they could sense various set
voltages such as lower cut off voltage,boost condition voltage, normal
operating voltage, higher cut off voltage and buck operating voltages.
A set of relays are connected in a manner that they tripsthe load circuit
during higher and lower cut off voltagesand also they switch buck and
boost voltages to the load circuit.

Constant The parts of a constant voltage transformer are

Voltage Transformer
Transformer Capacitor
(CVT) Inductor
 The capacitor is connected in parallel with the primary winding and the
inductor is connected in series with theprimary winding of the
transformer. Output is taken fromthe secondary. The working of a CVT is
based on ferroresonance. Ferroresonance is an interaction between
capacitor and iron core inductor and occurs when the capacitive
reactance is equal to the inductive reactance. The voltage across capacitor
becomes high and high amount of current flows through the primary
winding. The transformer core gets saturated.

A servo voltage stabilizer continuously senses and monitors the voltage.

Servo voltage Whenever the output voltage differsfrom the desired voltage of 220 volt,
stabilizer it generates controlsignal to automatically adjust the output to the
desired value of 220 volt. A servo voltage stabilizer uses a servomotor
mechanism and continuously adjusts the output voltage. Servo voltage
stabilizers are normally available with power rating more than 1KVA.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Inverter and principle - SMPS and inverter

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Inverter and principle - SMPS and inverter

Objectives: • describe the basic concept of inverter
• explain principle of operation of inverter • explain the functional blocks of inverter
• state the installation procedure of inverter • classify the types of inverter
• state the applications of inverter.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Definition Converts DC to AC power by switching the DC input voltage (or
current) in a pre-determined sequence so asto generate AC voltage
(or current) output. Circuitry that performs the opposite function of
rectifier,converting DC to AC, is called an inverter.
The input voltage, output voltage, output frequency, and overall power
handling depends on the design of the specific device or circuitry of
inverter. The inverter doesnot produce any power; it only converts
the DC batterypower into AC power to load.

Principle of Inverter unit converts AC mains supply into DC and stores DC

operation power in the battery. When AC mains present(Mains mode) the
input AC power is directly passes to output load through changeover
relay. When the absenceof AC mains (inverter mode), DC power
stored in the battery is converted into AC by the use of electronic
circuits, inverter transformer, etc. and is supplied to the load.

Block diagram The simplified block diagram of the inverter is shown infig.2. AC
representation mains supply is connected to the sensing section, which senses the
presence of AC input voltageand activates the battery charging
section through the solid-state relay. During the presence of AC
mains, ACsupply directly goes to the output socket and to the
connected load.
In the absence of AC mains supply, the AC mains sensing section
activates the changeover type solid- state relay in milli-seconds time
and connects the battery supply to the oscillator, driver and output
chopper/ switching sections to produce the 50Hz sine wave.
The oscillator generates trigger pulses and amplified bythe driver
section, which controls the duty cycle of the semiconductor
switches.

Installation of an Power rating and calculation: Inverter power is rated inVA or KVA.
inverter Before purchasing the inverter, power consumption of
load/appliances that is to be connectedwith inverter is to be
calculated

Selection of location
The first thing is selection of suitable location for placingthe inverter.
 While choosing the location the following points are to be
considered for better operation;
 Make sure the inverter is not placed near any hazardous or
flammable materials.
 It must also not be exposed to moisture or water.
 The selected location must be away from direct sunlightand is a
dry area.
 It must be placed in an area near the main board of house.
Mounting the inverter
An inverter can be mounted horizontally either on a vertical surface
or on or under a horizontal surface as well. Inverter is always placed
on the insulation materiallike wood, foam or hard broad.
Battery installation
There are two main families of batteries used in inverters
Nickel - cadmium batteries
Lead - acid batteries
Most commonly liquid or pasted (SMF - Sealed Maintenance Free)
Lead-acid batteries are using.
Before connecting the new battery to inverter, battery isto be
charged fully, otherwise its life and backup time will be reduced.
While connecting the batteries the polarity of the batteryand the
inverter terminals should exactly match i.e. positive and negative to
negative.
During charging/discharging of batteries, oxygen and hydrogen gas
produced due to chemical reactions in the batteries and hence a vent
hole will be there in the top up cap.
For liquid type batteries, distilled or demineralized water is to be
added periodically with the electrolyte for maintaining the specific
gravity of electrolyte between 1.260-1.280 (Fully charged battery).
Inverter wiring
The input connector of the inverter is connected with theAC mains
supply and the AC output of the inverter is connected to the
electrical/electronic appliances which is called inverter load. Always
the connected load should be less than the VA capacity of the
inverter. It is important to note that the neutral connection of the
inverter output is directed connected with the neutral wire of AC
mains supply as shown in fig.4.
Earthing
In an inverter installation proper earthing is essential because,
It protects the user against electric shock
It protects the inverter in case of an electric short - circuit
It completes the battery’s circuit in the cases of vehicleslike car, bike,
etc.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Inverter and principle of operation

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________
TITLE: - Inverter and principle of operation
Objectives: • explain the working of the Inverter circuit
• explain the working principle of Microcontroller based Inverter
• State common inverter problems and solutions.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Working of The simple circuit diagram of DC or AC Inverter
Inverter circuit It comprises of the following sections;
Battery charger section: The 230V, 50Hz, AC mains supply is applied to
the step- down transformer where the step-down transformer wherethe
input AC high voltage is reduced to 15V AC low voltage.
Battery: A 12V liquid type or SMF lead-acid battery is connectedto the
output of charger section and battery gets chargedsteadily.
PWM section: CA3524 is a 16 pin Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) IC. It
generates trigger pulses at pin 11 & 14 which is appliedto the gate
terminals of semiconductor switch MOSFET1 & 2 respectively through
a bias resistors.
Inverter switching/Chopping section: The bias DC voltage for
MOSFETs are obtained from thebattery through the center tapped
primary of the outputtransformer.
Sensing/feedback section: Portion of AC voltage is fed to the sensing
section, where it is rectified into DC. This feedback voltage is sent to
PWM IC as sensing voltage and compared with the reference voltage in
order to control the duty cycle.

Microcontroller The major sections of a modern inverter producing puresine wave,

based inverter designed using the simple electronic devices to the complex embedded
microcontrollers. Under mains mode, the solid-state changeover relay
passes the AC input voltage directly to the output and allows charging of
the battery.
Under inverter mode, the absence of AC mains voltageis sensed by the
solid-sate relay and microcontrollerinverter section is acutated. The
microcontroller, which is a part of the inverter section, generates the
triggerpulse to the gate driver input to the MOSFET switchingdevices.
The battery voltage is first chopped using high frequency PWM and
switching device, (generally 3KHz to 20KHz) to produce an AC waveform.
The ironcored step-up transformer boosts the 12V chopped waveform
to 220V, 50Hz AC output waveform.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
NEXT LESSON:

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Uninterruptible Power Supply

Objectives: • state the need of UPS • differentiate inverter and UPS
• explain the block diagram of UPS
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
Uninterruptible An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a
Power Supply computer to keep running for at least a short time when the primary
(UPS) power source is lost. It also provides protection from power surges.

Need of UPS An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is used to protect critical loads
from mains supply problems, including spikes, voltage drops, and
fluctuations and complete powerfailures using a dedicated battery.
A surge protector (or surge suppressor or surge diverter)is an
appliance or device designed to protect electrical devices from
voltage spikes.

Block diagram of The simplified block diagram of UPS In UPS, the AC from the mains
UPS power is transformed to DC. This DC is continuously charging the
battery. The DC output from the battery is fed to inverter that converts
it into AC output and supplies to the equipment.
Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which
flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.
Battery
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells
with external connections provided, to power electrical devices.
Inverter
Inverter is an electronic circuit that converts low voltageDC into high
voltage AC power. In solar-electric systems, an inverter may take the
12, 24, or 48 volts DC and convert to 230 volts AC, conventional
household power.
The main power AC is supplied to the inverter, and it istransformed
into DC simultaneously, which keeps charging the battery
continuously. There is a sensor and relay structure that always
monitors the ON or OFF status of the main supply.
Static transfer switch
Static transfer switches (STS) are such electrical devices which are used
for very fast switching between electrical power sources. It is used in
UPS immediately switch main power supply, to its stored backup
power.
They perform instantaneous switching operations and thus supply
immediate power to the load.
 Sl. Parameters Inverter UPS
Difference No.
between Inverter 1. Back-up time In inverter, the back up In UPS, the back up time
and UPS time is of
not rapid. So the power supply is rapid.
computers may It will
break down or data not make any computer
loss. crash
or loss of data.
2. Technical The power is The AC is changed into
variation consistently drawn DC.
from battery. This DC helps to charge
the
battery.
3. Time delay 500 ms 3 to 8 ms

4. Connection The inverter connected UPS directly connected

to main to
power supply for different application
providing such as
electricity to different computer, printers, etc.
applications
such as fan, lights, etc.
5. Price Low High

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Types of UPS

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN
Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Types of UPS

Objectives: • list different types of UPS
• compare On-line, Off-line and line interactive types of UPS
• State specification of UPS, power factor, calculating battery back-up
• explain types of indications and protection.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Different types  ON line UPS
of UPS  OFF line UPS
 Line interactive UPS

Comparison Off-Line UPS: Off-line UPS passes the input AC to the output
between Off- sockets if the AC power is available. It always monitor the voltage
line, On-line level in the mains, and if there is a voltage drop or mains failure, it
and LINE- switches ON the inverter to give AC power to thedevice until the
interactive UPS mains supply returns to normal. The switch over time from AC
to inverter AC is less than five miliseconds so that the functioning
of the equipment isnot affected.
On-Line UPS: On-Line UPS uses an inverter which always ON to
givesine wave AC to the output socket. The incoming AC is first
converted into DC to charge the battery as wll as togive power to
the inverter. The inverter converts the DCto AC continuously to
power the load. If power fails, thebattery backup circuit
switches ON and takes the load. Online UPS is more efficient
than the Offline UPS and uses a "constant duty inverter".
Line-interactive UPS: Line-interactive UPS system use
automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to correct abnormal
voltages without switching to battery. The UPS detects when
voltage crosses a preset low or high threshold value and uses
transformers to boost or lower the voltage by a set amount to
return it to the acceptable range.
Types of Front panel Indicators
indications and On-Line AVR Trim AVR boost ON battery Overload
protections
Replace battery
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON:

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LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - UPS circuit description and working

Objectives: • describe working of UPS circuit • explain controller circuit
• explain the working of On-Line UPS using PIC micro controller, charging circuit, alarm circuit and
indicator circuit • explain 3∅ UPS, types and specification of 3∅ UPS
• compare single phase and three phase UPS • explain different methods of battery installation
• explain earthing and types of earthing
• describe three point/four point method of measurement of earth resistance
• discuss about the maintenance of batteries used in inverter
• List out the probable faults and rectification of UPS.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Uninterruptible The circuit drawn pertains to a regular industrial UPS
power supply (Uninterruptible Power Supply), which shows how the batteries
(UPS) : Circuit take control during an in electrical supplyvariation beyond the
description and normal limits of the voltage line, without disruption on the
working operation providing a steady regulated output (5V by LM7805) and
an unregulated supply. (12V).
The input to the primary winding of the transformer (TR1)is 240V.
The secondary winding can be 15 volts if the value is atleast 12
volts running 2 amp. The fuse(FS1)acts as a mini circuit for
protection against short circuits,or a defective battery cell. The
presence of electricity willcause the LED 1 to light. The circuit is
designed to offermore flexible pattern wherein it can be customized
by using different regulators and batteries to produce regulated and
unregulated voltages. Utilizing two 12 volt batteries in series and a
positive input 7815 regulator, can control a 15V supply.
UPS are generally categorized as:
Standby - battery backup and surge protection
Line interactive - variable - voltage transformer and regulates the
output AC voltage.

Digital control of Uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS) are necessary for all
an UPS applications where electronic systemshave to work also in case of
power failure (i.e. computercenters, hospital equipment,
communication equipment etc.). Many mainframe computers are fed
by UPS systems.
UPS systems conventionally consist of a synchronous generator, a
fly-wheel for short-time energy storage anda battery powered motor
or diesel engine.
By progress in power electronics static power converters can be
realized, especially for mid-range output power (i.e. 5 - 50 kVA). In
recent times there is increasing demand for UPS systems with low-
distortion output voltages and sinusoidal input currents. Even at
non- linear loads producing output currents with high harmonic
content, sinusoidal output voltage is required. Due to this, even at
 unsymmetrical loads a static inverters can be better than rotary
converters.

Block diagram of On-Line uninterruptible power supply (UPS) offers AC voltage

On-Line UPS regulation with the controllable battery charger.The battery is Lead
using PIC micro Acid Type battery. The charge controltechnique used for battery is
controller constant current chargingtechnique. The constant current is
achieved by limiting the duty cycle of charger (or step-down
chopper). In protection of battery over charge and battery under
discharge is available with relay trip through PIC 16F877A
microcontroller by monitoring voltages on continuous basis. The
backup of battery takes place the load without spikes or delay when
the mains power gets fails or interrupted. Based upon the constant
current charging technique, a digital charger is designed and is
control through PIC 16F877A microcontroller software. The
inverter is simple square wave inverter.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Circuit description for inverter

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Circuit description for inverter

Objectives: Battery charger circuit Alarm circuit
Indicator circuit (Battery level indicator)
Three Phase Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Introduction
Types of three phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

Aids: Black Board, Chalk

Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Circuit The push-pull configuration of inverter is used for designing of
description for inverter for On-Line UPS. For switching operation MOSFET
inverter Switches IRFP150 are used. For that MOSFET switches MOSFET
driver IR2110 is used.The output from pin 33 and 34 as PWM
waveforms arefed to pin 5 and pin 7 of the level shifter CD4504. The
levelshifter shifts voltages from +5 V to +12 V (low to high). The 12
V output from level shifter CD4504 is fed to pin 10and pin 12 of
MOSFET driver IR2110. The power supply for MOSFET driver IR2110
is connected at pin 6 which is as shown in Fig 12. When one switch is
ON at that timeother switch is OFF, therefore dead band circuit is
not required for push-pull arrangement of inverter. For MOSFET
diver IR2110, isolated power supply is not required because sources
of both the MOSFET switches are grounded. The resistor connected at
gate of MOSFETis used for current limiting. The capacitors
connected across the MOSFET switches are used for snubbing.

Battery charger Battery charger circuit using IC LM 317 provides the correct
circuit charging voltage for the battery. A battery must becharged with 1/10
it’s AH value. This charging circuit is designed based on this fact. The
charging current for thebattery is controlled by Q1, R1, R4 and R5.
PotentiometerR5 can be used to set the charging current. As the battery
gets charged the current through R1 increases .This changes the
conduction of Q1.Since collector of Q1 is connected to adjust pin of
IC LM 317 the voltage at theoutput of LM 317 increases. When battery
is fully chargedcharger circuit reduces the charging current and this
mode is called trickle charging mode.

Alarm circuit A simple mains power failure alarm/detector circuit that produces
an alarm whenever the mains supply fails. Lotof such circuits are
available, but the peculiarity of this circuit is that it requires no
backup power source like abattery to power the alarm when the
mains is absent
When there is mains supply the transistor Q1 (BC558) will be OFF and
the capacitor C1 will be charged. When themains supply fails the
transistor Q1 becomes ON and the capacitor C1 discharges through
the Q1 to drive the buzzer to produce an alarm. The capacitor C2 is
the filtercapacitor for the bridge. Diode D2 prevents the discharge of
the C2 when mains fails. If D2 is not there, the alarmswill remain
silent for a time capacitor C2 to fully dischargeafter the power failure.
Indicator circuit This battery level indicator offers five LEDs that light up
(Battery level progressively as the voltage increases: These five LEDs show the
indicator) approximate charge of the battery in percentage;each LED represents
approximately a 25% charge on thebattery.
Red : Power connected (0%)
Yellow : Greater than 10.5V (25%)
Green 1: Greater than 11.5V (50%)
Green 2: Greater than 12.5V (75%)
Green 3: Greater than 13.5V (100%)

Three Phase 3 phase UPS

Uninterruptible A 3 phase installation uses the full 3 phases which is generated
Power Supplies from the grid. A 3 phase electrical supply comprises of three
(UPS) individual sine waves, and can be installed as either a 3 wires or 3
Introduction wire & neutral configuration. A three phase source would typically
come from a local transformer, with the standard three phase
voltage being 400/415 VAC.
Three phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) operatein
conjunction with existing electrical systems to provide power
conditioning, back-up protection, and distributionfor electronic
equipment loads that use three-phase power. A three phase UPS
also prevents power disturbances such as outages, sags, surges,
spikes, and noise from affecting the performance and life of the
electronic device and data. Selecting three phase uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS) requires an analysisof technology types, product
specifications, and features.
3 phase UPS systems are usually used on larger installations such as
data centers, medical equipment /theatres and large industrial
applications. All 3 phase UPS need installation to a 3 phase
distribution board, which is usually achieved via a bypass switch
facility.

There are three basic types of three phase uninterruptiblepower

Types of three
supplies (UPS):
phase (UPS)
On-line or double-conversion
Line-interactive
Off-line or standby

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Purpose of Earthing

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Purpose of Earthing

Objectives: Purpose of earthing. Conventional methods of earthing

Method for construction of earthing pit. Factors affecting on Earth resistivity
Pipe earthing Vs Plate earthing

Aids: Black Board, Chalk

Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Purpose of Safety for human life/Building/Equipment : To save human life
earthing from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse. It
provides an alternative pathfor the fault current to flow so that it
will not give dangerto the user.
To protect buildings, machinery and appliances under fault
conditions.

Over voltage protection: Lightning, line surges or unintentional

contact with higher voltage lines can cause dangerously high voltages
to the electrical distribution system. Earthing provides an
alternative path around the electrical system to minimize damages in
the System.

Voltage stabilization: There are many sources of electricity. Every

transformercan be considered as a separate source. If there were not a
common reference point for all these voltage sources it would be
extremely difficult to calculate their relationshipsto each other.
The earth is the most important conductive surface, andso it was
adopted in the very beginnings of electrical distribution systems as a
nearly universal standard for all electric systems.

Conventional 1. Plate type earthing

methods of 2. Pipe type earthing
earthing
Method for Excavation on earth for a normal earth pit size is 1.5M x1.5M x 3.0 M.
construction of Use 500 mm x 500 mm x 10 mm GI plate or bigger sizefor more
Earthing pit contact of earth and reduce earth resistance.
Make a mixture of wood coal powder salt and sand all inequal part.
Wood coal powder use as good conductor of electricity,anti-
corrosive, rust proves for GI Plate for long life.
The purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the soilpermanently.
The salt percolates and coal absorbs water keeping thesoil wet.
Care should always be taken by watering the earth pits in summer so
that the pit soil will be wet.
Coal is made of carbon which is good conductor minimizingthe earth
resistant.
Salt used as electrolyte to form conductivity between GIplate coal
and earth with humidity.
Sand has used to form porosity to cycle water andhumidity
around the mixture.
 Put GI Plate (EARTH PLATE) of size 500 mm x 500 mmx 10 mm in
the middle of mixture.
Use double GI strip size 30 mm x 10 mm to connect GIplate to
system earthing.
It will be better to use GI pipe of size 2.5 diameter with aflange on the
top of GI pipe to cover GI strip from EARTHPLATE to top flange.
Cover top of GI pipe with a T joint to avoid jamming of pipe with dust
and mud and also use water time to time through this pipe to
bottom of earth plate.
Maintain less than one Ohm resistance from EARTH PIT conductor to a
distance of 15 Meters around the EARTH PIT with another conductor
dip on the Earth at least 500mm deep.
Check voltage between earth pit conductors to neutral of mains supply
220V AC 50 Hz it should be less than
2.0 volts.

Factors affecting  Soil resistivity

on Earth  Soil condition
resistivity  Moisture
 Dissolved salts
 Climate condition
 Physical composition
 Location of earth pit
 Effect of grain size and its distribution
 Effect of current magnitude
 Area available
 Obstructions
 Current magnitude

Pipe earthing Vs 1. Suppose copper plate having of size 1.2m x 1.2m x 3.15 mm
Plate earthing thick. soil resistivity of 100 ohm-m,
2. The resistance of plate electrode to earth (R)=( r/A) xunder
root(p/A) = (100/2.88) x (3.14/2.88)=36.27 ohm
3. Now, consider a GI pipe electrode of 50 mm diameterand 3 m
Long. soil resistivity of 100 Ohm-m,
4. The resistance of pipe electrode to earth (R) = (100r/2pL) x
loge (4L/d) = (100x100/2x3.14x300) x loge (4x300/5) =
29.09 Ohm.
5. From the above calculation the GI pipe electrode offers a
much lesser resistance than even a copper plate electrode.
6. As per IS 3043 pipe, rod or strip has a much lower resistance
than a plate of equal surface area.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Purpose of Earthing

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Energy sources

Objectives: • define energy • list out the types of energy
• discuss about conventional energy and its types • state renewable energy and its types
• differentiate conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT
HINTS
Energy Energy is one of the most important components of economic
infrastructure.

Main sources The source of energy is following two types.

of energy

Conventional The conventional sources of energy is also called Nonrenewable energy

sources of source. These sources of energy arein limited quantity.
energy The conventional energy sources are classified in two types like
Commercial and non-commercial.

Commercial conventional energy

Coal, petroleum and electricity, these are called commercial energy
because they have a price andconsumer has to pay the price to purchase
them.

 Coal
 Petroleum or oil and natural gases
 Electricity
 Fuel woods
 Hydropower
 Nuclear energy

Non- Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that
conventional are continuously replenished. Thisincludes sunlight, geothermal heat,
Energy or wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be
Renewable exhausted and is constantly renewed.
Energy
 Renewable energy source types
 Solar power
 Hydroelectricity/micro hydro
 Biomass and bio-fuels
 Wind power
 Tidal Energy
 Geothermal

Difference S.No Conventional energy Non conventional energy

between 1. Conventional energy, such as Non-conventional sources of
conventional energy (solar energy,
energy and thermal powers (from coal, tidal energy, geo-thermal
non- petroleum, energy, wind energy etc)
conventional and natural gas), hydel power are not used frequently and in
energy (from high large scale
velocity of running water) are (commercially).
tapped and
used abundantly at present.
2. Their uses are practiced for a Their uses are comparatively
long time. more recent.
3. Except hydel power, the sources But the sources of non-
of conventional energy
thermal power i.e. other are flow-resources. There is
conventional no anxiety for their
energies are non renewable in exhaustion.
nature.
4. Except hydel power, the But the generation of non-
generation of conventional energy
other conventional energy does not produce air pollution.
produces air
pollution.
5. Except hydel power, the other But comparatively, the non-
conventional energy
conventional energy is costly. is much cheaper.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Solar cells (photovoltaic cell)

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Solar cells (photovoltaic cell)

Objectives: • define solar cells • describe working of photovoltaic cell
• explain photovoltaic cell basics • list the types of solar cells
• differentiate mono crystalline and polycrystalline solar panels.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Solar cells or Photovoltaic: Photovoltaic (PV) materials and devicesconvert sunlight
photovoltaic into electrical energy, and PV cells arecommonly known as solar cells.
cell Photovoltaic cells
Photovoltaic (PV) cells, or solar cells, take advantage ofthe photoelectric
effect to produce electricity. PV cells are the building blocks of all PV
systems because theyare the devices that convert sunlight to electricity.

Working Photovoltaic cell consists of high-purity silicon. On the silicon, a PN

principle of (positive-negative) junction was formed asa potential barrier. Photons
photovoltaic falling on the PN junction cause the rise of pairs of opposite electrical
cell or solar charge carriers (electron - hole), which as a result of the presence
cell of PN junction are separated into two different directions.Electrons go to
the semiconductor N and holes go to thesemiconductor P. The voltage will
arise on the junction.Because the separated electrical charges are
redundant carriers, having so called, infinite life and a PN junction voltage
is constant, the junction, on which the light fallsacts as a stable electric
cell.

Photovoltaic Crystalline silicon cells are the most common type, photovoltaic (PV), or
cell basics solar cells, can be made of many semiconductor materials. Each material
has unique strengths and characteristics that influence its suitability for
specific applications. For example, PV cell materialsmay differ based on
the crystallinity, band gap, absorption,and manufacturing complexity

Types of solar There are four types solar cells

cells Monocrystalline silicon solar cell
Polycrystalline (or multi-crystalline) solar cell
Amorphous/thin film solar cell
Hybrid silicon solar cell
Difference
between Sl.No. Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
mono solar panels solar panels
crystalline
and 1. Shape Square with missing square shaped
polycrystallin corners
e solar panels 2. Colour Black Blue / metal shard

3. Efficiency high low

4. Sensitive high low

5. Cost high Low

6. Panel type

7. Cell arrangement One direction Made up of several

bits
8. Angle Correct angle All angle

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Photovoltaic systems materials

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Photovoltaic systems materials

Objectives: • discuss about the photovoltaic system • explain the photovoltaic module or panel
• describe the working of solar panel and photovoltaic array
• differentiate solar cell and module array.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (PV), or solar electric system, is made up ofseveral
system photovoltaic solar cells.
An individual PV cell is usually small, typically producing about 1 or 2
watts of power. To boost the power output
number of PV cells are connected together to form largerunits called
modules. Modules, in turn, can be connected to form even larger units
called arrays, which can be interconnected to produce more power, and
so on. In thisway, PV systems can be built to meet almost any electric
power need, small or large

Photovoltaic A solar module is an individual solar panel - consisting of multiple solar

Module or solar cells, wiring, a frame, and glass. PV or solarmodules are manufactured in
panel standard sizes such as 36-cell, 60-cell and 72-cell modules. The term
solar panel is sometimes used interchangeably with solar module

Photovoltaic or Solar panels work through photovoltaic process - whereradiation energy

solar panel (photo) is absorbed and generates electricity (voltaic).
working Radiation energy is absorbed by semi conductor cells -normally silicon -
and transformed from photo energy (light) into voltaic (electrical
current).
The sun's radiation hits a silicon atom; a photon of light energy is
absorbed and released electrons to create anelectric current.
The electric current then goes to an inverter unit, whichconverts the
current from DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current).

Photovoltaic The system is then connected to the mains power or electricity grid.
array Photovoltaic array is the complete power-generating unit, consisting of
any number of PV modules and panels,as shown in Fig 2.
Photovoltaic The Sun generates photons that stream down to earth asvisible light. Solar
array working cells convert the energy of light directly into electricity. Assemblies of
solar cells are used to make solar modules (or panels). One or more
solar panels are typically put together on a rack that faces thesun called
an array. Some racks have motors that keepthem pointed directly at the
sun as it moves across thesky. The DPU-NEDO racks are fixed and do not
move totrack the sun.
Many racks of solar panels are typically lined up into long columns and
those columns form a large scale Photovoltaic Array, "Solar Array," or
Grid. The array generates direct current (DC) electrical power. The DC
power (480 volts) must be converted to Alternating Current(AC) by
inverters in order for the power to be fed into transformers that setup
the power to Electrical Grid afterpassing through a Vista power switch

Sl.No Solar cell Solar module Solar array

Difference
between solar
cell, module &
array 1

2 The basic A number of individual Modules are wired

elecment of a PV PV series cells are inparallel is called
system is interconnected together a PV Array
photovoltaic (PV) in a sealed,
cell,also called weatherproof package
solar cell. called a Panel (Module)

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Solar electric system

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Solar electric system

Objectives: • define solar power • describe the block diagram of solar electric system
• explain briefly about the components of solar electric system
• discuss about types of solar electric system • discuss about sizing of solar electric system
• list out the advantages and disadvantages of solar electric system.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Solar power Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity,either
directly using photovoltaic's (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power.

Solar power Solar heating principles: Solar heating systems perform the
working following three basicfunctions.
principles Collection: Radiant energy from the Sun is captured and converted to
solar thermal energy using solar collectors.
Storage: The solar thermal energy is stored using thermalmass, water
tanks, or rock bins.
Distribution: Distribution of the heat can be done with both active
solar energy and passive solar energy methods. Example: Solar
space heating, solar water heating, and solar pool heating systems.

Solar electric systems use solar cells to convert the Sun'sradiant

Solar electricity energy into electricity. This is done using a principle known as the
principles photovoltaic effect.

Solar panels convert sunlight into DC electricity, which is stored via a

Solar energy charge controller into batteries; DC loads can be run directly off these
block diagram batteries. Cables from the batteries go to an inverter, which changes
the DC to ACto run the conventional household loads.

Charge controller
Components of Battery
Solar Electric Inverter
System
Photovoltaic
module
Solar electric system can be classified into two major types.
Types of solar Off-grid systems
electric system: Grid-tied systems

Before sizing various components of solar electric system,need to find

Sizing solar out what average energy usage is. Dividing this by the number of days
electric system of the month gives you an average daily energy usage.
It is also important to estimate various losses associatedwith
installation. Some of these include losses due to orientation of PV
 module, shade, dust, temperature effect,name plate mismatch, cable
loss, semiconductor loss (in inverter), running power of charge
controller etc.

 Renewable energy source

 Reduces electricity bills
Advantages of
 Diverse application
solar electric
 Low maintenance cost
system
 Technology development

 Initial installation cost is very high.

Disadvantages of  Affected due to weather condition.
solar electric  Battery storage is expensive.
system  Uses a lot of space

The process of generating electricity from sunlight is having more

Applications popularity than other alternative sources and the photovoltaic
panels are absolutely pollution free and they don't require high
maintenance. The following are some examples where solar
energy is being utilized.
Street lights use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into DC
electric charge. This system uses solar charge controller to store
DC in the batteries and uses in many areas.
Home systems use PV module for house-hold
applications/appliances.
Hybrid solar system uses for multiple energy sources for
providing full time backup supply to other sources.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: SPV system and solar charge controller

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - SPV system and solar charge controller

Objectives: • describe SPV system • list the types of SPV system
• differentiate SPV system and conventional power • define charger control
• List types of solar charger control • explain working of solar charger control
• state the application of solar charger control.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

SPV system Solar photo Voltaic means generation of voltage from sunlight.
Photovoltaic cells are also called solar cells and these cells converts
light energy in to electric energy.
Though the Photovoltaic cells can produce electric energyin the
presence of light but cannot store it. As soon as thesource of light is
removed, they stop generating electricenergy. It is a known fact that
full sunlight is not availablethroughout the day. It is therefore
essential that there should be some device which can store the
energy produced by SPV cells so that it may be utilised whenever
required. The storage batteries are mainly used for thispurpose.
These batteries convert the electric energy generated by the SPV
cells into chemical energy and deliver back for the use of converting
the chemical energy back to electric energy. Thus the SPV Power
Source is a non-conventional energy source, comprised of a SPV
Modules, which convert Solar Energy (Sun light)directly into DC
electricity to charge the battery, througha charge controller. The
Charge Controller is used to control the charging process

There are three types of SPV system

Types of SPV  Standalone system
system  Hybrid system
 Grid-connected system

A solar charge controller is fundamentally a voltage or current
Solar charge controller to charge the battery and electric cellsfrom overcharging.
controller It limits the rate at which the voltage/current is charged or
discharged from batteries. It is alsocharge regulator or battery
regulator.
Types of solar There are three different types of solar charge controllers,
charger  Simple 1 or 2 stage controls
controller  PWM (pulse width modulated)
 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
 The most essential charge controller basically controls the device
Working of solar voltage and opens the circuit, halting the charging, when the battery
charge controller voltage ascents to a certainlevel. More charge controllers utilized a
mechanical relay to open or shut the circuit, halting or beginning
power heading off to the electric storage devices.
Generally solar power systems utilize 12V of batteries. Solar panels
can convey much more voltage than is obliged to charge the battery.
The charge voltage couldbe kept at a best level while the time needed
to completelycharge the electric storage devices is lessened. This
permits the solar systems to work optimally constant. Byrunning
higher voltage in the wires from the solar panels to the charge
controller, power dissipation in the wires is diminished fundamentally.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Safety precaution in solar electric system

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Safety precaution in solar electric system
Objectives: • state general safety precautions in solar electric system
• Safety while working on solar panel • safety on solar installation.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

General safety Solar system is fully automatic and comes with built-in safety
features. Do not attempt to work on, alter, or repair the system;
precautionsThe doing so could expose you to dangerous electrical currents and
safety basics void manufacturer warranties.
Do not attempt to service any portion of the system. Only a
trained and certified professional should service the system.
It’s not necessary to go on the roof for panel cleaning or
inspection. If choose to go on roof, take all safety precautions
and do not touch or disturb the panels or wiring. It is important
to remember that only an authorized person should repair or
touch system components.
Always, remind anyone going on roof that they should not disturb
the panels or wiring.
Do not step on the panels or allow objects to fall on the panels.
Do not disassemble or remove any part of the system. This will
void manufacturer warranties.
Small children and pets should be kept away from the inverter.
Safety 1 Solar modules produce electrical energy when exposed to
precautions for sunlight. DC voltages may exceed 30V on a single exposed
installing a solar module.
photovoltaic
system 2 Connect modules with the same rated output current only in
series. If modules are connected in series, the total voltage is
equal to the sum of the individual module voltages.
3 Connect modules or series combinations of modules with the
same voltage in parallel. If modules are connected in parallel,
the total current is equal to the sum of individual module or
series combination currents.
4 Bypass diodes are pre-assembled in each module. Do not
remove these diodes.
5 Keep children well away from the system while transporting
and installing mechanical and electricalcomponents.
6 Completely cover all modules with an opaque material during
installation to prevent electricity from being generated.
 7 Do not wear metallic rings, watchbands, ear, nose, or lip rings or
other metallic devices while installing or troubleshooting
photovoltaic systems.
8 Use appropriate safety equipment (insulated tools, insulating
gloves, etc) approved for use on electricalinstallations.
9 Observe the instructions and safety precautions for all other
components used in the system, including wiring and cables,
connectors, DC-breakers, mounting hardware, inverters, etc.
10 Use only equipment, connectors, wiring and mountinghardware
suitable for use in a photovoltaic system.
11 Always use the same type of module within a particular
photovoltaic system.
12 Under normal operating conditions, PV modules will produce
currents and voltages that are different than those listed in the
data sheet. Data sheet values are applicable at standard test
data.
13 Short-circuit current and open-circuit voltages should be
multiplied by a factor of 1.25 when determining component
voltage ratings, conductor ampacity, fuse sizes and size of
controls connected to the module or system output. An
additional multiplying factor of 125 percent (80 percent de-
rating) may be applicable.
1 Never work on a PV system alone.
Safety while
2 Know the system before start to work on it.
working on solar 3 Study electrical diagrams of the system.
panel
4 Discuss the test objectives and techniques with partner.
5 Keep test equipment in top operating condition.
6 Check test equipment before go to the system site.
7 Wear appropriate clothing.
8 Wear only approved electrical safety hat.
9 Wear eye protection, particularly if working on batteries.Remove
any jewellery.
10 Wear dry leather gloves to reduce the probability ofgetting
shocked.
11 Measure the conductivity from exposed metal frames and
junction boxes to ground.
12 Measure voltage from all conductors (on the PVoutput
circuit) to ground.
13. Measure the operating voltage and current. Workwith one
hand whenever possible

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Maintenance and troubleshooting of solar electric system

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Maintenance and troubleshooting of solar electric system

Objectives: • explain the maintenance of solar electric system
• Maintenance of solar charge control • troubleshooting of solar electric system
• troubleshooting of solar charge control.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Maintenance of Solar panel maintenance is important because insufficient care for
solar panel
solar panels can reduce the amount of energy. Since a solar panel
system needs to absorb energy fromthe sun the most vital component
of solar panel care is to keep the panels clean. Usually maintain a
solar panel using the same equipment that uses to wash residential
and automobile windows, as long as provide regular care
and don't allow dirt and other environmental elements from
settling on the panels for too long.

Maintenance of 1 Check that controller is mounted in a clean, dry, and ventilated

solar charge area.
controller 2 Check wiring going into the charge controller and make sure
there is no wire damage or wear.
3 Tighten all terminals and inspect any loose, broken, or burnt up
connections.
4 Make sure readings in the LCD and LED are consistent. Take
necessary corrective action.
5 Check to make sure none of the terminals has any corrosion,
insulation damage, high temperature, or any burnt/discoloration
marks.

Troubleshooting Problem Possible causes Solution/Remedy

of solar electric
The light does not The batteries are Charge the batteries
system
turn on at all. discharged
The batteries are Replace the
bad. batteries
The LED fixture is Replace the LED
bad fixture
A fuse is blown Replace the fuse
Controller is bad. Check the controller
The light does not The run time Contact authorised
stay on for the is incorrectly sevice personelfor
set.expected assistance
period of
time.
 The light turns on at The run time Contact authorised
dusk but doesnot exceeds the sevice personelfor
turn on again at maximumrun time assistance
dawn (split for your model and
run time) location.

Sl. No Trouble Remedy

Troubleshooting symptom/Fault
of solar charge 1 OFF during day Ensure that the PV wires are correctly and
control: light tightly secured inside the charge
controller PV terminals. Use a multi-meter
tomake sure the poles are correctly
connected to the charge controller.
2 Flashing green Use a multi-meter to check the battery
light voltage and make sureit is within
specification for the charge controller.
NEVER disconnect battery without
disconnecting the solar panels first.
3 Solid orange light Battery Indicator

Disconnect loads, if any, and let the PV

modules charge the battery bank. Use a
multi-meter to frequently check on any
change in battery voltage to see if
condition improves. This shouldensure a
fast charge. Otherwise, monitor the
system and check tosee if system
improves.
4 Solid Red The controller will have cutoff the output
of the battery to ensurethat it charges.
Make sure there are no excessive loads
and givethe system appropriate time and
sunlight to charge. Monitor readings with
a multi-meter to see if they system
improves

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON:

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Mobile communication Cellular network

Objectives: • state mobile communication • state mobile phone function
• State GSM network • describe CDMA network
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
Mobile communication is wireless form of communication in
Mobile which voice and data information is emitted, transmitted and
communication received via microwaves. This type of communication allows
individuals to converse with one another and /or transmit
and receive data while moving from place to place. Example -
cellular and digital cordless telephones, pagers, telephone
answering devices, air-to-ground telecommunications and
satellite-based communications.
A cellular phone is a portable telephone that does not use a
wired connection. It connects to a wireless carrier network
using radio waves.
Mobile phone The mobile phone or cell phone is a portable electronic
device used for mobile communication through wireless
network using radio waves. In addition to the standard
voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones can
support many additional services such as SMS for text
messaging, email, packet switching for access to the
Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video.
Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of
base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to
the public switched telephone network (PSTN) Mobile
Communications.
Generation of When wireless generation started, it was analog communication.
cellphones That generation is 1G. They used various analog modulation for data
transfer. Now when the communication migrated from analog to
digital, the foundation of latest communication were lead. Hence
came 2G.

Concept of cell 1 Cell refers to the geographical area under one basestation with a
single transmitter and receiver.
• The size of a cell depends upon the density (number) of users in
a given area.
• For a heavily populated city area, many small cells are used to
ensure service.
 • In less populated rural areas, fewer cells are used.
• A group of cells are called a cluster. Each cell in a cluster will
be having different frequencies to avoid interference.
• The cell will be in hexagonal shape in a honeycombpattern.

1 Cellular system infrastructure was developed to increase the

capacity for mobile radio telephoneservice.
Cellular system
infrastructure 2 A basic cellular system consists of 3 layers as shownin Fig 1.

i Mobile unit - It is the mobile which is in the handsof users.

ii Base Station Controller (BSC) - The mobile unit is normally

connected to the base station. The base stations are
considered as cells. The base station includes an
antenna, a controller and a number of transceivers for
communicating on chan-n e l
assigned to that cell.
iii Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) - Each BSC is
connected to an MTSO, with one MTSO serving with
multiple base stations. MTSO is also connected to PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network) or the
conventional landline.

The MTSO assigns voice channels to each call, performs

hand off, and monitors the call for billinginformation.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Block diagram and features of cell phones

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Block diagram and features of cell phones

Objectives: • explain the block diagram of cell phone
• State the feature and application of cell phone • list the features of smartphone
• state the uses of cell phone.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
Block diagram Now-a-days cell phone become more popular for SMS/MMS and
of the cell internet applications due to GPRS feature. After the introduction of
phone Smartphone many applicationssuch as face book, Orkut, Twitter,
Various games comesbuilt-in the phone. Now mobile phone has
slowly takenthe place of laptop for many of the applications.
RF Part: As shown in the figure 1, every mobile phone will have RF
part which consists of RF frequency up converter and RF frequency
down converter.
Antenna: Antenna is the metallic object which converts electro-
magnetic signal to electric signal and vice versa.
Tx/Rx Switch :As there is only one antenna used for both transmit
andreceive at different times, Tx/Rx Switch is used to connect both Tx
path and Rx path with antenna.
Baseband Part: This part is used to convert voice/data to be carried
overGSM air interface to baseband signal.
ADC and DAC: ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and DAC (digital
to analog converter) is used to convert analog speech signal to
digital signal and vice versa in the mobile handset.
Application layer: It also runs on CPU. Various applications run in
GSM mobile phone. It includes audio, video and image/ graphics
applications.
Operating system: Various operating systems are supported in
mobile phonesuch as Symbian, java, android, RT-Linux, Palm.
Battery: It is the major source of power to make/to keep mobile
phone functional. There are various types of batteries made of
Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), based on
lithium, Li-ion and so on.
Connectivity (WLAN, Bluetooth, USB, GPS): To make data
transfer fast enough between mobile phone and other computing
devices (laptop, desktop, tablet) or between mobile and mobile
various technologiesare evolved which include WLAN, Bluetooth, USB,
GPS (global positioning system) is used for location assistanceand will
 enable google map to work efficiently.
Microphone: Microphone or mic converts sound signal variations
to electrical signal to couple on the PCB for further processing.
Speaker: It converts electrical signal to sound signal (pressure
vibrations) for human being to hear.
Camera: The mobile phone camera feature is available for one to
click pictures at various occasions. It is the major specifications in
increasing cost of mobile phone.
Display: Displays are used to viewing the various informations.
There are various display devices used in mobile phonesuch as LCD
(liquid crystal display), TFT (Thin-film transistor) screen, OLED
(organic light emitting diode), TFD (thin film diode), touch screen of
capacitive and resistive type.
Keypad: Earlier days keypad was simple matrix type keypad which
contains numeric digits (0 to 9), alphabets (a to z),special characters
and specific function keys.
Accessories, Bluetooth, Caller ID ,Digital Camera, Display, GPS
Features International Support, Multimedia, Organizer, Applications, SIM
Card, Smartphone (Palm or Pocket PC), Speakerphone, Text
Messaging, Video , Recording, Voice , Dialing , Voice , Mail , Weight ,
Wi-Fi , Infrared (IR) PORT.

The most popular uses and applications of mobile phones are:

1 Voice calling - Talking on the telephone.
Main uses of cell 2 Voice mail - Callers can leave a message if your phone is busy or
phones
turned off.
3 E-mail - Send and receive e-mails with other e-mail addresses.
4 Messaging - Send and receive text, picture and instant (chat)
messages with other mobile phone users and e-mail addresses.
5 Mobile content - Get news, weather, sports, financial and other
information.
6 Gaming - Play games that are downloaded to your handset or
played online on the Internet.
7 Personalize your phone - to your own style by adding custom
ringtones, ringback tones, face-plates, themes, background
images, icons, voice greetings and screen-savers.
8 Play music - using an audio (MP3) player to play downloaded
tracks or listen to radio.
9 Take photos or videos - with a built-in camera. Then send the
image files to others.
10 Download and view images - with a photo (JPEG) viewer or
video (MPEG) player.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Parts of mobile/cell phones and their functions

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Parts of mobile/cell phones and their functions
Objectives: • state the different parts used in a cell phone
• state the purpose of different components in cell phone
• explain the faults occur in different parts of cell phones.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Parts of a cell There are all kinds of parts and electronic components in a mobile cell
phone and their phone. These parts and components can be divided into Big Parts and
function Small Parts. This lesson explains all about big parts and components
in a mobile cell phone and their function. When learning how to
repair a mobile cell phone, it is important to identify its parts and
understand their function. PCB of a mobile phone is divided into 2
sections namely: Network Section; and Power Section

Display (LCD) Liquid Crystal Display: This component that

visualize the operation of a mobile phone. It is made of glass with
tiny crystal pixel. That imitate the light source of certain
information such as text and images. Display picture will be made
and LCD screen andfor lighting using backlight or edge LED.
Touch Screen (Touch pad) : Touch screen are made of flat thin
glass whichis designed with high capacitance or resistive.It
navigates everywhere on LCD screen by using a finger or a stylus
pen to switch throughcertain feature on a mobile phone handset.
Keypad: A keypad is a set of buttons or keys bearing digits,symbols
and/or alphabetical letters placed in orderon a pad, which can be
used as an efficient input device.
In smart phone, keypad will display graphically on thescreen. It can
have option for selecting numeric or aphanumeric etc. keyboards.
We can alsoselect language based keyboard.
Keypad Tips: It is used to switch between the numbers and the
directional functions of the keypad, when press theNum Lock key
on the keyboard.
Battery connectors: Battery terminals are the electrical contacts
usedto connect a load or charger to a single cell or multiple-cell
battery.
Charging connector: Charging connectors are interfaces used in
charging while charger plugging, USB and data cabels. Various
mobile products also have differentcharging connector designs.
Battery: A battery is used to provide power supply to thePCB
circuits and components.
Sim Slot: This is an interface that acts as a holder and connectsthe
sim card to PCB circuit available in different sizeslike micro, nano
 sim slots.
Memory card slot: This is interface that acts as a holder and
connectsthe memory card to PCB circuit
Speaker: The speaker converts electrical signal into voice.It is also
called an earpiece.
Mic: A mic converts voice into electrical signal. It is also called
microphone and mouthpiece.
Ringer / Buzzer: A ringer, also called a loud speaker through
which you hear ringtone and music. During a call, when you activate
the loud speaker, the louder voice which you start hearing also
comes from the ringer. It is also called a buzzer in basic low-end
mobile phones.
Antenna Switch: It is found in the Network Section of a mobile
phone. In GSM sets it is found in white color and in CDMA sets it is
found in golden metal. It searches network and passes forward
after tuning.
ROM: It is found in the Power Section of a Mobile Phone. It loads
current operating program in a Mobile Phone
RAM: It is found in the power section of a mobile phone. It sends
and receives commands of the operating

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Data transfer among phone, internal and external Formatting and the need for
formatting of cell phones

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Data transfer among phone, internal and external Formatting and the need for formatting
of cell phones
Objectives: • differentiate between internal and phone memory • describe SD card memory
• explain meaning of formatting of cell phone and the need for formatting • define virus
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

There are three types of memory capacities in our smart phones these
Internal Storage days: Internal, Phone and External. The first two are often confused for
each other while the third is still understood as SD card storage. Internal
memory used for installing the applications (the operating system) and
data. Applications are installed in this storage and the personal data such as
text messages,contact lists, email settings and the likes are stored on this.
This is considered to be quite sensitive information and this is not
accessible to user. Whenever the phone is reset to factory settings, all this
storage gets erased. This memory is reserved for the operating system
and personal data. It will never show up whenever phone is connected to
computer.

Phone Storage This is the storage that is available to user. This is the storage that user
get from the phone itself. Games and applications are installed in this one
and it is the defaultmemory for storing pictures, movies, songs and so on.
User can access it when the phone is connected to computer. When use
most of internal storage, user will get a notification for low storage,
asking to delete some files, even when user have most of phone storage
empty. This message will be triggered by a system file which stores its
data on Internal Storage. If user attempt to download more apps, they will
be housed on phone storage. So user can store apps on phone storage as
well. It can alsodisable apps which prompt low storage message due tolack
of storage space to refresh their app data.
It is the external storage capacity of phone. It depends on the compatibility
External Storage of the memory card slot and to what extent is it supported. In simpler
terms, it is the storagewhich can be removed easily by user (memory card)
andcan be used for storing pictures, music, videos and manymore. It may or
may not be able to install applications on it. This is because some
manufacturers allow for it while some don't. To an extent, even user's cloud
storage can be categorized as external storage.

Data transferring The data in the cell phone is possible to transfer from phone to SD
memory or PC and vice versa. Even we can transfers the same application
(Apps) stored in phone to SD card for improving performance. Data
transferring to/ from cell phone.
1 Phone to SD card
2 Phone to PC
I Using data cable
ii Using card reader
 iii Using wi-fi syncingiv u sing bluetooth
v Using e-mail
vi Using cloud storage

Data transfer The data or file in phone or SD card can inter-transferable in the cell phone.
between phone This can be achieved by simply selecting and copying the data and
and SD memory
pasting folder view options are need to get by installing apps. The new
folder can create by simply selecting options.

Formatting of
mobile phone Formatting a cell phone means erasing or deleting all the stored data and
information like contacts, images, multimedia files, etc from the phone
memory. Data stored in the memory card is not deleted, it will remain
safe during formatting.
In formatting the cell phone the operating system like iOS, symbian,
Windows or Android are not at all to be reinstalled unlike in computers.
The OS is not affected and it remains intact.
The procedure where we have to reinstall the OS is called flashing in cell
phone repair jargon. Which is very much different from formatting. So let us
go ahead with formattinga phone and not get confused with flashing.
In general the process of formatting is usually done when there is any
problem due to infection by a virus.

Virus A mobile virus is nothing but a small software code written by someone to
corrupt or damage the information storedin the mobile system.
The signs that the phone is infected by virus are:
1 Slow Functioning: The entire handset will become very slow. If you
open the menu, it will load after 2-5 seconds. Also all the software's
and apps will take double the time to open. In short, the handset will
stuck!
2 Frequent Freezing: The device will freeze very frequently.
It will get stuck all of a sudden and hang. Sometimes the
handset will not even switch OFF. It has to restarted or
remove the battery and insert again.
3 Switching Off Automatically: Many times, the device will
switch off automatically without informing. This will happen
for more than 3-5 times a day!
4 Restarting: Sometimes instead of switching off
automatically, it will restart frequently.
5 Not Booting Properly: Sometimes, the virus can corrupt the
OS very badly, so that the cell phone will not boot properly i.e.
it will display a blank screen or it will get stuck at the logo
when switched on. It will notproceed further.
6 Failure of some apps: Some of the applications will not
function properly.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Setting-up flashing files various locks of cell phone

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Setting-up flashing files various locks of cell phone

Objectives: • define flashing of a cell phone and effects of cellphone after flashing
• define flashing • state the need of cell phone locks
• explain different types of lock and unlock functions
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Inside the cell phone handset, software is used to run andcontrol its different
Flashing functions. Software makes the mobilehandset to function in a good and
proper manner.
During the normal day to day operation, this software could become corrupt
and the phone will start to function in someunpredictable manner.
Phone could completely stop working or will start to showsome errors.
In this type of situation Universal Flash Storage (UFS) device can be
used to reload the mobile phone with the correct software, so that the
phone will once again startworking properly.

Flashing files
Files sent by the UFS device to the mobile phone are called flashing files.
These files contain the software required for proper operation of the mobile
phone. Different functions provided by the mobile phone depend on these
software. These files could also contain ringtones, wallpapers and
various operating commands.
When the flashing is done, the UFS device first removes existing data and
files from the mobile phone and then the new data and files are written.

1 Nokia - MCU, PM, PMM, WUG, SLD, FBI, EEP, PP,MLF, RPL.
Flashing files 2 Samsung - MCU, AXF, OGM, MEL, S3, TFS, CLA,SRE.
supported by
some mobile are: 3 Ericsson - MCU, MOD, GDF, PDA, LANG.
4 Sony Ericsson - MCU, CUST/FS, GDF.
5 Motorola-Acer - FLX, MCU, LP.

Availability of When one buys UFS package, with the UFS box set of flashing cables and
flashing files flashing software CDs are also provided. The number of flashing cables
and software received with the UFS package depends on the make/
brand of the UFS package and also on how latest is the package being
purchased.
For example, sometimes back one used to get 38 to 55 flashing cables
with the UFS package, but currently around 60 flashing cables are
provided with the latest
UFS-3 package.
One also gets around 25 CD with the latest UFS-3 package.
These CDs contain driver for UFS package, flashing software and
flashing files for different make/ model of mobile handsets.
 Following are some of the locks which can be used in cell phone. The
Cell phone locks
various lock of the mobile handset is used for safety purpose.
1 Keypad Lock
2 Phone Lock Security Lock
3 SIM Lock
Keypad Lock: As the name suggests, this lock will locks the handset’s
keypad, one will not be able to use the keypad for any type of number or text
entry.
Phone Lock: In this mode the handset cannot be used to make/receiveany
call, even though the keypad stays active during thislock.
Security lock: Security lock is used to lock all the functions of the mobile
handset. When the security lock is on, the phone asks forthe PIN code when
it is switched on.
SIM Lock: When one buys a mobile handset from mobile service
provider under some scheme, the provider may lock thehandset with the
SIM card in the phone.
This prevents the user from using the handset with SIM card from some
other service provider.
Currently, phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards from one or more
of the following:
1 Countries (your phone will work in one country, but notanother)
2 Network/Service providers (e.g. T-Mobile, Movistar,
Vodafone etc)
3 SIM types (i.e. only specific SIM cards can be usedwith the phone).

Unlocking A handset can be unlocked by entering a special code, orin some cases, over-
technology the-air by the carrier.
Typically, a locked phone will display a message if a restricted SIM is
used, requesting the unlock code.
For example, in some mobile phone, “Insert correct SIM card” will appear
on the phone’s display if the wrong SIMis used. Once a valid unlocking code is
entered, the phonewill display “Network unlocked”. In some cases, the phone
will simply display a message explaining that it is locked.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Internet on cell phone and IMEI number

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Internet on cell phone and IMEI number

Objectives: • define internet and working of internet • define to acces the internet
• explain some applications of internet from cell phone • define the IMEI NO and its importance
• list the precaution to maintain the cell phone.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Internet The Internet is a decentralised, international network ofnetworks.
Devices such as computers, mobile phones can connect each other and
form a network. The networks are connected to each other through
electronic, wireless andoptical networking technologies.
Multiple interconnected networks form the Internet.
The Internet works based on protocols which handle chunks of data,
Working of known as "packets".
Internet
Various types of hardware, such as an ethernet network card or a
modem, convert our device's binary packet data into network signals
and then back into packet data.
We access the Internet because our router connects our device to an
Accessing the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such as Verizon, AT&T and Comcast,
give us access to the Internet through a range of technologies.
A single device is assigned an address when it connects to the Internet:
an Internet Protocol (IP) address. This address distinguishes our
device in the network from allother devices.

Applications Data plan: Phones today have lots of features through the accessing of
of internet internet. You can check email, get directions, and even chat over video.
Ultimately, you can stay connected at all times. But in order to do so,
from cell
your device needs to be able to connect to the Internet to send and
phone receive data.
Navigation: GPS is a wonderful way to get around town.
However, those map apps definitely use data. In order to find
your destination, note your current location, and give you turn-
by-turn directions, your GPS app needs to be connected to the
Internet.
Uploads: In order to upload and post a picture or video to social
media, you need to first be able to access it, which requires an
Internet connection. While you can draft posts offline on some
channels (like Facebook), your device needs to be connected to the
Internet through Wi-Fi or your cellular data network in order to
actually publish.
 Downloads: This is the process of receiving data over the internet. It
is the opposite of uploaders.
IMEI is short for International Mobile Equipment Identity and
is a unique number given to every single mobile phone,
typically found behind the battery. The IMEI is only used for
identifying the device and has no permanent or semi-
permanent relation to the subscriber. Instead, the subscriber
IMEI number is identified by transmission of an IMEI number, which is
stored on a SIM card that can be transferred to any handset.
However, many network and security features are enabled by
knowing the current device being used by a subscriber
The number consists of four groups that look similar to this:
AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-D
AA - BBBBBB - CCCCCC - D
TAC Serial # Checksum
Mobile phone is delicate device and needs care for its proper
functioning. Here are the common measures to keep the mobile
phone in good condition.
• Do not keep mobile phone in wet area or use it with wet hands.
Moisture can cause non-repairable internal corrosion of parts.
• Do not drop the phone or damage the connection points.

Mobile phone • Do not over stress the phone. It may damage the display.
maintenance • Do not keep the phone near heat generating devices. High
temperature in a car can damage its electronics.
• Do not over charge the battery. Charge the battery only its charge
status goes below 50 percent.
• Prevent cloning.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Current technology of cell phones

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Current technology of cell phones

Objectives: Current technology of cell phones
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Current Cell phone has the follwing special features;
technology of a The fingerprinrt or iris scanners.
b New facial recognition technology which scans the contours the person
cell phones
face and head.
c Unbreakable and foldable phones - The display screens are flexiable and
hence it is foldable.
d Improved power backup - using nanobatteries, hydrogen fuel cells and
solar power the power backup time to the cell phones can be improved.
The future phones battery can also be charged improved. The future
phones battery can also be charged faster by wi-fi with the help of wireless
signals and no need of conventional power source/power bank.
e Contextual intelligence(also known as practical intelligence) - The phones
will use sensors to get data about your physical surroundings and
conditions, use saved information about you along with the contextual
intelligence technology to make decisions for you even before you thought
of the question.
f Depth-sensing cameras-It provides 3D printing and 3D scanning
facility
g Multi-screen capabilities or screen casting - To connect and share the
screen of the smartphone with the tablet, television or projector with no
limitations imposed by different platforms or OS, and irrespective of make
or form
h Infrared support - Turn the smartphone into universal to operate
the electronic and electrical gadget using remote control.When
this remote control goes missing, we can give phone call and find
out the remote/Cell phone.
i Dual recording - Existing smartphones come with front and rear
cameras but only one of them works at a time. Future
smartphones may have better camera support to allow
simultaneous recording using both cameras.
J Besides the above features, there are numerous user friendly apps with
encriped security & hardware are developed to use the smartphone to
function like & special device for a dedicated purpose also.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Advanced features in cell phones

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN
Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Advanced features in cell phones

Objectives: Current technology of cell phones
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation :
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Advanced Current technology cell phones has the following special features:
features in
cell phones a The fingerprint or iris scanning.
b New facial recognition technology which scans the contours the persons
face and head.
c Unbreakable and foldable phones - The display screens are flexiable and
hence it is foldable.
d Improved power backup - using nanobatteries, hydrogen fuel cell phones
can be improved. The up time to the cell phones can be improved. The
future phones battery can also be charged faster by wi-fi with the help of
wirelesssignals and no need of conventionalpower source/power bank.
e Contextual intelligence (also known as practical intelligence) - The phones
will use sensors to get data saved information about you along with the
contextual intelligence technology to make decisions for you even before
you thought of the question.
f IoT Technology - The smart phone can be used as control device for IoT
(internet of things) platforms like, to enable remote health monitoring and
emergency notification systems, industrial controls, house hold
appliances/gadgets/security monitoring and controlling, etc.
g Depth - sensing cameras - It provides 3D printing and3D scanning facility
h Multi-screen capabilities or screen casting - To connectand share the screen
of the smartphone with the tablet, television or projector with no
limitations imposed by different platforms or OS, and irrespective of make
or form
i Infrared support - Turn the smartphone into universalremote
control to operate all the electronic and electricalgadgets using remote
control. When this remote control goes missing, we can give a phone
call and find out the remote/cell phone.
j Dual recording - Existing smartphones come with front and rear
cameras support to allow simultaneousrecording using both cameras.
Besides the above technical features, there are numerous user friendly
apps with encrypted security and hardware are develped to use the
smart phome accordigly to function like a special device for a
dedicated purpose also.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
NEXT LESSON: Introduction of LED lights

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Introduction of LED lights

Objectives: • define LED and the advantages of LED lights over other lighting systems
• state the difference between LED lights and traditional lights
• explain the parts and working of LED lights
• describe the different colour generation in LED lights.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Introduction The LED is used as a light source in our day to day applications.
LED is the short form of "Light Emitting Diode". LEDs are basically
electronic devices, made with semiconducting material, which that
emits light when it is connected in forward bias mode. LED's
properties are similar to general purpose diodes consisting of two
leads called as anode and cathode. LED lights are energy efficient
and having long life making them ideal replacements for traditional
power halogen and standard incandescent lights.LED lights can save
up to 90% of household lighting costs

Difference LED lighting differs from incandescent lamp and compact fluorescent
between lamp in several ways. When designed well,LED lighting can be more
traditional efficient, durable, versatile and long lasting. Incandescent lamp
lights and LED produces light by use of a filament. When current passing through a
lights bulb, bulb will dissipate the power in the form of heat, thus
producing light. CFLs (compact fluorescent Lamps) are producing
light by exciting the mercury vapour held inside the lamp with
electricity. LEDs produce light through a "cold process" when
current flowing through the semiconducting material (usually
gallium, arsenic and phosphorus), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons
(i.e. light).This effect is called "electroluminescence".

LED working Basically LED is a semiconductor device which is made with P N

junction. LED is used to convert current into light when it is in
forward biased condition. When LED is forward biased, the
electrons in N region are crossing the junction and recombine with
the holes in P region.

Basic parts of LED and Fig 3(B) shows a power LED with heat
Parts of LED sink.
When a LED connected to supply, current flows to
semiconductor chip through anode lead(1) and a whisker (4).
The other side of the semiconductor is attached to the top of the
 anvil (7) and cathode (2). Thecolour of LED light depends on the
material used for making LED chip(5). There are no loose or
moving parts within the solid epoxy enclosure.
The LED package will protect the LED chip from the outside
environment. The dissipated heat can be transferred by using a
heat sink. The epoxy resin enclosure lens (3) has the following
three functions.
1 It is designed to allow more light from the semiconductor.
2 It focuses the light (viewing angle).
3 It protects the semiconducting material from the otherelements.

LEDs are used to generate a monochromatic colour of particular

Colours of LEDs wave length. The generated colour of LED is depends upon the
material used to make the LED chip. Unlike normal signal diodes,
Light Emitting Diodes are made from exotic semiconductor
compounds such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Phosphide
(GaP), Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP), Silicon Carbide (SiC)
or Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) all mixed together at different
ratios to produce a distinct wavelength of colour.
The semiconductor material used will determine the wavelength
of the photon light emission and the resulting colour of the emitted
light as shown in TABLE 1.
1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - infra-red
2 Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP) - red to infra-red, orange
3 Aluminium Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (AlGaAsP) - high-
brightness red, orange-red, orange, and yellow
4 Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green
5 Aluminium Gallium Phosphide (AlGaP) - green
6 Gallium Nitride (GaN) - green, emerald green
7 Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) - near ultraviolet,bluish-
green and blue.
8 Silicon Carbide (SiC) - blue as a substrate
9 Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) - blue
10 Aluminium Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) - ultraviolet.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: LED efficiency, comparison with CFL and incandescent lamps

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - LED efficiency, comparison with CFL and incandescent lamps

Objectives: • compare LED lights and traditional lighting system Types of LED lights
• state the characteristics for the LED lighting system
• explain the classification of low power LEDs • explain the classification of high power LEDs
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

LED efficiency, Many types of lighting systems are available such as incandescent
comparison lamps , fluorescent lamps and LED lamps. Incandescent lamps are
with CFL and
traditional and available from long back. These are bulky in size,
Incandescent
more power consuming than others and having less life span.
lamps
The compact
florescent lamps are popular due to more efficient , high
illumination, more life span, less power consumption than
incandescent lamps.
Now a day's LED lights are more popular and emerging
technology in lighting systems. TABLE 1 gives the
comparison between these three lighting systems by
various aspects.

Characteristics 1 Colour quality

of LED lights 2 Light output
3 Less power consumption
4 High efficiency
5 Long lifetime
6 Smallest in size
7 High resistance to switching cycles
8 Immediate light at switching on
9 Wide operating temperature range
10 High impact and vibration resistance
11 No UV or IR radiation
12 High colour saturation level without filtering
13 Mercury-free

Advantages of LEDs are having a number of advantages when comparedto

LED Lighting traditional lighting systems.
 Durability of LED lights
 LED lighting efficiency
 Light output
 Disposing of LED Lights
 Range of uses
  Instant lighting
 Less wiring required
 Health benefits
 Lower maintenance costs
 Directional light source
 Heat dissipation by LED

1 The initial cost of LED bulbs are more. The price perlumen is
Limitations of very high than other types.
LED bulbs
2 LED bulbs need a definite voltage and constant currentfor good
results.
3 LED drivers are more costlier.
4 LED bulb colours are changing due to age and ambient
temperature.
5 Two different white LEDs are not having same colour
characteristics.
6 LED performance mostly depends on the correct
engineering to manage the heat generated by the

Types of LED
lights LED lights are mostly used for white colours in domestic and
industrial applications. But in some other applications we need
different colour LED lights in - red, orange, green, blue, etc.
2- Pin LED
3- Pin LED
4- Pin LED

6-Pin LED

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: LED stacks - Connections, Driver circuits

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - LED stacks - Connections, Driver circuits

Objectives: • describe the LED panel materials • explain the stacking of LED
• explain the working of LED driver circuits.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

LED panel The main materials of LED panel light structure are as
materials follows
1 Aluminum frame: AL6063, aluminum extrusion mold is used
due to low initial investment cost, good surface appearance,
goodheat dissipation.
2 Diffuser plate: Installation of diffusion plate is used to
invisible the screen dot. Diffuser plate generally uses acrylic
diffuser plate or PC 2.0 materials. Acrylic diffuser plate is low
cost, higher light transmission than PC 2.0 and is poor in anti-
aging. The price of PC 2.0 is slightly higher, but it is good at anti-
aging. Acrylic diffuser plate light transmission rate is 92% and
that of PC 2.0 is 88%. We can choose the materials of diffuser
plate according to different requirement and usually use the
acrylic materials.
3 Light guide plate: To emit the uniform light, light guide plate
plays an important roll in blocking the screen dot. The side
LED light changes the angle of light ray by light refraction of
screen dot. Light guide plate is the heart of the LED panel light and
its screen dot design is very important. If the screen dot design
is not good, the overall lighting effectwill be bad like 1. Bright in
the middle and dark in both sides. 2. Bright in the bright side
and dark in the middle.
4 Rear cover: Sealing lamp body usually uses aluminum. It plays a
role of dissipating heat and protecting the light.
5 LED lighting source: 3528 is the usual light source. Besides,
there are 5630 and 5050. The luminous efficiency of 5630 and
5050 isnot high and the design of their screen dot is difficult but
their cost is lower. The lighting effect of 3528 is high andthe
screen dot is in acceptable range
6 Drive power: There are two kinds of power modes:
first, directly using cross-flow power (this mode has
high efficiency and PF value is up to 0.95, so it is cost-
effective); second, constant pressure with cross-flow
mode (this mode is stable, but with low efficiency and
 high cost).
Stacking means grouping of LEDs. LEDs may be connected in
Stacking of LEDs series, parallel or series - parallel combinations. It is necessary in
each stacking that a LED is operated at its rated DC voltage and the
current passed throgh a LED does not exceed to its rated value. The
voltage rating of LEDs ranges from 1.6V to 4.2V and the current
rating ranges from 2mA to 20mA.
1 Parallel stacking
2 Series-parallel stacking
3 Series stacking
Here, driving means to apply DC supply to a stack (group) of LEDs. In
Driving of LED general, a current limiting resistor is used witheach LED.
stacks 1 Driving a single LED: For driving (operating) a single 3
resistors. In the given Fig 3, only two groups of 3 LEDs each
are shown, but there are 24 such groups. IC 555 is used to
limit the, circuit current at 10mA.
2 Driving a stack of 72 LEDs: For driving a stack of 72 LEDs, IC
555 may be used. 72 LEDs are divided into 24 groups of 3
LEDs connected in series and all the 24 groups are connected
in parallel across an IC 555 and 12 volts DC source. A current
limiting and voltage dropping resistor of 82 ohms is used in
each group of 3 resistors. In the given figure, only two groups
of 3 LEDs each are shown, but there are 24 such groups. IC 555
is used to limit the, circuit current at 10mA.
3 Other driving circuits: A number of LEDs stack driving
circuits have been developed which employ different ICs. A
current limiting resistor is necessarily connected in series of a
single LEDor a series group of 3-4 LEDs

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Design an emergency light using LEDs

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Design an emergency light using LEDs

Objectives: • state the brief idea about the emergency light
• explain the working of the emergency light with charging circuit.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Emergency A simple LED emergency light circuit that can be implemented for
light home lighting during power failures is given in the figure below.
This LED lighting circuit design is intended to light automatically
during main power failures. This circuit is a simple and low cost
emergency light. The main part of this LED light schematic is a relay,
which automatically connects DC voltage to the battery when main
power is present and connect LEDs to the battery in the absence of
mains AC power supply.
Working of The step down transformer and the diode bridge rectifier steps down
Emergency light and convert the high AC(in the range 230V) voltage to low (12V) DC
charger circuit voltage. The diode D5 prevents the battery charge from flowing
back, it acts as a free wheeling diode too.
In the presence of electricity, the relay contact connects the NO
(Normally Open) terminal to battery. Thus battery charges during
this time. A red LED is used in the circuit as the charging indicator
which glows when the emergency light battery is charging When
AC mains supply failure occurs, relay connects the NC (Normally
Closed) terminal to the battery. If the switch S1 is closed, the LED
arrays are connected to NC terminal, thus they glow by using the
charge stored in the battery.
Whenever the emergency light is not used or not required to light,
the switch S1 may be released, so that the LEDswill not glow.
To increase the brightness or light few more LEDs may be
connected in series and parallel.( series and parallel
combination)

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Television transmitter and receiver, Scanning bandwidth composite video signal

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Television transmitter and receiver, Scanning bandwidth composite video signal
Objectives: • explain the television broadcasting system
• explain the television broadcast channel • define scanning
•• explain different types of scanning around the world.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Television The meaning of the word television "Tele" means at a distance,
broadcasting "vision" means to see the scene or a picture isfocused through a TV
camera which converts the sceneor picture into images to electrical
signal. The camera'soutput signal is modulated and transmitted
as electromagnetic waves along with respective sound

Television The band of frequencies used for video and audio signal
broadcast transmission is called a television channel.
channels
TV signals are radiated at frequencies above 40 MHz. The VHF and
UHF frequency bands that have been assigned for the use of the TV
stations are as follows
Only band I and III are used for TV transmission in India.Each
band is divided in to a number of channels. According to the
standards adopted in India each channel width is7 MHz.
TV transmitters are provided in different places to cater the
needs of the local population. Depending upon the area to
be covered either a low-power transmitter (LPT) or high
power transmitter (HPT) is installed. A high power
transmitter can service an area of around 120Km and a low
power transmitter around 20Km radius only.

Scanning Scanning is the process of reading the scene rapidly both in the
horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously to provide sufficient
number of complete pictures or frames per second to give the
illusion of continuous uniform motion. Instead of 24 frames as is
the practice in commercial motion pictures, the frame repetition
rate is25 per second in most television systems.
The trace and retrace of several horizontal lines. The linear rise of
Horizontal
current in the horizontal line deflection coils as shown in Fig 2
scanning
deflects the beam across the screen with a continuous, uniform
motion forthe trace from left to right.
At the peak of its rise the saw tooth wave-reverses direction and
decreases rapidly to its initial value. This fast reversal produces
the retrace or fiy back. The start of horizontal trace is at the left
edge of raster. The finish is at the right edge and then the fly back
 produces retraceback to the left edge.
The heavy lines indicate useful scanning time and dashed lines
correspond to the retrace time.

The saw tooth current in the vertical deflection coils as shown in

Vertical Fig 3 moves the electron beam from top to bottom.
scanning:
As shown in Fig 3 the trace part of the saw tooth wave for vertical
scanning deflects the beam to the bottom of raster. Then the
rapid vertical retrace returns the beam to the top.
During vertical retrace, horizontal scanning continues and several
lines get scanned during this period. Becauseof motion in the scene
being televised, the information at the top of the picture tube screen
normally changes by the time the beam returns to the top to
recommence thewhole process. This information is picked up
during thenext scanning cycle and the whole process is repeated25
times per second to cause an illusion of continuity".

Although the rate of 24 pictures per second in motion pictures and

Interlaced that of scanning 25 frames per second in television pictures is
scanning enough to cause an illusion of continuity, they are not rapid enough to
allow the brightness of one picture or frame to blend smoothly into
the next through the time when the screen is blanked between
successive frames. This results in definite flicker of light that is very
annoying to the observer when the screen becomes alternately
bright and dark

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: - Principles of colour TV system, Block diagram of colour Television

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Principles of colour TV system, Block diagram of colour Television

Objectives: • list the primary colours used in colour TV system
• define additive and subtractive mixing • state various stages of a colour TV receiver
• describe the broad functions of the individual stages
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
Primary colours
There are three primary colours RED, BLUE and GREEN(RGB) which are
and their mixing
used in colour Television system. These three primary colours are
capable to produce all the seven rainbow colours - VIOLET, INDIGO,
BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, ORANGE and RED (VIBGYOR).
Additive Mixing Red + Green = Yellow
Red + Blue = Magenta
Blue +Green = Cyan
Subtractive Yellow = White - Blue
Mixing Magenta = White - Green
Cyan = White - Red
So, by additive and subtractive mixing of colours, manyother colours
are produced.
a) Colour specification
A colour can be specified by three characteristics knownas HUE
(TINT), SATURATION and LUMINANCE.
i Hue represents the actual colour as seen by the eye. The seven
colours of rainbow have different wavelengths and they produce
different hue.
ii Saturation represents the purity of a colour. A fully 'saturated'
colour will have no white colour mixed in it.
iii Luminance or brightness is the amount of light intensity.
b) Chrominance
The term used to describe the information about hue andsaturation of
a colour. Different colours represent waves of different frequencies in
the visible spectrum. These are electromagnetic waves of frequencies
ranging from 4×1014 Hz to 8 ×1014 Hz (red to violet) corresponding to
780 × 10-9m to 380 ×10-9 m wavelengths. Each colour will have a
frequency (i.e., hue) and amplitude (i.e., luminance).

For televising a scene in colour, the light originating from a scene is

Colour TV
first separated into three primary colours with the help of special
Camera
filters. Each filter allows only one colour to pass through. Then, the
three primary colours (RGB) are converted into three video signals
 by three camera tubes, see Fig 1. The three video signals called R, G
and B signals are then 'encoded' (combined in specific proportions)
to produce following two main signals.

It is also known as y signal. It is obtained by mixing red, green and

i Luminance
blue colours in the following ratio:
signal (Y-signal)
Y=30% Red + 59% Green + 11% Blue
The above percentage is chosen with a view to the colour sensitivity of
human eye. Luminance signal is modulated to the video carrier
frequency to provide compatibility by reproducing a black and white
picture on a monochrome TV receiver. In colour TV this signal helps in
decoding thethree primary colours at the colour picture tube.
It contains all the colour information regarding 'hue' and'saturation' of
Chrominance a colour. This information is then produced in the form of V(R-y) and
signal (C-signal) U(B-y) signals, for LCD and LEDTV Receivers.
For this purpose. The Y signal is inverted into (-Y) by aninverter stage
and then added to R and B signals in thefollowing manner:
R + (-Y) = R - Y (V-signal)
B + (-Y) = B - Y (U-signal)
The circuit in which, the video signals are mixed in a given
proportion and modulated with a sub-carrier frequency for
telecasting, is called matrix unit.
The block diagram of a CTV receiver is shown at the end of
Block diagram of this lesson. As a reference will help in understanding the
a CTV receiver concepts of CTV. It stages and flow of signals easy for the
beginners. It uses PAL standard.
 Antenna
various stages of  Tuner
a colour TV  Television receiver controls
receiver
 VIF stage
 Pre-Amplifier
 VIF Amplifier
 Sound section
 Luminance and delay line (Y delay)
 Video output
 Horizontal section
 Horizontal driver stage
 Horizontal output stage
 Vertical section
 Vertical output
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Principles and working of LCD, Types of LCD panels

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Principles and working of LCD, Types of LCD panels

Objectives: • explain the construction of LCD display • explain twisted nematic display
• describe the working principle of LCD display • explain the types of LCD panels
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
Introduction LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display used to show status of an
application, display values, debugging a program, etc.
LCD TV is a television display technolgy based on LCD. By the
development of LCD, conventional TVs are changed by the LCD TV.
LCD TV consumes much less power and utilize less space. They work
on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting, etc.
Construction Construction of LCD is rather simple, there are certainfacts that
and working should be noted while making it.
of LCD 1 The basic structure of an LCD should be controlled by changing the
applied electric current.
2 The light that is used on the LCD can be polarized.
3 Liquid crystals should be able to control both transmit and change the
polarized light.
4 There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
The constructional details of LCD is shown in Fig 1. Two polarized
glass filter pieces are required to construct the LCD. The glass which
does not have a polarized film on the surface. It must be rubbed with
a special polymer which creates microscopic grooves in the surface
of the polarized glass filter and the grooves must be in the same
direction of the polarized film. Then added a coating of nematic
liquid crystals to one of the polarized filters of thepolarized glass. The
microscopic channel will cause the first layer of molecules to align
with the filter's orientation.

Working
principle LCD displays consists of two sheets of polarized glass plates
seperated by a thin layer of liquid crystal molecule as shown in Fig 2.
The type of liquid crystal used in LCD panels have very specific
properties. That serves as effective 'shutters' to open and close to
block or permitlight through in response to an electric current. The
current through the liquid crystal is controlled by a voltageapplied
between the glass plates via transparent electrodes that form a grid
with rows on one side of thepanel and columns on the other. As the
electric currentpasses through these liquid crystals, they untwist to
 change the angle of the molecules depending on the applied voltage.
This untwisting effect will change the polarization of the light
passing through the LCD panel.As the polarization changes with
respect to the appliedvoltage across the glass plates, more or less light
is able to pass through the particular area of the polarized filteron
the face of the LCD
How LCD TV
backlights There are too many different types of LCD TV backlight. This hasn't
work always been the case, though. Initially, the only option was a cold-
cathode-fluorescent-lamp system, which essentially comprises of
fluorescent tubes behind an LCD panel, providing the light that makes
the picturevisible.

Advantages of
an LCD's  LCD's consumes less amount of power compared toCRT due
to the emission of less amount of heat LCDs are of low cost.
 Provides excellent contrast.
 LCD screen is very compact and light weight.
 Very little emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Disadvantage  Limited viewing angle

s of an LCD's
 Require additional light sources
 Range of temperature is limited for operation
 Low reliability
 Speed is very low
 LCD's need an AC drive
 Sometimes black level will be unacceptable bright.

LCD display LCD displays are mainly two types

 Twisted Nematic display (TN display)
 In-plane switching or IPS screen technology

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Block diagram of LCD TV

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Block diagram of LCD TV

Objectives: • explain the block diagram of LCD TV • illustrate block diagram of LCD television
• state the features of LCD television.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

LCD TV block
RF Tuner: RF tuner receives the analog signal and converting into
diagram
VIF & SIF. This signal is demodulated to get video signal. This
explanation
CVBS(Composite Video Baseband Signal) is processed, and decoded
video signal is given to a LCD display panel. The sound signal is
demodulated, amplified,and sent to drive the speaker.
Digital broadcast: Digital tuner receives the digital signal and
demodulate it. The MPEG decoder and composite video encoder-
decodes the MPEG compressed data and also encodes video into
NTSC/PAL/SECAM signal as an output.
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface): HDMI video signal
is processed by video decoder video processor and LVDs(Low
Voltage Differential Signal). This signal goto drive the display panel.
HDMI audio signal is sent to processor, audio decoder, preamplifier
and finally goes to the loud speaker.
All input signals whether it is coming from antenna, audio video, video
graphics, HDMI and USB are fed to corresponding processing
circuit. Processed converts all the signals into digital signal and fed to
PCI (PheripheralComponent Interconnect) interface.
PCI interface (Data and control logic) : With the help of CPU all the
signals from previous section (audio/video signals) are processed,
and sent to output section which is controlled by a front panel
control and also by a remote control.
Front panel controls: The controls in the TV front panel are used
to adjust/ control the overall performance of the TV.
Digital signal processor: The signal that comes from the PCI
section is processed by the DSP section. The sound signal
converted into analog signal (DAC) and fed to audio amplifier stage
and digital video signal processed and feeding to video encoder
section.
Image signal processing: The signal that comes from the PCI
interface section is processed (Amplification error correction,
colour signal separation) and sent to LCD screen and colour
processor.
 Colour processor: The signal from the image signal processor is
processed (Horizontal timing colour correction) and fed to LCD
screen.
LCD screen: LCD display receive both the signals from LCD data/
timing control and colour processor. According to both the signals
the LCD screen produce the picture or image.
Colour balance in LCD screen: In a TV displays, colour is achieved
by a continuous flow of light waves at pixel, and also by an amount of
light passed by a mosaic filter (Red, Green, Blue). Colour balance is
extremely difficult in LCD monitor, because colour trial must remain
constant for any change in light.This is difficult for black, because all
colour wavelength is different, so some light passes and produce
other colour rather than black. One way to block light of all
wavelength by maintaining a liquid crystal cell gap at a particular
distance to the wavelength of light going from same location. The
practical way is only by a multiple gap technology. The thickness of
the red, green and blue mosaic filters are arranged in the cell gap is
6.4 μm, 5.8μm and 4.8 μm respectively.
Power section: Power section including the AC to DC conversion to
create the main power for the entire unit. Most of the functional
block in the LCD TV requires a particular voltage and current
especially for the main processor, DDR memory, the tuner and
video/audio signal chains
LCD: The LCD screen brightness is not enough to view with bare
eyes. So some backlight is needed to light the image, which is done
by Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL) in LCD TV

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Working principle of LED TV, Block diagram of LED TV

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Working principle of LED TV, Block diagram of LED TV

Objectives: • describe LED TV technology • explain the type of LED lighting technology
• explain the block diagram of LED TV • describe the back light in an LED TV
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

LED LED, which stands for "Light Emitting Diodes", differs from general
TV technology LCD TVs in that LCDs use fluorescent lights as backlight while LED TVs
use those light emitting diodes
An LED TV illuminates its LCD panel with light-emitting diodes as
shown in Fig 1. LEDs consist of small semiconductors, which glow
during exposure to electric current. Specifically, this current flow
between LED anodes and LED cathodes.
The fluorescent lamps function in LED TV by using mercury vapour
to create ultraviolet rays, which in turn cause the phosphor coating
of the lamps to glow.
LEDs have several advantages over fluorescent lamps, including
requiring less energy and being able to produce brighter on-screen
colours.

Types of LED There are two primary forms of LED lighting technology
lighting that LED TVs can utilize full-array LED backlighting and
technology edge-lit LED backlighting. Also known as local-dimming
technology, full-array technology employs arrays or banks of
LEDs that cover the entire back surfaces of LED TV
screens.
In contrast, edge-lit technology employs LEDs only aroundthe
edges of LED TV screens. Unlike an edge-lit LED TV, an LED
TV with full-array technology can selectively dim specific
groups of LEDs, allowing for superior contrast ratio and
superior overall picture quality.
1 LCD stands for "Liquid Crystal Display" and technically, both LED
Difference and LCD TVs are liquid crystal displays. The basic technology is
between LCD and the same in that both televisiontypes have two layers of polarized
LED glass through which the liquid crystals both block and pass light.
So really, LED TVs are a subset of LCD TVs.
2 LED, which stands for "Light Emitting Diodes", differs from
general LCD TVs in that LCDs use fluorescent lights as backlight
while LEDs use those light emitting diodes.
3 The fluorescent lights in an LCD TV are always behind the screen.
 On an LED TV, the light emitting diodes can be placed either
behind the screen or around itsedges.
4 The difference in lights and in lighting placement has generally
meant that LED TVs can be thinner than LCDs. It has also
meant that LED TVs run with greater energy efficiency and
can provide a clearer,better picture than the general LCD TVs.
5 LED TVs provide a better picture for two basic reasons, first, LED
TVs work with a colour wheel or distinct RGB-coloured lights
(red, green, blue) to produce more realistic and sharper
colours, second, light emitting diodes can be dimmed. The
dimming capability on the back lighting in an LED TV allows the
picture to display with a truer black by darkening thelights and
blocking more light from passing through the panel. This
capability is not present on edge-lit LED TVs. However, edge-lit
LED TVs can display atruer white than the fluorescent LED TVs.
6 All the LCD TVs are thin-screen, each has particular viewing
angle and anti-glare issues. The backlit TVs provide better,
cleaner viewing angle than the edge- lit LED TV. However, the
backlit LED TV will usually have better viewing angle than the
standard LCD TV

Block diagram of Introduction: The functional block diagram of LED TV is similar to

LED TV that of a LCD TV. The only difference is in its display screen
technology.

LED Driver and There are large arrays of LEDs located behind the LCD panel in a
back light in LED typical LCD TV LED backlighting system as shown in Fig 1. In this
TV array are a large number of parallel channels of LEDs connected in
series depending on the size of the TV and the type of backlighting,
for example edge backlighting (less LEDs but more in series) or direct
backlighting (more LEDs in parallel).The LED voltage (VLED) is
provided by the White LED Backlight Driver Board to each LED
channel and is regulated to a level needed by the highest voltage
required to maximize thelight output of each LED string.
Depending upon the power supply requirements determined by
the number of LEDs in the string or grouping of parallel LED
strings, the up-stream power source for the LED backlight driver
board may be a DC/ DC step-up boost converter, a DC/DC step-
down converter or more commonly an AC/DC converter. In the case
where supply voltage is lower than the required VLED, a step-up
boost converter will be used.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Introduction of OLED TV, Concept of 3D TV

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Introduction of OLED TV, Concept of 3D TV

Objectives: • define OLED TV • working of OLED • define 3D TV technology •
concept of 3D TV
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:
TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS
OLED TV An OLED TV is a television display technology based on the
characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). An organic
light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which
an emissive electroluminescent layer as a film of organic
compound is sandwiched between two conductors, which emits
light in response to an electric current. A typical OLED is composed
of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and anode and
cathode terminals. The layers have conductivity levels ranging
from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered as organic
semiconductors. OLED TV isa different technology than LED TV.
Working of The first most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, light-
OLED TV
emitting polymer device synthesized by Burroughs et al from USA
, involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer
OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency.
As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid
charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic
profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode
and being wasted.
A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive
with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to
flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode
gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode with draws
electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode
gives electron holes to the conductive layer.

OLED types OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active- matrix
displays.
AMOLED: Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film
transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel ON or OFF, but
allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.
PMOLED: PMOLED stands for Passive-Matrix OLED, which relates to
the way to control (or drive) the display. A PMOLED display uses a
simple control scheme in which to control each row (or line) in the
display sequentially (one at a time). PMOLED do not contain a
storage capacitor andso the pixels in each line are actually off most of
the time.To compensate for this you need to use more voltage tomake
them brighter.
OLED advantages  Flexible
 Very thin
 Colour capability
  Power consumption
 Bright images
 Wide viewing angle
 Fast response time

OLED  Moisture sensitive

disadvantages  Limited life
 Lifespan: The lifespan of the OLED displays is a major
problem. Currently they are around half that of an LCD, being
around 15 000 hours.
 UV sensitivity: OLED displays can be damaged by prolonged
exposure to UV light. To avoid this UV blocking filter is often
installed over the main display, but this increases the cost.
Applications
OLEDs are being used in many applications from television set
screens, and computer monitors, along with other small, portable
system screens such as mobile smart phones to watches,
advertising, information, and indication. OLEDs are also used in
large-area light- emitting elements for general illumination.
Currently OLEDs emit less light than their in-organic counterparts,
but their flexibility means that they can be used in a much greater
number of applications

Definition of 3D 3D TV is a television display technology that enables a "three

TV technology dimensional effect", so that viewers perceive that an image has
depth as well as height and width, similar to objects in the real
world.
The principles of The viewer perceives depth because the right eye and the left eye
3D TV and how are in different locations and each eye captures even so slightly
it works different image. The brain processes the two different images into
a single image enabling us to focus and perceive the world around
us with a sense of depth.
Different 3D TV Anaglyphic 3D: Many people associate 3D with a pair of cardboard
Standards red/cyan (a kind of greenish colour) tinted glasses and legendary
movies like "jaws 3D". This format is called anaglyphic 3D and till
quite recently this was the most popular way tocreate 3D content.
Polarization 3D: The polarization format will be instantly familiar to
anyone who has been to see a 3D movie at the cinema of lately.
These grey tinted, plastic glasses are much more substantial.
Alternate frame sequencing: The frame sequential format is
already the accepted standard for 3D Blu-ray. This format requires
a pair of active shutter glasses to deliver its 3D content.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Comparison of CRT and LCD/LED TV, Types of cables used in LCD/LED TV

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Comparison of CRT and LCD/LED TV, Types of cables used in LCD/LED TV
Objective: • list out the differences between CRT, LED and LCD TV
• differentiate types of input/output sockets provided on the LCD/LED TV
• explain the different types of cables used in LED and LCD TV.
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT

HINTS
LCD & LED CRT
Comparison
between Slim Factor Slim Bulky
CRT with Viewable Full or very close to its Usually 0.9 inches or less than
LCD and screen size actual size
LED TV
Screen True Flat Fake Flat (unless aperture grille)
Flatness
Radiation Little or none More Radiation
Weight Light Heavy
Power Low Power 250% or more power
Requirements requirement
Glare No Glare Reduced Glare
Image Sharp Slightly less sharp images
Sharpness
Automatic Perfect Imperfect
Resize
Burn-In None Suffers from burn-in problem
Refresh Rate No refresh rate (60Hz Needs refresh rate (minimum 72 Hz)
fixed)
Warmness Little Cathode gun gets warm after some time
Dead / Stuck No such problem May have dead / stuck pixel
Pixel
Response No issue with response Slow
Rate rate
Price Cheap Expensive
Native None Has a native resolution
Resolution
Max Colours 32 bit 8-Bit max, 16.7 million colours.
Viewing Wide viewing angle Narrow viewing angle
Angle
Video Ideal for any video Not ideal for videos, unless HD
viewing including HD
Blackness True Black Between Dark Grey to Grey
Types of The modern television technology has paved the way for using the TV as a versatile
cables display device for various audio visual equipment’s as well as computer.
used in
LCD/LED The following types of connectors are provided on the side/rear or on the front
TV panel of the latest television sets.
 R.F. socket: It is used to connect the antenna signal to the TV. An aerial fly lead
 A.V. input/output: For audio and video signals RCA cables are used to connect
the VCR, CD/DVD players, set-top box, video camera, etc to TV sets.
 HDMI socket: This socket is a common digital interface for audio andvideo
signals from DVD /Blue ray/ Home theatre system,set-top box, etc.
 USB socket: USB 2.0 terminal for connecting USB flash drive/mass storage
devices MP3 music/songs and movies playing directly on LCD/LED TV set.
 DVI cable: This is also known as Digital Versatile Interface cable. It is used to
connect video signals to the display devices of desktop computers and LCD/LED
monitors.
 Optical input/output: This cable is also known as SPDIF connector. This is
used to connect the home theatre/DVD player/Blue raydisc player into
LCD/LED TV for playback
 VGA input: This terminal is used to connect computer output usingVGA cable
for functioning the LCD/LED TV as video monitor.
 3.5 mm stereo jack: This socket is provided to connect stereo head
phone for TV program sound/audio. It can be used for recording the
audio signal thro external equipment or play the sound/audio using
public address amplifier system.

APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON: Remote control Satellite transmitter and receiver

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL

 GOVT ITI., OWK
LESSON PLAN

Name: B UMA MAHESHWARA REDDY Unit/ Lesson No. _____________

Trade: ELECTRONICS MECH Date: ______________ Time: ___________

TITLE: - Remote control Satellite transmitter and receiver

Objectives: • define remote control • describe different types of remote controls
• explain elements in satellite communication system • explain components in satellite link
Aids: Black Board, Chalk
Preparation :
Review :
Introduction :
Presentation:

TOPICS INFORMATION POINTS SPOT HINTS

Introduction Remote control is an electronic device, used to control the
functions of another device wirelessly from a short distance.
A remote control (RC) is a small, usually hand-held, electronic
device for controlling another device, such as a television, radio or
audio/video recording device, gaming console, set-top box etc.
Remote controls commonly operate via infrared(IR) signals but
sometimes by radio frequency signals also. The remote control
may control a variety of functions such as volume, channel, track
number and other functions. Modern remote control devices often
have more controlling functions, which may have only a few
primary essential controls.
There are three basic types of remote controls in commonusage:

Types of Remotes  Infrared (IR) Remote: IR remote control works on a pretty

simple principle of "Photo electric effect". Infra-Red remote
control is wireless device used to operate audio, video and
other electronic equipment within a room using light signals in
the infrared (IR) range. Infrared light requires line of sight to its
destination.
 RF Remote: Radio frequency remote control also is a wireless
device used to operate audio, video and other electronic
equipment using Radio Frequency (RF) transmission. Unlike
the common infrared (IR) remotes, RF remotes do not have to
be aimed at the equipment.
 Bluetooth Remote: A subset of RF remotes, these rely on the
Bluetooth protocol to communicate. Most commonly used for
videogame controllers and some newer set-top boxes

Parts of a IR The internal parts of IR type remote control is

remote control 1 Buttons/Keypads
2 Integrated circuit
3 Button contacts
4 IRLED
5 Battery
Satellite With the advancement of satellite communication system the
communication electronic signals in the microwave range are transmitted around
the world instantaneously. The satellite is a microwave repeater
placed in the geo-stationary and placed at an altitude of 22300
miles or 35900 km above the ground level. The satellite travels at
the same speed at which the earth rotates around the sun. The
rotation of satellite is synchronized with the rotation of the earth
as a result satellite appears to be stationary in the sky with respect
to the earth station is constant. There are 3 satellites placed at an
angle of 120º in geo-stationary orbit; they provide 100% coverage
from one earth stationto anywhere on the earth
The basic elements
of satellite 1) Earth station, 2) Satellite, 3) Terrestrial system, and 4) User.
communication
A set- top Box is a consumer electronics device connected between a
Set-top box television and a content provider such as Direct Broadcast
Satellite operator, Cable operator or Terrestrial operator. This
device converts and providesdigital audio and video sources after
decoding the incoming digital signals. It then separates audio and
video data streams for presenting them to respective displays.
The function of set-top box is to provide more TV channels on the
same limited number of frequencies. The block diagram of set-top
box

Working of set- The set-top box accepts the entire down converted band and
top box separates out the individual transponder frequency. Then signals
are first converted to fixed IF and then QPSK demodulated. After
the QPSK (Quadrature Phase- Shift Keying) demodulation, the digital
bit stream obtained contains several multiplexed channels as well
as error control bits. The bit stream is processed to correct and
detect errors, de-interleaved, and decrypted. A digital de-
multiplexer then extracts the bits for wanted channel, and sends
them to MPEG decoder, and finally generates stereo audio and video
signals with DIA converters to drive TV set. Connection of set-top
box to TV

Basic operation Set-top box can be operated using either by front panelswitches or
of STB using Remote control The various functions which can be
operated, using front panel control or remote control are tuning
of particular channel, feeding frequency, symbol rate and other
useful data, generating test patterns. All the functions available in
the set-top box are displayed on the TV screen using On Screen
Display (OSD). It is Graphical User Interface (GUI) for ease of
operation. Remote control and front panel switches are the main
input console for set-top box.
APPLICATION: ______________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

ASSIGNMENT: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

NEXT LESSON:

A.T.O T.O PRINCIPAL