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Matrices Full Exploration

Matrix class 12th

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13 views6 pages

Matrices Full Exploration

Matrix class 12th

Uploaded by

subratakhatua355
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices: An In-Depth Exploration

1. Meaning, Definition, and Characteristics

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns.

Matrices are widely used in linear algebra to represent systems of linear equations, transformations,

and data structures. A matrix is usually denoted by an uppercase letter such as A, B, or C.

A matrix is typically represented as:

A = [a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2n

...

am1 am2 ... amn]

Here, a_ij represents the element located in the i-th row and j-th column. The dimensions of a matrix

are denoted as 'm × n', where m is the number of rows and n is the number of columns.

### Basic Definitions

- **Order of a Matrix**: The order is described by the number of rows and columns. For example, a 2

× 3 matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns.

- **Elements**: Individual values within the matrix, denoted as a_ij.

- **Row Vector**: A matrix with a single row, e.g., [1 2 3].

- **Column Vector**: A matrix with a single column, e.g., [1; 2; 3].


### Characteristics

- **Rows and Columns**: The structure of rows (horizontal) and columns (vertical) defines the

matrix's order.

- **Main Diagonal**: The diagonal from the top-left to the bottom-right, where row and column

indices are equal (a_11, a_22, ...).

2. Types of Matrices

### 1. Square Matrix

A matrix with the same number of rows and columns (m = n).

Example:

[1 2

3 4]

### 2. Row Matrix

A matrix with only one row.

Example:

[3 4 5]

### 3. Column Matrix

A matrix with only one column.


Example:

[1

3]

### 4. Zero Matrix

A matrix where all elements are zero.

Example:

[0 0

0 0]

### 5. Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix where all off-diagonal elements are zero.

Example:

[1 0

0 3]

### 6. Identity Matrix

A diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1.

Example:
[1 0

0 1]

### 7. Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix equal to its transpose.

Example:

[1 2

2 3]

### 8. Skew-Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix where A = -A^T.

Example:

[0 2

-2 0]

### 9. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices

- **Upper Triangular**: All elements below the main diagonal are zero.

Example:

[1 2

0 3]

- **Lower Triangular**: All elements above the main diagonal are zero.
Example:

[1 0

2 3]

3. Arithmetic Operations of Matrices

### Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Matrices must be of the same order to be added or subtracted. Corresponding

elements are added or subtracted.

Example:

A = [1 2

3 4], B = [5 6

7 8]

A + B = [6 8

10 12]

### Scalar Multiplication

Each element of the matrix is multiplied by a scalar.

Example:

k = 2, A = [1 2
3 4]

2A = [2 4

6 8]

### Matrix Multiplication

Defined when the number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of

rows in the second.

Example:

A = [1 2

3 4], B = [5 6

7 8]

A × B = [19 22

43 50]

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