Abacus ● designed for a specific task

● The word Abacus derived from the Greek word ‘abax’ which ● used binary codes of “machine language”
means ‘tabular form’. ● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), a hulk
● Invented from ancient Babylon in between 300 to 500 bc. of machinery consist of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
● Abacus was the first counting machine. resistors, and 5 million soldered joints, and occupied a space
● The abacus is still used in education today, especially in countries equal to a small warehouse
like Japan and China, to teach mathematical concepts. ● Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), a
● An instrument to calculate or count by using sliding counters and pioneer in implementing von Neumann’s architecture, the
rods. key to which was the Central Processing Unit (CPU) which
● Abacus was in use in Europe, China, and Russia. allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a
● Ultimate ancestor of today’s computers single source
● The arithmetic tool of early merchants ● German Z3, Developed during World War II which is used for
● Used to aid in handling numerical/logical computations. designing warplanes and missiles, aircraft design and other
engineering tasks. It was designed by German engineer
Cranmer Abacus Konrad Zuse and completed in 1941.
● Adapted Abacus ● Colossus, it was used during World War II to decipher
● Invented by Tim Cranmer messages. It was designed by Tommy Flowers and his team at
● It is commonly used by visually impaired users. Bletchley Park, England. The first Colossus machine became
operational in 1944.
Charles Babbage 2. Second Generation (1956 - 1963)
● “Father of Computing” ● Technology: Transistors
● Invented the Analytical and Difference Engines ● Characteristics: Smaller, faster, and more reliable than
● Born on December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire in the UK vacuum tubes; more energy-efficient.
● Examples: IBM 7094, CDC 1604
Difference Engine ● Improvements: Introduction of assembly language
● Embodied the basic concepts and elements of a modern 3. Third Generation (1964 - 1971)
general-purpose computer ● Technology: Integrated Circuits
● This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such - The first integrated circuit (IC) was invented
as logarithm tables. independently by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
● He designed it to automate the calculation of mathematical tables ● Characteristics: Further miniaturization; multiple transistors
● First Design: on a single chip; increased speed and efficiency.
- Babbage began work on the first version around 1822. He ● Examples: IBM 360 series
envisioned a machine that could compute polynomial ● Advancements: Introduction of operating systems and
functions using the method of finite differences. high-level programming languages
● Second Version 4. The Fourth Generation (1971 - Present)
- In 1847, Babbage proposed a more advanced version called ● development of user-friendly software packages.
the Difference Engine No. 2, which was more efficient but ● Technology: Microprocessors
also never completed. - The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
- Size: 11 feet long and 7 feet high computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip.
Analytical Engine ● Characteristics: Entire CPU on a single chip; compact and
● Utilized I/O media called Jacquard’s punched cards powerful.
- Punch cards are used for storing operating instructions ● Examples: Intel 4004
(programs) ● Impact: Widespread use in homes and businesses.
● Allowed output devices for displaying results 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
● Concept: Babbage envisioned it as a fully programmable ● Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced
mechanical computer capable of performing any calculation computing technologies.
● Characteristics: Focus on machine learning, natural language
Augusta Ada Lovelace processing, and quantum computing
● The daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron ● Examples: Google AI.
● Worked with Babbage and created a program for the Analytical
Machine. Types of Computers
● She was considered to be the first programmer
1. Desktop
Generation of Computers ● is a personal computer designed to stay in one place like on
1. The First Generation (1940 - 1956) top of a desk.
● were based on the use of wired circuits containing vacuum ● Desktop computers must be plugged in to a power source
tubes
● utilized punch cards as the main storage medium
 2. Laptop 2. Medicine
● Is a portable personal computer, where all parts of the ● more reliable artificial hearts are being offered to those with
computer are contained in one device. heart problems
● Laptops are battery powered 3. Education
3. Tablet ● ease of use in the creation of presentation materials and
● The computer parts that make up the tablet are contained in documents
a single device; it is smaller than most laptops. 4. Entertainment
● tablets are often used for entertainment activities like ● interactive games and virtual simulations, computer-
watching movies or playing games generated effects
4. Workstations
● are personal computers that are faster and more powerful Computer Basic Terms
than personal computers and are designed for commercial or 1. Hardware
professional use. 2. Software
5. Server 3. Data
● Computers designed to manage network resources, host 4. Information
websites, or provide services (like databases) to other 5. Default
computers (clients) over a network.
6. Mainframe Data
● Built for processing large volumes of data and supporting ● Is made up of raw facts and figures.
critical enterprise applications. ● It is unprocessed and without context.
● Commonly used in industries like banking and insurance for ● It can include statistics, observations, measures or symbols.
transaction processing
7. Smartphone Information
● is a common type of portable personal computing device that ● Is the output that results from analyzing, contextualizing,
is small enough to be handheld. structuring, interpreting or in other ways processing data.
8. Gaming Consoles ● is created when data is presented in a way that has meaning to
● Dedicated devices designed primarily for playing video the recipient
games.
File
What is a Computer? ● Is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a filename.
● The term computer has been borrowed from “compute” that It can be a document, picture, audio or video stream, data library,
means to calculate. application, or other collection of data.
● Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as ● Are usually represented by an icon
an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set
of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and Extension Filename
saves it for future use. ● Is a three- or four-letter identifier found at the end of a file name
● is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and and following a period.
operations based on instructions provided by a software or ● These extensions tell you about the characteristics of a file and its
hardware program use.
● is an electronic machine that can process, store, and retrieve ● Examples:
different types of data and information - JPEG uses the .jpg or .jpeg extension
- Word document uses the .docx extension, or .doc for
Functions of a Computer older versions
1. Takes data as input - MP3 audio file uses the .mp3 extension
2. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when - Excel spreadsheet uses the .xlsx extension, or .xls for
required older versions
3. Processes the data and converts it into useful information - .PPT and .PPTX standard file formats for Microsoft
4. Generates the output PowerPoint.
- .PDF
Information Processing Cycle - .PSD for Photoshop Document
1. Accepts data – input
2. Processes data – processing Folder
3. Produces output – output ● Is a storage space, or container, where many files can be placed
4. Stores results – storage into groups and organize the computer.

Computer Application Hardware

1. Business ● These are the physical parts of a computer.
● are used to store information, provide easy interface with ● Physical objects that are tangible
customers, and facilitate processing
Input Devices ● Is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical
● Piece of a computer hardware equipment to provide data and information to a video display device
control signals to an information processing system such as a
computer. Optical Drive
1. Keyboard ● Is an internal or external computer disk drive that uses laser beam
2. Mouse technology to read and write data.
3. Scanner
4. Microphone Power Supply Unit (PSU)
5. Webcam ● A hardware component of a computer that supplies all other
components with power
Output Devices
● Any hardware component that conveys information to one or Motherboard
more people. ● The backbone that ties the computer's components together at
1. Printer one spot and allows them to talk to each other.
- Dot Matrix
- Laser Jet Software
- Ink Jet ● Is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate
- 3D computers and execute specific tasks.
2. Monitor
- CRT - Cathode Ray Tube Categories of Software
- LCD - Liquid Crystal Display 1. Systems Software
- LED - Light Emitting Diodes - It is an essential part of computer operations
- OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode - It manages the resources of the computer, automates its
- LCD Projector operation, and facilitates program development
- Speakers - It is designed to run a computer's application programs
and hardware.
System Unit - It controls the operations of the computer hardware and
● Is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that provides an environment or platform
perform operations and produce results for complex calculations. - Operating System (os): is an interface between a
● Alternatively referred to as the computer case sometimes referred computer user and computer hardware. It is the
to as the system unit or base unit conductor of the computer. It is the main piece of
● The chassis is the housing that helps protect and organize all the software that runs in a computer. It manages all other
components that make up a desktop computer software and hardware parts of the computer
2. Application Software
Central Processing Unit (CPU) ● Is a type of computer program that performs a specific
● Is considered as the brain of the computer. personal, educational, and business function.
● It is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a ● It enables the user to complete tasks
computer program. ● Different Types of Application Software
- Web Browsers - Used to browse the internet for
Hard Drive locating and retrieving data across the web
● Is a storage device responsible for storing permanent data - Word Processing Software - used to format and
● Types of Hard Drive: manipulate text thus creating memos
- DATA (IDE) - Spreadsheet Software - It allows the users to provide
- SATA formulas and functions to perform calculations
- SSD (Solid State Drive) - Graphics Software - it allows you to edit or make
- SATA Cable (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) changes in visual data or image
- PATA Cable (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) - Presentation Software - it enables you to represent
your thoughts and ideas with ease and clarity by using
RAM (Random Access Memory) visual information.
● Is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily - Education - Designed to facilitate learning of a
stored particular subject

ROM (Read Only Memory) Compressed File Types Installation Process

● Is non-volatile memory, which means the information is ● Manual Download and Installation
permanently stored on the chip 1. Downloaded files with a .zip extension must be located on
the hard disk.
Video Card 2. Use a program such as WinZip to unzip it.
● Also known as Graphics Card 3. Execute the setup program and then acknowledge the
license agreement.
 4. Specify the folder for the software files, and complete the
installation
● Executable File Self - Installation
1. Follow the setup program prompts to acknowledge the
license agreement. The self-installing executable file
automatically unzips itself and starts the setup program.
2. Specify the folder where you want to save the software
files, and complete the installation
● Self-Executing Zip File
1. The executable file must be started to automatically unzip
the software’s files
2. Start the setup program manually and follow its prompts to
complete the installation.

Software Copyrights
● a form of legal protection that grants the author of an original
”work”

License Agreement
● A legal contract that defines the way in which a computer program
may be used
1. Shrink-wrap Licenses
- It goes into effect as you open the packaging. When
software has a shrink-wrap license, you may agree to
the terms of the software license by opening the
package
2. Installation Agreements
- It is displayed on the screen. After reading the
software license on the screen, you can specify that
you accept the terms of the license by clicking the
designated button
3. Public Domain Software
- May be freely copied, distributed, and resold
- Not protected by copyright
4. Commercial Software
- Sold in computer stores or at Web sites
- Adheres closely to the limitations provided by
copyright law
5. Freeware
- A copyrighted software that is available for free
- It allows you to use, copy, and distribute the software
6. Shareware
- A copyrighted software marketed under a “try before
you buy” policy
- It allows you to copy and distribute the software
- It provide a low-cost marketing and distribution
channel
7. Open Source Software
- It may be sold or distributed free of charge
- It is uncompiled program instructions are available to
programmers who want to alter and improve the
software
- Example: Linux