SCHOOL STUDENTS TRAININGS

SYLLABUS

S No Title Duration

Day 1
1 Basic Electronics
Day 2
Introduction to
2 Microcontroller Day 3
And Microprocessor
Introduction to Sensor’s
3 Day 4
And Display’s
Introduction to Motor
4 Day 5
And Motor Driver’s
Communication
5 Day 6
Protocols
Basic Programming For
6 Day 7
Microcontroller
Project Training,
7 Day 8
Program Task
 Basic Electronics Syllabus (Day 1, Day 2)
Session 1: Understanding Electronics Basics
 What is electricity?
 (voltage, current, resistance) .
 Introduction to the concept of circuits (open vs. closed circuits).
 Safety in handling electronics.
Session 2 :Exploring Basic Electronic Components
 Understanding and identifying resistors, LEDs, capacitors, and batteries.
 How to read resistor color codes.
 Using a breadboard: understanding rows, columns, and power rails.
Session 3: Building Simple Circuits
 Circuit 1: Lighting up an LED with a battery and resistor.
 Circuit 2: Adding a switch to control the LED .
 Circuit 3: Using a potentiometer to adjust LED brightness.
Session 4: Introduction to Multimeters and Measurements
 How to use a multimeter to measure voltage, current, and resistance.
 Measuring values in student-built circuits.
 Practicing measurement skills on different circuit components.
 Arduino Syllabus
Module 1: Introduction to Arduino
 Overview of Arduino and its applications .
 Types of Arduino boards (Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega, etc.) .
 Setting up the Arduino IDE .
 Introduction to the Arduino programming language .
 Understanding basic components: resistors, capacitors, LEDs, switches .
Module 2: Basic Programming and Electronics
 Understanding digital and analog signals .
 Writing your first Arduino program (Blink LED) .
 Using digital I/O: controlling LEDs, reading switches .
 Analog I/O: using potentiometers and sensors .
 Basic Arduino functions (setup(), loop(), digitalWrite(), digitalRead(),
analogWrite(), analogRead()).
Module 3: Interfacing Sensors and Actuators
 Introduction to sensors and actuators .
 Temperature and humidity sensors (DHT11, DHT22).
 Ultrasonic distance sensor (HC-SR04) .
 Motion detection (PIR sensor).
 Light intensity sensor (LDR) .
 Servo motor control .
Module 4: Communication Protocols
 Introduction to Serial Communication.
 Serial Monitor and Serial Plotter.
 I2C Communication: interfacing LCD displays, sensors .
 SPI Communication: SD card modules, other peripherals .
 Bluetooth Communication with Arduino (HC-05, HC-06).
 Module 5: Advanced Topics in Arduino Programming .
 Using libraries (Wire, LiquidCrystal, Servo, etc.) .
 Timing and Delays (millis(), delay()) .
 Interrupts: concepts and applications.
Session 1: Understanding Electronics Basics

1. What is Electricity?

Electricity is the flow of electric charge, typically through a conductive material. It powers
almost all modern devices and technologies. In technical terms, electricity is the
movement of electrons within a material and can be generated by various sources, such
as batteries and power plants.

2. Key Concepts: Voltage, Current, and Resistance

 Voltage (V): Often described as "electric potential difference," voltage is the force
or pressure that drives electrons to flow in a circuit. Measured in volts (V), it’s like
the “push” that moves electricity through a conductor.
 Current (I): This is the actual flow of electrons through a circuit, measured in
amperes (A). Current describes the rate at which electric charge flows.
 Resistance (R): Resistance measures how much a material resists the flow of
current, measured in ohms (Ω). Higher resistance means less current flows at a
given voltage.

The relationship between these three is defined by Ohm’s Law: V=I×RV = I \times
RV=I×R.

3. Circuits: Open vs. Closed Circuits

 Closed Circuit: A circuit with a complete path, allowing current to flow. For
example, turning on a light switch completes the circuit, allowing current to flow to
the light.
 Open Circuit: A circuit with a break or gap, which stops the current flow. Turning
off a light switch creates an open circuit, stopping the flow to the light.

4. Safety in Handling Electronics

Handling electronics can be dangerous if precautions aren’t taken, especially with high
voltages and currents. Key safety guidelines include:

 Always turn off and unplug devices before working on them.

  Use insulated tools and wear protective gear if needed.
 Avoid contact with water and wet environments while handling electronics.
 Be cautious of capacitors, as they can store charge even after power is turned
off.

Session 2: Exploring Basic Electronic Components

1. Understanding and Identifying Basic Components

 Resistors: Components that limit current in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).

They’re often cylindrical with color bands that indicate their resistance value.
 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): Semiconductor devices that emit light when
current flows through them. They have two terminals: the anode (+) and the
cathode (-). LEDs only allow current to flow in one direction and require a resistor
in series to prevent burning out.
 Capacitors: Components that store and release electrical energy, measured in
farads (F). They have two terminals and are commonly used to smooth power
supply variations or store charge temporarily.
 Batteries: Provide the electrical energy for circuits. They have a positive (+) and
a negative (-) terminal, and are often used as a power source for portable
devices.

2. How to Read Resistor Color Codes

 Resistors are color-coded to indicate their resistance values. A four-band

resistor color code includes:
 First Band: First digit of resistance.
 Second Band: Second digit of resistance.
 Third Band (Multiplier): Multiplier factor (like ×10, ×100).
 Fourth Band (Tolerance): Precision of the resistor value (e.g., gold = ±5%).

For example:

 A resistor with bands Brown, Black, Red, Gold has a value of 1,000 ohms (1 kΩ)
with ±5% tolerance.

3. Using a Breadboard

Breadboards allow for temporary circuit assembly without soldering.

 Rows and Columns: Breadboards have rows and columns of holes. Each row is
connected horizontally, but the center divide separates the two halves. Columns
are not connected across the divider.
  Power Rails: Breadboards often have two rows on each side (labeled + and -)
that run vertically. These are used to connect power (+) and ground (-) lines
across the breadboard for easy access to the power supply.

Using a breadboard is ideal for quickly building and testing circuits by simply plugging
components and wires into the holes.

Session 3: Building Simple Circuits

Circuit 1: Lighting Up an LED with a Battery and Resistor

 This simple circuit will demonstrate the basics of powering an LED with a
resistor.

Components Needed:
 LED
 Resistor (typically 220Ω or 330Ω to limit current)
 Battery (e.g., 9V) or a power supply

Circuit Steps:
 Connect the positive (+) terminal of the battery to one end of the resistor.
 Connect the other end of the resistor to the anode (longer leg) of the LED.
 Connect the cathode (shorter leg) of the LED to the negative (-) terminal of the
battery.
 When the circuit is complete, the LED should light up.

Circuit 2: Adding a Switch to Control the LED

Here, we'll add a switch to control the LED, allowing us to turn it on and off.

Components Needed:
 LED
 Resistor (220Ω or 330Ω)
 Battery
 Switch

Circuit Steps:
  Set up Circuit 1 as before, but don’t connect the battery directly to the resistor.
 Insert the switch between the battery and the resistor.
 Connect one terminal of the switch to the positive (+) terminal of the battery.
 Connect the other terminal of the switch to the resistor.
 Now, pressing the switch completes the circuit, lighting up the LED.


Circuit 3: Using a Potentiometer to Adjust LED Brightness

 This circuit introduces a potentiometer, which allows you to adjust the resistance
and therefore control the LED brightness.

Components Needed:

 LED
 Resistor (if required to limit current, typically 220Ω)
 Battery
 Potentiometer (10kΩ)

Circuit Steps:

1. Connect the positive (+) terminal of the battery to one outer terminal of the
potentiometer.
2. Connect the other outer terminal of the potentiometer to the anode of the LED.
3. Connect the cathode of the LED to the negative (-) terminal of the battery.
4. Adjust the potentiometer to vary resistance and change the LED’s brightness.

Session 4: Introduction to Multimeters and Measurements

1. How to Use a Multimeter to Measure Voltage, Current, and Resistance

A multimeter is a versatile tool for measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Here’s how to use it for each:

Measuring Voltage (V):

 Set the multimeter to the DC voltage (V⎓) setting for most electronics circuits.
 Connect the black probe to the COM (common) port and the red probe to the
VΩmA port.
 Place the probes across the component or points in the circuit where you want to
measure voltage (parallel connection).
 The display will show the voltage in volts.

Measuring Current (I):

 Set the multimeter to the DC current (A⎓) setting.

  Connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the A or mA port,
depending on the expected current.
 Place the multimeter in series with the circuit, where the current needs to pass
through the meter to get an accurate reading.

1. The display will show the current in amperes (A) or milliamperes (mA).
 Measuring Resistance (R):
1. Set the multimeter to the Ω (Ohm) setting.
2. Connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the VΩmA
port.
3. Place the probes on either end of the resistor (or the component) while it is
disconnected from the circuit to avoid interference.
4. The display will show the resistance in ohms (Ω).

2. Measuring Values in Student-Built Circuits

Encourage students to measure each component's voltage, current, and resistance

within their built circuits (such as the LED circuits from the previous session). This
practical measurement exercise helps verify that the values align with the expected
values calculated using Ohm’s Law.

3. Practicing Measurement Skills on Different Circuit Components

This activity will help students become more comfortable with using a multimeter. They
can practice:

Voltage measurement across LEDs, resistors, and capacitors.

Current measurement in series with various circuit elements.

Resistance measurement of standalone resistors and potentiometer settings.

These hands-on exercises will reinforce understanding of multimeter use and basic
electronic components.
Microcontrollers
Arduino UNO pin Details

Arduino Nano
Setting up the Arduino IDE

 Note: Depending on your method of installing the Arduino IDE, the

application may be on your desktop or the program folder. Open the Blink
example sketch by going to:File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.
 Select the type of Arduino board you're using:Tools > Board > Arduino Uno.
Note: As you move to other architectures, you may need to select a different board
definition depending on your development board. For the Arduino Uno R3 and
RedBoard development boards with ATmega328P, you can simply select Arduino Uno.
Certain Arduino IDE versions may have you select Arduino/ Genuino Uno.
Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to:Tools > Port > COMxx. In this
case it wasCOM11.

Note: If you're not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available
ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your
Arduino.
With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the "Upload"
button.
After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by
the message "Done Uploading" in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking!
You just programmed your first Arduino!
 Basic Arduino Uno Code

1. Blinking Of LED
int LED = 13;//LED connect to 13 pin

void setup(){

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);//LED Pins declare

void loop(){

digitalWrite(13,HIGH); //Turn On LED

delay(1000); //wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(13,LOW);// Turn OFF LED

delay(1000);// wait for 1 second

2. Buzzer Interfacing
int Buzzer = 3;// Buzzer connect to 3 pin

void setup(){

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);// Buzzer pin declare

void loop(){

digitalWrite(13,HIGH); //Turn On Buzzer

delay(1000); //wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(13,LOW);// Turn OFF Buzzer

delay(1000);// wait for 1 second

3. Ultrasonic sensor interfacing

// Define pins for the ultrasonic sensor

const int trigPin = 9; // Trigger pin of the ultrasonic sensor

const int echoPin = 10; // Echo pin of the ultrasonic sensor

// Variables to store the duration and distance

long duration;

int distance;
void setup() {

// Initialize the serial monitor

Serial.begin(9600);

// Set the trigPin as OUTPUT and echoPin as

INPUT

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

void loop() {

// Clear the trigPin

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

// Set the trigPin HIGH for 10 microseconds to send a pulse

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Read the echoPin and calculate the duration of the pulse

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculate the distance in centimeters

distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

// Print the distance to the Serial Monitor

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

// Delay for a moment before taking another reading

delay(500);
}

DHT 11 sensor Interfacing

#include <DHT.h>

#define DHTPIN 2 // Pin connected to the DATA pin

#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // Define DHT type (DHT11 or

DHT22)

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

dht.begin();

void loop() {

float temperature = dht.readTemperature();

float humidity = dht.readHumidity();

if (isnan(temperature) || isnan(humidity)) {

Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");

return;

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(temperature);

Serial.println(" °C");

Serial.print("Humidity: ");

Serial.print(humidity);

Serial.println(" %");

delay(2000);

}
 Sample Arduino Uno Project
 Smart light using on PIR Sensor

1. PIR Sensor: Detects motion.

2. LED (or relay module for controlling an actual light).
3. Resistor: 220Ω for the LED.
4. Arduino Board.
5. Jumper wires and Breadboard.

Wiring:

 PIR Sensor:
o VCC -> Connect to 5V on the Arduino.
o GND -> Connect to GND on the Arduino.
o OUT -> Connect to any digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 2).
 LED (Light):
o Connect the positive (long) leg of the LED to a resistor (220Ω) and then to a digital
pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 13).
o Connect the other leg of the LED to GND.

CODE:
// Define the pins
const int pirPin = 2; // PIR sensor output pin
const int ledPin = 13; // LED pin (or relay pin for an actual light)

// Variable to store PIR sensor state

int pirState = LOW; // Initial state of PIR (no motion detected)

void setup() {
// Initialize the serial monitor
Serial.begin(9600);

// Set the pin modes

pinMode(pirPin, INPUT); // PIR sensor as input
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // LED (or relay) as output

// Initialize the LED as OFF

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// Read the PIR sensor
pirState = digitalRead(pirPin);

// If motion is detected, turn on the light

if (pirState == HIGH) {
Serial.println("Motion detected! Light ON.");
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on LED (light)
delay(10000); // Keep the light on for 10 seconds

} else {
Serial.println("No motion. Light OFF.");
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off LED (light)
}

// Small delay to avoid multiple triggers

delay(500);
}
  Touch Sensor Project Using An Arduino

Components Needed:

1. Touch Sensor Module (like TTP223).

2. LED.
3. Resistor: 220Ω for the LED.
4. Arduino Board.
5. Jumper Wires and Breadboard.

Wiring:

 Touch Sensor Module:

o VCC -> Connect to 5V on the Arduino.
o GND -> Connect to GND on the Arduino.
o OUT -> Connect to any digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 2).
 LED:
o Connect the positive (long) leg of the LED to a 220Ω resistor and then to a digital pin on the
Arduino (e.g., pin 13).
o Connect the other leg of the LED to GND.

Code:
// Define the pins
const int touchPin = 2; // Touch sensor output pin
const int ledPin = 13; // LED pin
int ledState = LOW; // Current state of the LED
int touchState = 0; // Current state of the touch sensor

void setup() {
// Initialize the serial monitor
Serial.begin(9600);

// Set the pin modes

pinMode(touchPin, INPUT); // Touch sensor as input
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // LED as output

// Initialize the LED as OFF

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// Read the touch sensor state
touchState = digitalRead(touchPin);

// If touch is detected, toggle the LED state

if (touchState == HIGH) {
// Toggle the LED state
ledState = !ledState;
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);

// Print the current state of the LED

if (ledState == HIGH) {
Serial.println("Touch detected! LED ON.");
} else {
Serial.println("Touch detected! LED OFF.");
}

// Wait a bit to debounce the touch input

delay(300);
}
}
  IR Sensor-Based Object Detection

Components Needed:

1. IR Sensor Module (IR emitter and receiver).

2. LED.
3. Resistor: 220Ω for the LED.
4. Arduino Board.
5. Jumper Wires and Breadboard.

Wiring:

 IR Sensor Module:
o VCC -> Connect to 5V on the Arduino.
o GND -> Connect to GND on the Arduino.
o OUT -> Connect to a digital pin on the Arduino (e.g., pin 2).
 LED:
o Connect the positive (long) leg of the LED to a 220Ω resistor and then to a digital pin on the
Arduino (e.g., pin 13).
o Connect the other leg of the LED to GND.

Code:
const int irPin = 2; // IR sensor output pin
const int ledPin = 13; // LED pin

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize Serial Monitor
pinMode(irPin, INPUT); // IR sensor as input
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // LED as output
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

void loop() {
int objectDetected = digitalRead(irPin); // Read IR sensor output

if (objectDetected == LOW) { // IR sensor outputs LOW when an object is detected

Serial.println("Object Detected! LED ON.");
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn LED on
} else {
Serial.println("No Object. LED OFF.");
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn LED off
}

delay(500); // Wait for a while before reading again

LCD Interfacing

Requirements

1. LCD Display (16x2) with I2C module

(SDA, SCL pins)
2. LiquidCrystal_I2C Library

If you haven't installed the LiquidCrystal_I2C library:

1. Go to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries.

2. Search for LiquidCrystal_I2C and install it.

Connections
1. VCC → 5V on the Arduino
2. GND → GND on the Arduino
3. SDA → SDA on the Arduino (A4 on Uno, D21 on ESP32)
4. SCL → SCL on the Arduino (A5 on Uno, D22 on ESP32)

Code Example
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

// Set the LCD address to 0x27 (or 0x3F depending on the LCD)
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {
// Initialize the LCD
lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the backlight

// Display initial message

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set cursor to the first row, first column
lcd.print("Hello, World!"); // Display text

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // Move cursor to the second row

lcd.print("LCD with Arduino"); // Display additional text
}

void loop() {
// You can update or change text here if desired
}

Explanation

 lcd.begin(): Initializes the LCD screen.

 lcd.backlight(): Turns on the backlight.
 lcd.setCursor(column, row): Positions the cursor on the screen.
 lcd.print("Text"): Displays text on the LCD.