Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM

Files
Concept of a file, Opening and Closing files, file input / output functions (standard library input / output
functions for text files)

FILE STRUCTURE:

✓ I/O functions available are similar to their console counterparts; scanf becomes fscanf, printf
becomes fprintf, etc., These functions read and write from file streams.
✓ As an example, the file stream structure FILE defined in the header file stdio.h in DOS is shown
below:
typedef struct
{
int level; /* fill/empty level of buffer */
usigned flasgs; /* File status flags */
char fd; /* File descriptor (handle) */
unsigned char hold; /* Ungetc char if no buffer */
int bsize; /* Buffer size */
unsigned char _FAR *buffer; /* Data transfer buffer */
unsigned char _FAR *curp;/* Current active pointer */
unsigned istemp; /* Temporary file indicator */
short token; /* Used for validity checking */
} FILE; /* This is the FILE Object *

NOTE: FILE is defined as New Structure Data Type in the stdio.h file as shown in above method.
End Of File:

✓ EOF is a macro defined as an int with a negative value. It is normally returned by functions that
perform read operations to denote either an error or end of input.
✓ Input from a terminal never really "ends" (unless the device is disconnected), but it is useful to
enter more than one "file" into a terminal, so a key sequence is reserved to indicate end of input.
✓ Cntrl+Z is the key in DOS to end or terminate the input values.
✓ Cntrl+D is the key in UNIX to end or terminate the input values.
Example: /* A program to Write a file and read a file */
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
fp=fopen("DATA1.txt","w");
printf("Enter the Text:\n");
printf("Use Ctrl+z to stop entry \n");
while((scanf("%c",&ch))!=EOF)
fprintf(fp, “%c",ch);
fclose(fp);
printf("\n");
fp=fopen("DATA1.txt","r");
printf("Entered Text is:\n");
while((fscanf(fp,"%c",&ch))!=EOF) printf("%c",ch);
fclose(fp);
}

Output:
Enter the Text:

Use Ctrl+z to stop entry

Hi Raju...
how r u... how is ur studies...:-)

^Z // Cntrl+Z key terminated the input values

Entered Text is:

Hi Raju...
how r u... how is ur studies...:-)

File Handling Functions:

Reading Character from a file: fgetc( ) or getc( )

✓ fgetc( ) or getc( ) is a predefined file handling function which is used to read a single character
from a existing file opened in read(“r”) mode by fopen( ), which is same as like getchar( )
function.
Syntax:
ch_var= fgetc(filepointer); (Or) ch_var=getc(filepointer);

Example:
char ch;
ch=fgetc(fp); (Or) ch=getc(fp);
Where ‘ch’ is a character variable to be written to the file.
Where ‘fp’ is a file pointer object.

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
✓ getc( ) or fgetc( ) gets the next character from the input file to which the file pointer fp points to.
The function getc( ) will return an end-of-file(EOF) marker when the end of the file has been
reached or it if encounters an error.
✓ On Success the function fputc( ) or putc( ) will return the value that it has written to the file,
otherwise it returns EOF.
Example: /* A program to Read a file */
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
fp=fopen("DATA1.txt","r");
/* DATA1.txt is an already existing file with content */
printf("Text from file is:\n");
while((ch=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)
/* (Or) while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)*/
printf("%c",ch);
fclose(fp);
}

Output:
Text from file is:

Hi Raju... how r u... how is ur studies...:-)

Writing Or Printing Character in a file: fputc( ) or putc( )

✓ fputc( ) or putc( ) is a predefined file handling function which is used to print a single character in a
new file opened in write(“w”) mode by fopen( ), which is same as like putchar( ) function.

Syntax:
fputc(ch_var , filepointer); (Or) putc(ch_var , filepointer);

Example: fputc(ch, fp); (Or) putc(ch, fp);

Where ‘ch’ is a character variable. & Where ‘fp’ is a file pointer object.

Example: /* A program to Write a Character in a file and read a Character from a file */
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp;

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
char ch;
fp=fopen("DATA1.txt","w");
printf("Enter the Text:\n");
printf("Use Ctrl+z to stop entry \n");
while((ch=getchar( ) )!=EOF)
fputc(ch,fp);
/* (Or)
putc(ch,fp); */
fclose(fp);
printf("\n");
fp=fopen("DATA1.txt","r");
printf("Entered Text is:\n");
while((ch=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)
putchar(ch);
fclose(fp);
}

Output:
Enter the Text:
Use Ctrl+z to stop entry
Hi ...
how are you... how is your
studies...:-)
^Z // Cntrl+Z key terminated the input values

Entered Text is:

Hi ...
how are you... how is your
studies...:-)

Reading String from a file: fgets( )

✓ fgets( ) is a predefined file handling function which is used to read a line of text from an existing file
opened in read(“r”) mode by fopen( ), which is same as like gets( ) function.

Syntax:
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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
char *fgets(char *s, int n,FILE *fp);

or

fgets(ch_var ,str_length, filepointer);

Example:
char ch[10];
fgets(ch ,20, fp);
Where ‘ch’ is a string variable to be written to the file.

Where ‘fp’ is a file pointer object.

Where 20 is the string length in a file.
✓ The function fgets( ) read character from the stream fp into the character array ‘ch’ until a newline
character is read, or end-of-file is reached. It then appends the terminating null character after the last
character read and returns ‘ch’ if end-of-file occurs before reading any character an error occurs during
input fgets( ) returns NULL.

Writing Or Printing String in a file: fputs( )

✓ fputs( ) is a predefined file handling function which is used to print a string in a new file opened in
write(“w”) mode by fopen( ), which is same as like puts( ) function.

Syntax:
int fputs(const char *s, FILE *fp);
or
fputs(ch_var , filepointer);
Example:

char ch[10]=”gitam”;
fputs(ch, fp);
Where ‘ch’ is a string variable.
Where ‘fp’ is a file pointer object.
✓ The function fputs( ) writes to the stream fp except the terminating null character of string s, it returns
EOF if an error occurs during output otherwise it returns a non negative value.

Example: /* A program to Write and Read a string in a file */

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
char name[20];
char name1[20];
FILE *fp; fp=fopen("dream.txt","w");
puts(“Enter any String\n”);
gets(name); fputs(name,fp);
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("dream.txt","r");
fgets(name1,10,fp); /* Here ‘10’ is nothing but String Length, i.e., upto
how- puts(“String from file is:\n”); many characters u want to access
from a file. */
puts(name1);
fclose(fp);
}
Output:
Enter any String:
hi ram how r u
String from file is:
hi ram ho

Reading and Printing only integer value: getw() and putw():

✓ The getw( ) and putw( ) are predefined file handling integer-oriented functions. They are similar to the
getc( ) and putc( ) functions and are used to read and write integer values.

✓ These functions would be useful when we deal with only integer data.

Syntax for getw( ):

integervariable=getw(filepointer);
Example:
int n;
n= getw(fp);
Syntax for putw( ):
putw(integervariable, filepointer);
Example:
putw(n,fp);
Example: /* A program to Write and Read only one Integer Value in a file */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,m;
FILE *fp=fopen("num.txt","w");
puts("Enter a number:");

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
scanf("%d",&n);
putw(n,fp); /* printing only integer value in a file */
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("num.txt","r");
m=getw(fp); /* reading only integer value from a file */
printf("From File int val=%d",m);
}
Output1:

Enter a number: 16
From File int val=16
Output2:

Enter a number: 25 35 45
From File int val=25 /* here it take only one value, basing on program
requirement */

Output3:

Enter a number: 25.5

Frm File int val=25

Output4:
Enter a number: A

Frm File int val=28056 /* here it doesn’t print ASCII value of ‘A’, it just print
some-garbage value */

Example: /* A program to Write and Read more Integer Values in a file */

#include<stdio.h> main()
{
int n,m;
FILE *fp=fopen("num.txt","w");

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
puts(“Press Cntl+Z to end the values”); puts("Enter
the numbers:"); while(scanf("%d",&n)!=EOF)
putw(n,fp);
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("num.txt","r");
puts(“Entered values in file are:”);
while((m=getw(fp))!=EOF)
printf("%d\n",m);
}
Output:
Press Cntl+Z to end the values Enter the numbers:
1 2 10 20 30 45
^Z
Entered values in file are:
1
2
10
20
30
45

/* File program to read a character file and encrypts it by replacing each

alphabet by its next alphabet cyclically i.e., z is replaced by a. Non-
alphabets in the file are retained as they are. Write the encrypted text
into another file */

#include<stdio.h>

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char fname1[20],fname2[20];
char ch1,ch2;
printf("Enter the source file name ");
scanf("%s",fname1);
fp1=fopen(fname1,"r");
if(fp1==NULL)
printf("%s is not available",fname1);
else
{
printf("Enter the new file name ");
scanf("%s",fname2);
fp2=fopen(fname2,"w");
while((ch1=fgetc(fp1))!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",ch1);
if((ch1>=65 && ch1<=89) || (ch1>=97 && ch1<=121))
ch2=ch1+1;
else if(ch1==90 || ch1==122)
ch2=ch1-25;
else
ch2=ch1;
fputc(ch2,fp2);
}
printf("File copied into %s succesfull",fname2);
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
}
}

Output:
Enter the source file name apple.txt
Enter the new file name orange.txt
Vizag Zoo cell: 984822338File copied into orange.txt succesfull

Input text apple.txt Output text orange.txt

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM

/*Program to read data from input file and place first 10 characters
in an array and display on the monitor.*/

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
int i=0;
char c,a[11];
fp=fopen(“INPUT”,”r”);
while(i<100)
{
c=getc(fp);
a[i]=c;
i++;
}
fclose(fp);
a[i]=’\0’;
puts(a);
}
Output:
Computer i

/*Program to read a C program and count number of statement

terminators and number of opening braces.*/

#include<stdio.h>
main()

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
{
FILE *fp;
int s=0,b=0;
char c;
fp=fopen(“fib.c”,”r”);
while((c=getc(fp))!=EOF)
{
if(c==’;’) s++;
if(c==’{‘) b++;
}
fclose(fp);
printf(“\t\n number of statement terminators=%d”,s);
printf(“\t\n no of opening braces=%d”,b);
}

Output:
Number of Statements terminators=10
No.of Opening braces=3

/*Program to copy contents of one file into another file.*/

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char s;
fp1=fopen(“input.txt”,”r”);
fp2=fopen(“output.txt”,”w”);
while ((s=getc(fp1))!=EOF)
putc(s,fp2);
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
}

/*Program to append the contents to a file and display the contents

before and after appending.*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char s,c;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t one.txt contents are \n\n");
/*prints contents of file1 on monitor*/
fp1=fopen("one.txt","r");
while((c=getc(fp1))!=EOF)
printf("%c",c); fclose(fp1);
printf("\n\n\t two.txt contents before appending are \n\n");
/*prints contents of file2 on monitor before appending*/
fp2=fopen("two.txt","r");
while((c=getc(fp2))!=EOF)
printf("%c",c); fclose(fp2);
/*appends contents of file1 to file2*/
fp1=fopen("one.txt","r");
fp2=fopen("two.txt","a");
while((c=getc(fp1))!=EOF)
putc(c,fp2); fcloseall();
printf("\n\n\t two.txt contents after appending are \n\n");
/*prints contents of file2 on monitor after appending*/
fp2=fopen("two.txt","r");
while((c=getc(fp2))!=EOF)
printf("%c",c);
fclose(fp2);
}
Output:
one.txt contents are
C was developed by Denis Ritchie two.txt contents before
appending are
C IS A MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE.
two.txt contents after appending are
C IS A MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE. C was developed by Denis Ritchie

/*Program to change all upper case letters in a file to lower case

letters and vice versa.*/

#include<stdio.h>
main()

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char c;
fp1=fopen("text.txt","r");
fp2=fopen("copy.txt","w");
while((c=getc(fp1))!=EOF)
{
if(c>=65&&c<=91)
c=c+32;
else
c=c-32;
putc(c,fp2);
}
fcloseall();
}

/*Program to read numbers from a file “data” which contains a series

of integer numbers and then write all odd numbers to the file to be
called “odd” and all even numbers to a file called “even”.*/
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp,*fp1,*fp2;

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 Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM
int c,i;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("data.txt","w");
printf("enter the numbers");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&c);
putw(c,fp);
}
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("data.txt","r");
fp1=fopen("even.txt","w");
fp2=fopen("odd.txt","w");
while((c=getw(fp))!=EOF)
{
if(c%2==0)
putw(c,fp1);
else
putw(c,fp2);
}
fclose(fp);
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
fp1=fopen("even.txt","r");
while((c=getw(fp1))!=EOF)
Output:
printf("%4d",c);
Enter the numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
printf("\n\n");
Enter the numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
fp2=fopen("odd.txt","r");
while((c=getw(fp2))!=EOF)
2 4 6 8 10
printf("%4d",c);
1 3 5 7 9
fcloseall();
}

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